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Isle of Man TT Mountain Course

(Redirected fromSnaefell mountain course)

TheIsle of Man TT Mountain CourseorTT CourseorSnaefell Mountain CourseorElmo’s Mountain Course[1]is a street andpublic rural roadcircuit located in theIsle of Man,used for motorcycle racing. The motorcycleTT Courseis used principally for theIsle of Man TTRaces and also the separate event of theIsle of Man Festival of Motorcyclingfor theManx Grand PrixandClassic TTRaces held in September of each year.[2]The start-line for the Isle of Man TT Mountain Course is located on Glencrutchery Road in the City ofDouglas, Isle of Man.[3]

TT Mountain Circuit
LocationDouglas, Isle of Man
Time zoneBritish Summer Time(during event-season)
Major eventsIsle of Man TT
Manx Grand Prix
Sidecar World Championship(1960-1976)
Length37.730 miles (60.718 km)
Turns219
Race lap record16:36.114 seconds – 136.358 mph (219.447 km/h) average (Peter Hickman,BMW M1000RR,2023)

The clockwise course has a lap of 37.730 mi (60.721 km),[4]from the start line at theTT Grandstandon Glencrutchery Road (A2Ramseyto Douglas) in the island's main town ofDouglas.[3]After negotiating urban streets, the racing circuit turns right to leave Douglas atQuarter Bridge,then proceeds along theA1Douglas toPeelRoad from Braddan Bridge, through the villages ofUnion Mills,Glen Vine,Crosby,andGreeba.The course then turns right atBallacraineon to theA3Castletownto Ramsey road, firstly through countryside glens followed by agricultural land interspersed by the villages ofKirk Michael,BallaughandSulby,finally intersecting with theA18Snaefell mountain roadafter negotiating urban streets in the town of Ramsey. The A18 then takes the course back to Douglas through the highest point, situated after theBungalowatHailwood's Heightnear the 31st Milestone and the UK Ordnance Surveyspot heightof 1,385 ft (422 m) above sea level. The descent starts through countryside before entering the residential outskirts of Douglas back to the finish line.

History

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Motor racing began on the Isle of Man in 1904 with theGordon Bennett Trialand originally was restricted to touring automobiles. As theUKMotor Car Act 1903placed a speed restriction of 20 mph (32 km/h) on cars within the United Kingdom, the Secretary of theAutomobile Club of Britain and Irelandapproached the authorities in the Isle of Man to seek permission to race cars on public roads.[5]The Highways (Light Locomotives) Act 1904 passed by Tynwald gave permission to use local roads for the 52.15 mi (83.93 km)Highroads Coursefor the 1904 Gordon Bennett Trial.[6]

For the 1905 Gordon Bennett Car event it was decided to run a trial for motor-cycles the day after for a team to represent Great Britain in the International Motor-Cycle Cup Races. The inability of the motorcycle competitors to climb the steep primaryA18Snaefell Mountain Road section of the course forced the organisers to use a 25-mile (40 km) section of the Gordon Bennett Trial course. For this reason, the1907 Isle of Man TTRace used the 15 mi (24 km)St. John's Short Course.The 1906 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Race for automobiles the Highroad Course was reduced from 52.15 mi (83.93 km) to 40.38 mi (64.99 km). For the 1908 Tourist Trophy race for automobiles, the course was again reduced to 37.50 mi (60.35 km) with the removal of the Peel and Sandygate loops and was known as theFour Inch Course.[7]The name of the course derives from the regulations for the 1908 Tourist Trophy adopted by theRoyal Automobile Clubwhich limited the engines of the competing automobiles to a cylinder diameter of 4 inches (100 mm). The Four-Inch Course was adopted by the Auto-Cycle Club for the1911 races.The Four-Inch Course subsequently became known as the Isle of Man TT Mountain Course orTT Coursewhen used for motor-cycle racing.[7]

