TheNRS social gradesare a system ofdemographic classificationused in theUnited Kingdom.They were originally developed by theNational Readership Survey(NRS) to classify readers, but have since been used by many other organisations for wider applications and have become a standard for market research.[1]They were developed in the late 1950s and refined in following years and achieved widespread usage in 20th century Britain. Their definition is maintained by theMarket Research Society.[2]
According toIpsos,NRS social grade is not the same associal class.[3]The distinguishing feature of the NRS social grade is that it is based on occupation, rather than income, wealth or property ownership.
Grades
editThe classifications are based on the occupation of the head of the household.[1]The grades are often grouped into ABC1 and C2DE, representing 55% and 45% of the population in 2016 respectively.[4]
| Grade | Chief income earner's occupation | Frequency in 1968 - Ipsos[3] | Frequency in 2008 - Ipsos[3] | Frequency in 2016 - NRS[4] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Higher managerial roles, administrative or professional | 12% | 4% | 4% |
| B | Intermediate managerial roles, administrative or professional | 23% | 23% | |
| C1 | Supervisory or clerical and junior managerial roles, administrative or professional | 22% | 29% | 28% |
| C2 | Skilled manual workers | 65% | 21% | 20% |
| D | Semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers | 15% | 15% | |
| E | State pensioners, casual and lowest grade workers, unemployed with state benefits only. | 8% | 10% |
Retired people are placed in grade E if they only have a state pension and benefits. If they have an occupational or private pension, they are graded according to the highest graded job they did before retiring.[5]
Only around 2% of the UK population identifies asupper class,[6]and this group is not separated by the classification scheme.
The grading system is also sometimes used in theRepublic of Irelandwith the addition of a Class F signifying Farmers and Agricultural Workers.
History
editSince the creation of the system, the size of thewhite-collargroupings (ABC1) grew from 34% in 1968, to 55% of the population in 2016. Within this section, the professional and managerial groupings (A and B) doubled, from only 12% in 1968 to 27% in 2016.[3][4]C2DE has shrunk over this period from 65% to 45% of the population. With pensioners and unemployed people included in C2DE, this means that ABC1 represents a majority of the working population.
A 2019YouGovpoll found that 41% of ABC1 identified themselves as working class (and 51% as middle class), while 66% of C2DEs identified themselves as working class (and 25% as middle class). Matthew Smith, Head of Data Journalism atYouGov,said that while NRS groupings "are often used as shorthand to refer to the middle class and working class", "the problem is that the NRS social grade was never designed to describe class".[7][8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^abWilmshurst, J. & MacKay, A.,The Fundamentals of Advertising,(1999)
- ^Occupation groupings: a job dictionary.Market Research SocietyArchived29 May 2010 at theWayback Machine,London, 2006.
- ^abcd"Social Grade: A Classification Tool"(PDF).Ipsos. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 15 March 2016.Retrieved6 August2016.
- ^abc"Social Grade | National Readership Survey".nrs.co.uk.Retrieved19 November2018.
- ^"Definitions employed in Social Grading"(PDF).Market Research Society.2019. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 December 2019.Retrieved10 July2024.
- ^Glover, Julian (20 October 2007)."Riven by class and no social mobility - Britain in 2007".The Guardian.London.Retrieved17 October2009.
- ^Smith, Matthew (19 November 2019)."How well do ABC1 and C2DE correspond with our own class identity? | YouGov".yougov.co.uk.YouGov.Retrieved18 February2024.
- ^"Why claims from polls about what 'working class people' think are usually wrong".The Independent.25 November 2019.Retrieved18 February2024.