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Somali Air Force

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TheSomali Air Force(SAF;Somali:Ciidamada Cirka Soomaaliyeed,Osmanya:𐒋𐒕𐒆𐒖𐒑𐒖𐒆𐒖 𐒋𐒘𐒇𐒏𐒖 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒜𐒆, CCS;Arabic:القوات الجوية الصومالية,Al-Qūwāt al-Gawwīyä as-Ṣūmālīyä) is theair forceofSomalia.Called theSomali Aeronautical Corps(SAC) during its pre-independence period (1954–1960), it was renamed asSomali Air Force(SAF) after Somalia gained independence in 1960.Ali Matan Hashi,Somalia's first pilot and person principally responsible for organizing the SAF, was its founder and served as its the country's first air chief.[1]At one point, the Somali Air Force had the strongest airstrike capability in theHorn of Africa.[2]But by the timePresident Siad BarrefledMogadishuin 1991, it had completely collapsed. The SAF headquarters was technically reopened in 2015.[3]

Somali Air Force
Ciidamada Cirka Soomaaliyeed/القوات الجوية الصومالية
Coat of arms of the Somali Air Force
Founded1960;64 years ago(1960)
CountrySomalia
Part ofSomali Armed Forces
Garrison/HQAfsione, Mogadishu
Motto(s)Somali:Isku Tiirsada
"Lean Together"
Ensign
Engagements
Commanders
Commander-in-ChiefPresidentHassan Sheikh Mohamud
Chief of the Armed ForcesMajor GeneralOdowaa Yusuf Rageh
Chief of the Air ForceBrigadier General Mohamud Sheikh Ali
Notable
commanders		Brigadier GeneralAli Matan Hashi
Insignia
Roundel
Fin Flash
Flag of the Air Force

History

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Following an agreement signed between the Somali and Italian governments in 1962, Somali airmen began training in Italy with the assistance of Italian technical staff and pilots.[4]At the time, fifty Somali cadets also started training in the Soviet Union asjetpilots, later joined by over two hundred of the nation's eliteNCOsandofficersfor general military training.[5]Most of the newly trained personnel then returned to Somalia.

TheCorpo Aeronautico della Somaliawas established in the 1950s, and was first equipped with a small number of Western aircraft, including twoDouglas C-47 Skytrains,eightDouglas C-53 SkytrooperDakota paratroop variants, twoBeech C-45 Expeditorsfor transport tasks, twoNorth American T-6 Texans(H model), twoStinson L-5 Sentinels,and sixNorth American P-51 Mustangsfor use asfighter aircraft.However, all the surviving Mustangs were returned to Italy before Somalia gained independence in June 1960.[6]The Aeronautical Corps was officially renamed the Somali Air Force in December 1960.[7]TwoHeliopolis Gomhourialight aircraft soon arrived from Egypt (Egyptian-built Zlín 381 Czech licence versions of the GermanBücker Bü 181 Bestmann), and eightPiaggio P.148trainers were donated by Italy in 1962.[7]

On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town ofLas Anod,Somali PresidentAbdirashid Ali Shermarkewas shot dead by one of his bodyguards. A militarycoup d'étattook place on October 21, 1969, the day after his funeral, in which theSomali Armyseized power without encountering armed opposition. The putsch was spearheaded by Major GeneralMohamed Siad Barre,who at the time commanded the army.[8]Barre then proclaimed Somalia asocialiststate and initiated rapidmodernizationprograms. Numerous Somali airmen were sent abroad to train in countries such as Italy, the United States, Soviet Union, and United Kingdom. After their training, many of these men went on to become the nation's leading instructors andfighter pilots.FiftyMiG-17swere donated by the Soviets, while 29MiG-21MFswere purchased by the Somali government.

Asli Hassan Abadewas the first female pilot in the Somali Air Force. She received training on single-propeller aircraft, and later earned a scholarship to study at theUnited States Air Force Academy.