Course changes: 1920–1939

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Brandywell TT Race Marshal Shelter and Weather Station on the A18 Mountain Road/B10 Sartfield Road looking north towardsSnaefellMountain and North Barrule

For the1919 Isle of Man TT,changes were made to the Mountain Course and competitors turned left atCronk-ny-Monaand followed the primary A18 Mountain Road toGovernor's Bridgewith a new start/finish line on Glencrutchery Road which lengthened the course from the pre-World War Ilength of 37.50 mi (60.35 km) to 37.75 mi (60.75 km). An extensive programme of road improvements occurred to many roads in 1922 by the Highway Board including the Mountain Course with road widening atSulby Bridge,from Port-e-Chee on the A1 Peel Road toBraddan Bridgeand part of the main road through Crosby.[8]Modification ofSignpost Cornerincluding rounding off the bend occurred in 1922 along with further road widening at Governor's Bridge with the completion of the link road to A2 Glencrutchery Road/Governor's Road and the removal of fence posts atKeppel Gate.[9]Further changes to the course followed in 1922 with the adoption of a private road part of the Ballastowle Estate betweenParliament SquareandMay Hillin Ramsey.[10]The course had previously had negotiated theA2Albert Road and Tower Road in Ramsey and the new course length was now 37.739 mi (60.735 km). The official course distance for the Snaefell Mountain Course was amended in 1938 to 37.73 mi (60.72 km) which is the current course length.[11]

For the1934 Isle of Man TTraces major alterations to the TT Mountain Course were carried out which included the removal of the East Snaefell Mountain sheep-gate.[12]This was followed by the removal of the hump-backed bridge atBalligand the road work was completed for the Manx Grand Prix in September 1935. Road widening occurred on the Mountain Course at the Highlander,Laurel Bank,Glen Helen(between the Old Quarry and Brew's Restaurant), and atBrandywellwith the removal of the Beinn-y-Phott sheep-gate for the1935 Isle of Man TTraces.[13]Road Improvements occurred at the26th Milestone,Greeba Bridgeand on the Sulby Straight for the1938 Isle of Man TTraces. Further road widening and landscaping occurred at theWaterworkswith road widening between theGooseneckand the 26th Milestone for the1939 races.[14]A memorial toJimmie Guthriewas built in 1939 atThe Cuttingat a cost of £1,500[15](equivalent to £117,000 in 2023).

Course changes: 1947–1999

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Route of theClypse Courseused 1954–1959

Major road widening occurred on the Mountain course at the 33rd Milestone, including the removal of fence posts at road level and the removal of a section of a grass bank before the start of the1947 Isle of Man TTraces.[16]Changes to the Mountain Course occurred for the1953 racesincluding road widening atBedstead Corner,elevation works atSignpost CornerandCronk-ny-Mona,and the widening of the corner atGorse Lea.[17]Before the commencement of racing for the 1953 Manx Grand Prix, the cottage atAppledeneCorner was demolished between the 6th and 7th Milestone road-side marker on the primary A1 Douglas to Peel road on the Mountain Course.[18]Further changes occurred to the Mountain Course to facilitate racing on theClypse Courseand during the winter of 1953/54 road widening occurred on the primary A18 Mountain Road atCreg-ny-Baa,Signpost Corner,Cronk-ny-Mona,and at the approach toGovernor's Bridge.[19]The approach to theQuarterbridgeon the primary A2 Douglas to Peel road was widened and re-profiled and the jumps at theHighlanderand adjacent toBallagarraghynCottages were removed for the1954 Isle of Man TTRaces.[20]Other major course alterations for the 1954 Isle of Man TT Races included road widening at Appledene,Handley's Corner,Barregarrow,Rhencullen,Ballaugh Bridge,Ginger Hall(Sulby), andKerrowmoar.[21]During the winter of 1957/58 the hotel at theBungalowtram-crossing was removed on the Mountain Section of the course.[22][23]

During the 1960s further road-widening occurred at Ballig and also atGreeba Bridgeon the primary A1 Douglas to Peel road. In 1963 a roundabout was added to the road junction at theQuarterbridge.[24]The winter of 1970/1971 and road-widening occurred on the A18 Mountain Road atVerandahby cutting into the hillside.[25]During the winter of 1975/76 road-widening and landscaping by the Isle of Man Highway Board occurred at Snugbrough on the primary A2 road at the 2nd Milestone.[26]The winter of 1986 further re-profiling occurred at the Quarterbridge road junction with a new road traffic system including two new mini-roundabouts, the removal of a traffic island, and trees. Road re-profiling and widening occurred atQuarry Bendsduring the winter of 1987. During the winter months of 1991/1992 the A18 Mountain Road was closed for repair work to the road foundation between the26th Milestoneand the Mountain Box and also between theWindy CornerandKeppel Gate.[27]

Course changes: 2000–present

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Governor's Bridge road junction between the A18 Bemahague Road and the A2 Governor's Road

From 2003 to 2006, road repair work was carried-out on the primary A3 road from Barregarrow to Cronk-y-Voddy, includingHandley's Cornerand the11th Milestone.In 2004 the western-side embankment is removed fromGuthrie's Memorialon the A18 Mountain Road. Also, during the winter of 2004/2005 road widening occurred atWindy Cornerfollowed byBrandish Cornerduring the winter of 2005/2006 by the Department of Transport. In October 2007 the Department of Transport began road widening atBraddan Bridgeon the Mountain Course with the creation of a new roundabout incorporating the 'Jubilee Oak' Tree on the A1 Douglas to Peel Road. The Department of Transport also announced the proposal of building a new section of road and roundabout for the Mountain Course with a link road from Signpost Corner toGovernor's Bridgeusing the existing A18 Bemahague Road. This road widening scheme began in February 2008[28]with the removal of trees on the Bemahague Estate which includedGovernment House,the official residence of theLieutenant Governor,and the creation of a small mini-roundabout. Further work by the Department of Transport in July and September 2008 included a storm drain and the completion of the mini-roundabout. The TT races and Manx Grand Prix continued to use the original A18 Bemahague Road that runs parallel to the new link road and theGovernor's Dipfor motorcycle racing. In July 2008, the Department of Transport announced a £4 Million road safety scheme for theQuarterbridgeroad junction, including the building of a new roundabout and the demolition of the Quarterbridge Hotel.[29]In August 2009, for the2009 Manx Grand Prixa section of grass bank is removed from the southern side ofKeppel Gate.This was to provide a run-off area after a practice crash by the Australian TT competitorCameron Donaldand a further more serious incident involving Travelling Marshal John McBride at Keppel Gate during the2009 Isle of Man TTraces.

Keppel Gate and Keppel Park showing the 2015 landscaping

During the winter of 2010, further road construction and repair work was carried out by the Isle of Man Department of Infrastructure Highways Division, and the Isle of Man Water Authority betweenCronk Urleighand the 13th Milestone. This was followed by major road resurfacing work between the 13th Milestone and Westwood Corner near Kirk Michael, Barregarrow Hill, and Sulby Straight from Kella Crossroads toSulby Bridgeduring the spring of 2011. The Highways Division modified the road junction atSignpost Cornerincluding improved drainage, elevation changes, and repairs to the road surface in November 2010[30]and the same major repair process of road resurfacing was repeated for theQuarter Bridgeroad junction in February 2011.[31]The Department of Infrastructure during the winter of 2011/2012 removed and re-positioned roadside fence-posts from Brandywell to the 32nd Milestone and from Windy Corner to the 33rd Milestone. During the winter of 2012/2013 the stone TT Marshal shelter atGuthrie's Memorialwas demolished. The roadway atHillberry Cornerunderwent repairs to the carriageway and was resurfaced and re-profiled by the Isle of Man Department of Infrastructure, Highways Division during the spring of 2014. In April 2015, the Highways Division instigated a programme of landscaping atKeppel Gateincluding the removal of a small grass bank on the north-eastern side of the corner, road re-profiling and re-surfacing work.[32]