In July 1975, according toInternational Institute for Strategic Studiesestimates, the Somali Air Force had threeIl-28bombers (confirmed in 2015 by author Tom Cooper), two fighter-ground attack squadrons with twoMiG MiG-15sand a total of 23MiG-17sandMiG-19s;a fighter squadron with 24MiG-21s;a transport squadron with threeAntonov An-2sand threeAn-24/26s;a helicopter squadron withMil Mi-2s,Mi-4sandMi-8s;other survivors of the early SAF years reportedly included three C-47s, one C-45, and six Italian Piaggio P.148s.[9]

Ogaden War (1977–1978)

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The roles of the Air Force in the late 1970s included aerial warfare and air defence.[10][11][page needed]

In July 1977, theOgaden Warbroke out after Barre's government sought to incorporate the predominantly Somali-inhabitedOgaden regioninEthiopiainto a pan-SomaliGreater Somalia.[11]TheSomali Armed Forcesinvaded the Ogaden and were initially successful, capturing most of the territory. But the tide turned with the Soviet Union's sudden shift of support to Ethiopia, soon followed by nearly the entireEastern Bloc.The Soviets halted their supplies to Barre's regime and increased distribution of aid, weapons, and training to Ethiopia's newly-communistDerg regime.They also brought approximately 15,000Cubantroops to assist the Ethiopian military. By 1978, the Somali troops had been pushed out of the Ogaden.

Before the war, Somalia had acquired fourIlyushin Il-28bombers. Flown by MiG-17 pilots, the aircraft could have played a decisive role in the conflict. Although only three of the Il-28s remained in service by the time war broke out,[12]they supported the initial invasion. But the planes were rendered fairly ineffective because they were used to fly high-altitude bombing missions. Once theEthiopian Air Forcebegan to contest the skies, the Il-28s were withdrawn from combat, remaining at their airfields until Ethiopian air strikes destroyed them. None of the Il-28s survived the war.

Status in 1980–1981

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According to Nelson et al. in 1980, out of approximately twenty-one Somali combat aircraft, less than half a dozen — MiG-17s and MiG-21s — were reportedly kept operational by Pakistani mechanics.[13]Six Italian single-engineSIAI-Marchetti SF.26OWtrainer/tactical support aircraft delivered in late 1979 were reportedly grounded the following year because of the lack of110-octanegasoline in Somalia for thepiston-enginedaircraft. The shortage of combat aircraft was reportedly being addressed by the planned delivery of thirty ChineseShenyang J-6fighter-bombers, which began to arrive in the country in 1981.

TheLibrary of Congress Country Studieswrote in 1992–93 that: "..there [were] numerous unconfirmed reports of Somali-South Africanmilitary cooperation. The relationship supposedly began on December 18, 1984, whenSouth African Foreign MinisterPik Bothavisited Somalia to hold discussions with Barre. The two leaders reportedly signed a secretcommuniquégrantingSouth African Airwayslanding rights in Somalia and theSouth African Navyaccess to the ports ofKismayoandBerbera.It was said that Somalia also agreed to sell South Africa eight MiG-21 fighters. In exchange, South Africa supposedly arranged to ship spare parts and ammunition forHawker Hunterfighter aircraft that theUnited Arab Emirateshad supplied to Somalia, and to cover the salaries of ten formerRhodesian Air Forcepilots already in Somalia helping to train Somali pilots and technicians and flying combat missions in the north. "[14]

On 28 October 1985, a Somali MiG-21 crashed.[15]

Civil war and Issaq genocide

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Main article:Isaaq genocide
Up to 90% of the city ofHargeisa,the second largest in the Somali Republic, was destroyed.

By 1987–88, the Somali armed forces were fragmenting, as were wider state structures, and multiple insurgencies were growing, leading the country into theSomali Civil War.[16]

In response toSomali National Movement(predominantlyIssaqclan) attacks on the cities ofHargeisaandBurao,Barre responded by ordering indiscriminate "shelling andaerial bombardmentof the major cities in the northwest and the systematic destruction of Isaaq dwellings, settlements and water points ".[17]To end what he saw as the "Isaaq problem", Barre's regime specifically targetedcivilian membersof the clan,[18]especially in Hargeisa and Burao.[19][20]Atrocities his forces committed against the Isaaqs includedaerial strafingof fleeing refugees before they could reach the Ethiopian border.[21] GenocidescholarAdam Jonessaid the following of Barre's campaign against the Isaaq:

In two months, from May to July 1988, between 50,000 and 100,000 people were massacred by the regime's forces. By then, any surviving urban Isaaks – that is to say, hundreds of thousands of members of the main northern clan community – had fled across the border into Ethiopia. They were pursued along the way by British-made fighter-bombers piloted by mercenary South African and ex-Rhodesian pilots, paid $2,000 per sortie.[22]

Despite the government's continued refusal to grant foreigner access to the north to report on the situation,[23]The New York Timesreported that Isaaq refugees had been strafed:

Western diplomats here said they believed that the fighting in Somalia... was continuing unabated. More than 10,000 people were killed in the first month after the conflict began in late May, according to reports reaching diplomats here. The Somali Government has bombed towns and strafed fleeing residents and used artillery indiscriminately, according to the officials.[24]

Dissolution

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Metz et al. 1993 wrote that in 1990, "the SAF was organized into three fighter ground-attack squadrons equipped with J-6 and Hawker Hunter aircraft; three fighter squadrons equipped with MiG-21MF and MiG-17 aircraft; a counterinsurgency squadron equipped with SF-260W aircraft; a transport squadron equipped withAn-2,An-24,An-26,BN-2,C-212,andG-222aircraft; and a helicopter squadron equipped withMi-4,Mi-8,and Agusta-Bell aircraft; "it was also equipped with a number of training aircraft.[25]The IISSMilitary Balancefor 1990–91 estimated that the Somali Air Force had 2,500 personnel and a total of 56 combat aircraft, listing four Hunters, 10 MiG-17s, 22 J-6s, eight MiG-21MFs, six SF-260Ws, and a singleHawker HunterFR.76 reconnaissance aircraft (p. 117).

By the time President Barre fledMogadishufor his home region ofGedoin late January 1991, the country's air force had effectively ceased to exist amid theSomali Civil War.In 1993, eight MiG-21s (six MiG-21MFs and two MiG-21UMs), three MiG-15UTIs, one SF-260W and an unknown number of MiG-17 wrecks were seen at Mogadishu airport.[26][27]Three Hawker Hunters (serial numbers 704, 705 and 711) were seen atBaidoa AirportbyAustralian forcesduring theUNOSOM IIintervention, but later removed.[28]

Relaunch in the 2010s

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During the decades since theSomali Civil Warbegan, former members of the air force during Barre's regime kept in contact with each other. On October 29, 2012, 40 former senior Somali National Army and Air Force officers participated in a three-day workshop calledImproving Understanding and Compliance with International Humanitarian Law (IHL),organized by theAfrican Union Mission in Somalia(AMISOM) inDjibouti.[29]In October 2014, Somali Air Force cadets underwent additional training in Turkey.[30]

On 1 July 2015,Somali Defence MinisterAbdulkadir Sheikh Dinireopened the headquarters of the Somali Air Force in Afisone, Mogadishu, to help re-establish the air force after a quarter century of civil war.[3]

As of 2017 the Somali air force was not operational and possessed no aircraft. It is composed of approximately 170 personnel: 40-50 officers, ranging from second lieutenant to colonel, and 120-130 non-commissioned officers and airmen. The Turkish Air Force delivered residential training to a group of young Somali air force personnel and with the intention to support further development of Somali aviation capabilities. The potential cumulative ten-year cost of redeveloping a Somali air arm was estimated to be $50 million.[31]

On 6 March 2020, Somali Brigadier General Sheikh Ali met with Pakistani Air Chief MarshalMujahid Anwar KhaninIslamabadto discuss cooperation efforts andbilateral tiesbetween the Somali Air Force andPakistani Air Force.[32][33]

In July 2023, Somalia received two Bell 412s from Italy. The aircraft will perform a variety of roles including troop transport, medical evacuation, and SAR. The aircraft were delivered as part of a larger shipment of weapons to boost Somalia's counter-insurgency capabilities in its efforts againstAl-Shabaab.[34]