Official lap records

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The outright lap record for the TT Mountain Course is 16 minutes and 36.115 seconds at an average of 136.358 mph (219.447 km/h). This was set byPeter Hickmanon aBMW M1000RRSuperstock bike during the 2023 Superstock TT Race Two.[33]

The lap record for the Senior TT race is 16 minutes and 42.778 seconds at an average speed of 135.452 mph (217.989 km/h) set by Peter Hickman during the 2018 Senior TT Race. The race record is also held by Hickman in 1 hour, 43 minutes and 08,065 seconds; an average race speed of 131.700 mph (211.951 km/h) achieved during the same 6 lap Senior TT race.[34]

The lap record for theSidecar TTrace is 19 minutes and 22.928 seconds at an average speed of 116.798 mph (187.968 km/h) set byBen Birchalland passengerTom Birchallduring the 2016 Sidecar TT Race 1.[35][36]The race record for the Sidecar TT is 58 minutes and 24.971 seconds an average race speed of 116.259 mph (187.101 km/h) for 3 laps (113.00 miles) of the Mountain Course is also held by Ben and Tom Birchall, during the 2015 Sidecar TT Race 2.[37]

In the 2006 TT practice New ZealanderBruce Ansteyachieved the unofficial current top speed record of 206 mph (332 km/h)[38]at the end of Sulby straight on a Suzuki 1000cc machine. This speed value was registered by the on-board datalogging equipment.

Race Lap Records

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Category Time Driver Vehicle Event
Circuit: 60.718 km (1908–present)
Superbike 16:42.778 Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR 2018 Isle of Man TT
Formula 750 20:09.8[39] John Williams Suzuki TR750 1976 Isle of Man TT
350cc 20:49.6 Tony Rutter Yamaha TZ 350 1976 Isle of Man TT
250cc 21:27.8 Tom Herron Yamaha TZ 250 1976 Isle of Man TT
500cc 21:45 John Surtees MV Agusta 500 4C 1960 Isle of Man TT
Sidecar (B2A) 23:13 Helmut Fath
Siegfried Schauzu		 BMW
Aro Fathsidecar		 1960 Isle of Man TT
1976 Isle of Man TT
125cc 26:17.6 Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta 125 Bialbero 1960 Isle of Man TT
Grand Prix 39:15[40] Henry Segrave 1922 Sunbeam 1922 R.A.C. Isle of Man Tourist Trophy
Voiturette 41:04[41] Algernon Lee Guinness Talbot-Darracq 56 1922 Isle of Man Voiturette race

Cycling

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The same course has also been used forcycle racing,includingindividual time trialsand, from 1936, theManx Internationalmassed-start road race. The first race held on 18 June 1936 was won byCharles Hollandof the Midland Cycle and Athletics Club in 1 hour, 42 minutes and 57 seconds for one lap of the Mountain Course.[42]In May 2017 it was announced that the circuit would be used for the 2017British National Road Race Championshipsin June of that year, two weeks after the TT races.[43]

The cycling absolute lap record for the Mountain Course was broken in 2015 by Isle of Man born professional cyclistPeter Kennaughin a time of 1 hour, 23 minutes and 48 seconds,[44]beating the previous longstanding record, set by former Olympic cyclistChris Boardmanin 1993, by 6 seconds.[45]

Cars

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On 6 June 1990Tony Pondcompleted the first 100 mph (160 km/h) average-speed lap in 22 minutes, 9.1 seconds driving aRover 827 Vitesse.[46]

In 2011Mark Higginscompleted a lap in 19 minutes, 56.67 seconds at an average speed over 113 mph (182 km/h) driving a USAC Rally America specificationProdriveprepared 4-doorSubaru WRX STI.

In 2014 Mark Higgins broke his own record driving a 2015 modelSubaru WRX STIwith a lap time of 19 minutes, 15.88 at an average speed of 117.510 mph (189.114 km/h).[47]

On 4 June 2016 Higgins improved on his record with a lap in 17 minutes 49.75 seconds, an average speed of 126.971 mph (204.340 km/h) driving a 2016 model of the same car.[48]Then a few days later he went even quicker completing the lap in 17 minutes 35 seconds, an average speed of 128.73 mph (207.17 km/h).[49]

Named corners

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This section is about corners named after Isle of Man TT riders.
TT Race Marshal Signal Box on the A18 Mountain Road looking north towardsGuthrie's Memorialand the Point of Ayre

It is estimated that there are over 200 corners on the Mountain Course with about 60 named corners, some named after individuals. The first corner to be named after a competitor was Edges Corner in 1920 on the primary A21Johnny Watterson's Laneon the Mountain Course betweenCronk-ny-Monaand theA22Ballanard Road inDouglasused for racing between 1911 and 1922.[23]

Part of the TT Course was renamedBrandish Cornerafter Walter Brandish crashed in the right-hand gutter while trying to pass another competitor at Upper Hillberry Corner (previously Telegraph Hill) betweenCreg-ny-BaaandHillberry Cornerand broke a leg during practice for the1923 TTraces.[50]During an early morning practice session for the1927 TT,Archie Birkinswerved in Kirk Michael village to avoid a fish-van travelling to Peel on the primary A3 road, collided with a wall and was killed. The corner was then namedBirkin's Bend,and afterwards, from 1928, practice sessions for the TT races andManx Grand Prixwere held on closed roads. The Ballameanagh Corner between the11th Milestoneand the 12th Milestone was renamedHandley's CornerafterWal Handley,riding aRudgemotorcycle, crashed during lap 1 of the1932 TTSenior race,sustained a back injury and subsequently retired from the race. In 1939 a stone memorial toJimmie Guthriewas built atThe Cuttingon the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road and the S-bend corner was renamedGuthrie's Memorial.[15]

Following a crash during an evening practice session for the1950 Isle of Man TTraces byBill DoranbetweenBalligBridge andLaurel Bank,the corner was namedDoran's Bend.A stone shelter in a style of a small mountain Alpine Lodge was built in 1955 as a memorial toLes Graham,the inaugural 500 cc World Champion solo motorcyclist, on the A18 Mountain Road.[51]The corner is namedLes Graham Memorialor sometimes referred to as theBungalow Bridge.

The uphill section of the Mountain Course from theBungalowto the highest point of the course nearBrandywellwas named in 1981 asHailwood's Rise,in memory ofMike Hailwood,the former world motorcycle champion, and the highest point of the course preceding the Brandywell road junction was namedHailwood's Height.[52]In 2003 the 32nd Milestone was namedDuke's,[53]after the 1950s world solo motorcycle championGeoff Duke,and the26th Milestonewas namedJoey'safter the former Formula 1 TT motor-cycle championJoey Dunlop,who tallied 26 race wins.

In 2013 the Isle of Man Government took the unusual step of naming corners after active competitors, with 23 times TT winnerJohn McGuinness,[54]andDave Molyneux,the most successful Manxman with 17 wins, being honoured.[55]

The latest corners to be named have been named in honour of non-riders who have demonstrated a dedication to the TT. These include Ray Caley, former operator of the shop and post office at the junction of the course with Sulby Glen road who died in 2017.[56]Caley's Corner is at the beginning of Sulby Straight. In 2019 Harold Leece was recognised for his garden hospitality to TT spectators with his name on a directional marker board. Harold's corner is the 170 mph right hand bend as the riders approach Gorse Lea.[57]

Safety

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Between 1911 and 2023 there have been 266 rider competitor fatalities during official practices or races on the Isle of Man TT Mountain Course (this number includes the riders killed during theManx Grand Prix,and Clubman TT race series of the late 1940s/1950s). The first fatality on the TT Course was nearGlen Helenduring practice for the 1911 TT whenVictor Surridge,a worksRudge-Whitworthrider, crashed heavily and died of his injuries.[58]This was also possibly the first death in theIsle of Manof a person in a motorcycle or other road-vehicle accident.[59]