Uniform

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Somali Air Force servicemen wore green flight suits withshoulderboardsindicating their rank, along with a visored pilot mask and helmet when actively flying. The Air Force would traditionally wear a sky blue (in summer) or navy blue service shirt, navy blue trousers, beret or sidecap, shoulderboards and black boots.[35]Dress uniforms consisted of a navy bluepeaked cap,blazer, trousers, black formal shoes and tie and sky blue shirt. Servicemen would wear ribbons on their left breast, as well as Air Force insignia.[36]

Equipment

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The following table uses Nelson et al.'s 1981 Somali Air Force's aircraft estimates:

Derelict SomaliAn-26sinKenya
Aircraft Type Country of Manufacture Inventory Notes
Combat aircraft
MiG-17/F"Fresco" Fighter-bomber Soviet Union 54 (MiG-17×27, MiG-17F×27)[37]
MiG-21MF"Fishbed J" Interceptor 33[15]or 29
F-6C Fighter China 30
Aermacchi SF.260W Light attack Italy 6
Hawker Hunter FGA.76 Attack/Reconnaissance United Kingdom 9
Transport aircraft
Antonov An-2"Colt" Transport Soviet Union 3
An-24/-26 Transport
Douglas C-47 Skytrain Transport United States
C-45 Light transport 1
Aeritalia G.222 Transport Italy 4
Helicopters
Mil Mi-4"Hound" Utility Soviet Union 4
Mil Mi-8"Hip" Utility 8
AB-204 Utility United States /Italy 1
AB-212 4
Trainers
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15UTI "Fagot" Jet trainer Soviet Union 4 3
MiG-21US Mongol B Jet trainer 20
Yakovlev Yak-11"Moose" Trainer Soviet Union
Piaggio P.148 Primary trainer Italy 6
SIAI-Marchetti SM.1019 Training, observation, and light attack aircraft

The SAF purchased twoPiaggio P.166-DL3 utility aircraft and two P.166-DL3/MAR maritime patrol aircraft in 1980.[38]

An Air Defence Command – seemingly a fourth service – was formed by the late 1980s. In 1987, according to U.S.DIArecords, it was 3,500 strong, headquartered inMogadishu,with sevenAA gun/SAMbrigades and one radar brigade.[39] Eight years later, the Somali Air Defence Force operated most of the surface-to-air missiles. As of 1 June 1989, the IISS estimated that Somali surface-to-air defence equipment included 40SA-2 Guidelinemissiles (operational status uncertain), 10SA-3 Goa,and 20SA-7surface-to-air missiles.[40]

Ranks of the Somali Air Force

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Main article:Military ranks of Somalia
Officers
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Somali Air Force[41]
Sareeye guud Sareeye gaas Sareeye guuto Gashaanle sare Gashaanle dhexe Gashaanle Dhamme Laba xídígle Xídígle
Enlisted
Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
Somali Air Force[41]
 No insignia
Musharax sarkaal Sadex xarígle Laba xarígle Xarígle Sadex alífle Laba alífle Alífle Dable