TheA3CastletowntoRamseyroad approaching Douglas Road Corner, Kirk Michael with safety air fencing on the outside of the bend

The compulsory use of crash helmets for the1914 Isle of Man TTmotor-cycle races was the result of a fatal accident to Frank Bateman on the Keppel Gate section of the TT Course near toKates Cottageduring the 1913Senior TTrace.[60]The first introduction of a flag to signify the end of an Isle of Man TT race was as a result of a fatal accident toFred Walkernear to the finish line of the 1914Junior TTmotor-cycle race after crashing into course boundary boards at St. Ninians Crossroads and Ballaquayle Road in the town of Douglas.[61]

During an early morning practice session for the1927 Isle of Man TTraces,Archie Birkin,brother ofTim Birkinof theBentley Boysfame, crashed fatally atRhencullenafter swerving to avoid a collision with a Fish Van being driven on open roads.[62]From 1928 onwards, practice sessions for the Isle of Man TT Races andManx Grand Prixwere held on closed public roads.[63]

During the first lap of the1934Lightweight TT race, Syd Crabtree, European Grand Prix competitor and winner of the1929Lightweight TT, crashed fatally in heavy hill fog on the Mountain section of the TT Course near to the Stonebreakers Hut on the Verandah section of the course.[64][65]For the1935 Isle of Man TTraces, two motorcycle-equipped Travelling Marshals were employed to search for missing riders, particularly in poor weather conditions on the Mountain section of the TT Course.[66]After a fatal crash byDoug J. Pirie,in poor visibility caused by mountain mist and fog near to the 33rd TT Milestone during the 1935 Lightweight TT, races were delayed or postponed to the next day until the weather improved.[67]The first evening practice sessions were introduced for the1937 Isle of Man TTraces which continue to this day.[68]

Further changes to the Mountain Course occurred during the winter of 1953/54 as the result of fatalities to competitors during the TT races and Manx Grand Prix from 1951 to 1953. Changes were also made to facilitate the return ofSidecar TTon the newClypse Course.On safety grounds,'seeding'of competitors occurred for the 1959 TT race. The Thursday afternoon practice session from 13:45–17:00 pm introduced in the late 1950s was discontinued for the Centenary2007 Isle of Man TTraces. Also during the late 1950s, Appledene Cottage was demolished on safety grounds along withOld Brew's RestaurantnearGlen Helenduring the early 1960s accompanied by a road widening programme atGreeba Bridge.

There were six fatalities among the competitors at the1970 Isle of Man TT,including world championship contenderSantiago Herrero,making 1970 the deadliest year in the history of the event.[69][70]Further road safety work during the winter of 1970/1971 road-widening occurred at the Verandah series of bends and also at theBungalow Bridgeby the Isle of Man Highway Board cutting into the hillside.[71][72]Despite the safety improvements to the Verandah section, while lying in first place on the second lap during the1972 Isle of Man TT125 ccUltra-Lightweight TTrace held in heavy rain,Gilberto Parlotticrashed his 125 ccMorbidelliat the Verandah and later died from his injuries.[73]From 1973, any weather conditions that would not allow a rescue helicopter to take-off or land would lead to the race start being delayed or postponed at any TT or Manx Grand Prix race.[74]

The A2Quarterbridge Roadincluding the road junctions at Selborne Drive and Brunswick Drive and the A2Bray Hillwere subjected to major road repairs and re-profiling during the winter of 1978/79 by the Isle of Man Highway Board. This followed a series of fatal accidents during the start of the 1978 Sidecar TT 'A' race, to the Swiss sidecar competitor Ernst Trachsel on Quarterbridge Road, and the sidecar crew of Mac Hobson & Kenny Birch on nearbyBray Hill.[75]For the 1979 TT races the practice of starting competitors in pairs was abandoned followed by the Manx Grand Prix in 2011 after the result of fatal crash atAlpine Cottageduring the 2010 Junior Manx Grand Prix.

Competitors at theTT Grandstandwaiting for the start of the Newcomers Speed Control Lap (denoted by Hi-Visibility orangetabards) for the 2010 Manx Grand Prix

Following a fatal accident to French newcomer Serge le Moal during the first practice session of the2004 Isle of Man TTraces,[76]a Newcomers Speed Control Lap was introduced for the 2004 Manx Grand Prix followed by the 2005 TT races. A mandatory TT Mountain Course licence for Isle of Man TT and Manx Grand Prix competitors was introduced for 2006. During the winter of 2004/2005 road widening by the Isle of Man Department of Transport occurred atWindy Cornerfollowed byBrandish Cornerduring the winter of 2005/2006, included a slightly banked section and a constant radius curve as a safety improvement for general road traffic.[77]A serious accident occurred at the26th Milestoneduring the2007 Isle of Man TTCentenary races on lap 5 of theSenior raceresulting in the deaths of a competitor and two visiting spectators.[78]

After a series of safety reviews, a number of general measures were introduced after 2007 for the Isle of Man TT races and the Manx Grand Prix and other events such as theSouthern 100motor-cycle races and theRally Isle of Man.This included the introduction of restricted areas, safety fencing and the continued introduction of air-fencing to corners to the Isle of Man TT Mountain Course. Following the start of the 2013 Senior TT race, a competitor lost control on the steep descent of Bray Hill and the racing motor-cycle collided with a wall and spectators' safety area near the junction of Bray Hill and Cronkbourne Road in the town of Douglas, injuring 11 spectators.[79][80]During an evening practice session for the2018 Isle of Man TT,a race competitor received serious injuries after colliding with a course inspection car near toBallacrye Cornerin Ballaugh parish when travelling in a group of race competitors in the reverse course direction. The incident occurred following a red-flag incident near Sky Hill (Churchtown) after a fatal accident to Isle of Man competitor, Dan Kneen.[81]Following a meeting of the Strategic Motorsport Group organised by the Isle of Man Government, the Clerk of Course announced procedural changes to red flag incidents. Competitors would now wait on the course until the incident had been cleared and only travel in'course direction'accompanied by TT Travelling Marshals at the front and rear of the convoy.[82]After a further legal review by the ACU in 2018 into the cause of the accident and the collision with a course inspection car a number of safety changes were initiated. This included the creation of a new event safety officer and GPS tracking to be fitted to all course inspection cars.[83]