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Luigi Pestalozza,The Somalian Revolution,(Éditions Afrique Asie Amérique latine: 1974), p.27.
  2. ^The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa: the diplomacy of intervention and Disengagement by Robert G Patman – p. 184
  3. ^ab"Somalia Reopens Air Force Headquarter".Goobjoog News. 1 July 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 3 July 2015.Retrieved3 July2015.
  4. ^Italy. Centro di documentazione,Italy. Servizio delle informazioni, Italy; documents and notes, Volume 14,(Centro di documentazione: 1965), p.460.
  5. ^John Gordon Stewart Drysdale,The Somali dispute,(Pall Mall Press: 1964)
  6. ^Cooper 2015,p. 13.
  7. ^abCooper 2015,p. 14.
  8. ^Mohamed Haji Ingiriis (2017) "Who Assassinated the Somali President in October 1969? The Cold War, the Clan Connection, or the Coup d'État",African Security,10:2, 131-154, DOI: 10.1080/19392206.2017.1305861
  9. ^IISS,The Military Balance 1975–76,IISS, London, 1975, p.43.
  10. ^"The Awaden War between Ethiopia and Somalia (1977-1978): Somalia attacks".DIFESA online.Retrieved9 September2022.
  11. ^abCooper 2015.
  12. ^Cooper 2015,p. 31.
  13. ^Nelson 1982,p. 249.
  14. ^Metz 1993,p. 213.
  15. ^ab"Mikojan MiG-21 Użytkownicy cz. 2".samolotypolskie.pl.Retrieved23 May2020.
  16. ^Robinson 2016,p. 241.
  17. ^Richards, Rebecca (24 February 2016).Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland.Routledge.ISBN978-1-317-00466-0.
  18. ^Reinl, James."Investigating genocide in Somaliland".Al Jazeera.Archivedfrom the original on 7 May 2017.Retrieved25 April2017.
  19. ^Fitzgerald, Nina J. (1 January 2002).Somalia: Issues, History, and Bibliography.Nova Publishers.ISBN978-1-59033-265-8.
  20. ^Geldenhuys, p.131
  21. ^Ghalīb, Jama Mohamed (1 January 1995).The cost of dictatorship: the Somali experience.L. Barber Press.ISBN978-0-936508-30-6.
  22. ^Jones, Adam (23 July 2004).Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity.Zed Books.ISBN978-1-84277-190-7.
  23. ^Lefebvre, Jeffrey A. (15 January 1992).Arms for the Horn: U.S. Security Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia, 1953–1991.University of Pittsburgh Pre.ISBN978-0-8229-7031-6.
  24. ^Jane Perlez (13 August 1988)."Over 300,000 Somalis, Fleeing Civil War, Cross into Ethiopia".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on 27 April 2017.Retrieved13 April2017.
  25. ^Metz 1993,p. 205.
  26. ^"Wrecked aircraft at the airbase formerly used by the Somalian Aeronautical Corps and now by the Unified Task Force in Somalia".The Australian War Memorial.Retrieved23 May2020.
  27. ^"The remains of six irreparable Somali Air Force Mig fighter aircraft on the edge of the airport".The Australian War Memorial.24 March 2020.Retrieved23 May2020.
  28. ^"Hawker Hunter squadron left in the dessert. – Aviation – HMVF – Historic Military Vehicles Forum".HMVF. 18 July 2014.Retrieved23 May2020.
  29. ^AMISOM (30 October 2012)."AMISOM offers IHL training to senior officials of the Somali National Forces".African Union Mission in Somalia.Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2016.Retrieved23 November2012.
  30. ^"Somali air force cadets in Turkey".Somalia Newsroom. 23 October 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 3 July 2015.Retrieved9 May2015.
  31. ^"Somalia Security and Justice Public Expenditure Review"(PDF).World Bank. 31 January 2017.Archived(PDF)from the original on 10 August 2017.Retrieved20 May2018.
  32. ^"Somali Air Force commander visits Air Headquarters".Dailytimes.pk. 5 March 2020.Retrieved23 May2020.
  33. ^"Pakistan offers support to Somalia for military training".Somali National News Agency.5 March 2020.Retrieved21 June2021.
  34. ^Abdul, Kazim (13 August 2023)."Somalia receives Bell 412 Helicopters to boost Counter-Insurgency fight".Military Africa.Retrieved5 September2024.
  35. ^https://secureservercdn.net/198.71.233.44/tbo.ded.myftpupload /wp-content/uploads/taliyaha-ciidanka-cirka-somalia.png?time=1584553927[bare URL image file]
  36. ^https:// caasimada.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WhatsApp-Image-2020-03-04-at-6.44.46-AM.jpeg[bare URL image file]
  37. ^"Jan J. Safarik: Air Aces Home Page".Aces.safarikovi.org.Retrieved23 May2020.
  38. ^Nicolli 2012, p. 89.
  39. ^"Defense Intelligence Agency > FOIA > FOIA Electronic Reading Room > FOIA Reading Room: Africa".dia.mil.
  40. ^IISS Military Balance 1989–90, Brassey's for the IISS, 1989, 113.
  41. ^abEhrenreich, Frederick (1982). "National Security". In Nelson, Harold N. (ed.).Somalia: a country study(PDF).Area Handbook (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 257.Retrieved21 October2021.

References

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