See also

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Sources

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  2. ^International Isle of Man Tourist Trophy – 2018 Regulations page 26 Section 7 Qualifying and Race Procedure TT Business Development Manager (2018) Isle of Man Department of Economic Development. ACU Events Ltd
  3. ^abDaily Express page 38 Friday 7 September 1979
  4. ^Official TT Guide 1992 pp 45 Mannin Media Publication/Isle of Man Department of Tourism
  5. ^Island Racer2004 page 112–113 Mortons Media Group Ltd ISSN 1743-5838
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  8. ^Isle of Man Examiner and General Advertiserpage 12 No 2158 Saturday 12 November 1921 – Tynwald £27,325 improvement scheme for course
  9. ^Isle of Man Examiner and General Advertiserpage 2 Saturday 12 May 1922
  10. ^Isle of Man Examiner and General Advertiserpage 12 No 2158 Saturday 12 November 1921
  11. ^Official TT Guide 1992page 45 edited by Norrie White Isle of Man Department of Tourism (1992) Mannin Media Ltd
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  13. ^Isle of Man Weekly Timesdated 25 May 1935
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  15. ^abIsle of Man Weekly Timespp18 dated 17 June 1939
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  53. ^TT News – Issue 1pp20 dated 1 June 2003
  54. ^Isle of Man TT: McGuinness equals Hailwood record seven Senior winsBBC SportNorthern Ireland, 12 June 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2020
  55. ^"TT corners named after McGuinness and Molyneux".visordown. 10 April 2013.Retrieved27 January2020.
  56. ^Corner named in memory of Raymond CaleyManx Radio,18 May 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2020
  57. ^"New TT sign to honour Harold Reece's hospitality at Gorse Lea".iomttraces. 18 April 2019.Retrieved27 January2020.
  58. ^Isle of Man Weekly Timespage 9 Saturday 1 July 1911
  59. ^TT Topics and Talespage 69 by David Wright – Amulree Publications (4 April 2006)ISBN1-901508-09-9
  60. ^Isle of Man Examinerpage 8 Saturday 7 June 1913
  61. ^Isle of Man Examinerpage 3 Saturday 30 May 1914
  62. ^Mona's Heraldpage 5 T.T. RIDER KILLED Wednesday 8 June 1927
  63. ^Mona's Herald page 5 A SAFTEY [sic?] MEASURE Wednesday 14 March 1928
  64. ^Isle of Man Examinerpage 5 LIGHTWEIGHT TT TRAGADY Friday 15 June 1934
  65. ^Isle of Man TT & MGP Memorial 1907–2007page 18 Paul Bradford The Copy shop (2008)ISBN978-0-9560151-0-5
  66. ^Travelling Marshals At the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy and Manx Grand Prix Racesby David Wright page 15 (2010)(2nd Edition) Amulree Publications The Premier PrintISBN1901508064
  67. ^Isle of Man Examinerpage 24 9 October 2007 Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2007) Johnson Press Publishing
  68. ^TT SpecialEditor G.S. Davison page 4 TT HISTORY IS MADE Friday 11 June 1937
  69. ^"World's fastest way to die: The most dangerous race on the planet".news.au.Retrieved31 March2017.
  70. ^"Two more deaths take Isle of Man TT Festival toll to five".express.co.uk.Retrieved31 March2017.
  71. ^Isle of Man Weekly Timespage 1 dated 6 January 1971
  72. ^TT News 2006 – Preview Editionpage 2 Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2006) Johnson Press Publishing ISSN 1471-7905
  73. ^Mona's Heraldpage 4 Tuesday 13 June 1972
  74. ^Italian Racing Motor-Cyclesby Mick Walker page 147 (1999)(1st Edition) Redline BooksISBN09531311-14
  75. ^Motor Cycle Weeklypage 1, 2 & 13 IPC Press and Professional Publications Ltd (1978) Saturday 10 June 1978
  76. ^Isle of Man Examinerpage 3 Monday 1 June 2004
  77. ^TT News 2006 – Preview Editionpage 2 Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2006) Johnson Press Publishing ISSN 1471-7905
  78. ^Isle of Man Examinerpage 1 Monday 12 June 2007 – Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd ISSN 1358-4383
  79. ^Isle of Man Examiner – Brialtagh Ellan Vanninpage 1, 4 & 55 Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2013) Johnston Press Publishing – Sheffield Web Monday 10 June 2013
  80. ^Manx Independent – Manninagh Seyrpages 1 & 3 Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2013) Johnston Press Publishing – Newsprinters (Knowsley) Ltd Thursday 13 June 2013
  81. ^Isle of Man Courier – Roieder Ellan Vanninpages 1, 2 & 40 Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2018) Tindle Newspaper Group – Newsprint (Knowlsey) Ltd Friday 1 June 2018
  82. ^Isle of Man Examiner – Brialtagh Ellan Vanninpage 1 & 4 WHAT WENT SO WRONG? INQUIRY INTO MERCER CRASH Tuesday 5 June 2018 – Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2018) Newsprint (Knowsley) Ltd ISSN 1358-4383 "Mercer: What went so wrong? How the Flags Work."
  83. ^Isle of Man Examiner – Brialtagh Ellan Vanninpage 1 & 4 Changes after Mercer Crash Tuesday 23 April 2019 – Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2019) Newsprint (Knowsley) Ltd ISSN 1358-4383
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