Wikipedia

Soul music

(Redirected fromSoul (music))
This article is about the genre of music. For other uses, seeSoul music (disambiguation).

Soul musicis apopular musicgenre that originated inAfrican-Americancommunitiesthroughout the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s.[2]It has its roots in African-Americangospel musicandrhythm and blues.[3]Soul music became popular for dancing and listening, and U.S. record labels such asMotown,AtlanticandStaxwere influential in its proliferation during thecivil rights movement.Soul also became popular worldwide, directly influencingrock musicand themusic of Africa.[4]It had a resurgence in the mid-to late 1990s with the subgenreneo soul,[5]which incorporated modern production elements andhip hopinfluences.

Soul
Ray Charlesin 1967. Charles was one of soul music's pioneers and most influential artists.
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsLate 1950s – early 1960s, United States
Derivative forms
Subgenres
Fusion genres
Regional scenes
Local scenes
Other topics
List of soul musicians

The genre emerged from the power struggle to increase black Americans' awareness of their African ancestry, as a newfound consciousness led to new styles of music that boasted pride in being black.[6][7]Soul music primarily combines elements of gospel, R&B andjazz.[8]Catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body movements, are an important hallmark of soul. Other characteristics are acall and responsebetween the lead andbacking vocalists,an especially tense vocal sound, and occasionalimprovisationaladditions, twirls, and auxiliary sounds.[9]Soul music is known for reflecting African-American identity and stressing the importance of African-American culture.

Soul music dominated the U.S.R&B chartsin the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U.S., United Kingdom, and elsewhere. Many prominent soul artists, includingRay Charles,Sam Cooke,Otis Redding,James Brown,Aretha Franklin,and various acts under the Motown label, such asThe SupremesandThe Temptations,were highly influential in the genre's development and all gained widespread popularity during this time.[10]By 1968, the soul music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists moved tofunkmusic, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, and in some cases more socially conscious varieties.[11]By the early 1970s, soul music had begun to absorb influences frompsychedelic rockandprogressive rock,among other genres, leading to the creation ofpsychedelic soulandprogressive soul.Prominent soul artists of this era includeMarvin Gaye,Stevie Wonder,Curtis Mayfield,Isaac Hayes,Al Green,andBill Withers.Neo soul,which adopted hip hop influences, emerged around 1994.

Other subgenres of soul include the "Motown sound",a more rhythmic andpop-friendly style that originated from the eponymous label;Southern soul,a driving, energetic variety combining R&B with southern gospel music influences;[12]Memphis soul,a shimmering, sultry style;New Orleans soul,which emerged from the rhythm and blues style;Chicago soul,a lighter gospel-influenced sound; andPhiladelphia soul,a lushorchestralvariety withdoo-wop-inspired vocals.

History

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Origins

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Ray Charlespioneered the soul music genre during the 1950s by combining blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel styles.

Soul music has its roots intraditional African-American gospel musicandrhythm and bluesand as the hybridization of their respective religious and secular styles – in both lyrical content and instrumentation – that began in the 1950s. The term "soul" had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States.[13]According to musicologistBarry Hansen,[14]

Though this hybrid produced a clutch of hits in the R&B market in the early 1950s, only the most adventurous white fans felt its impact at the time; the rest had to wait for the coming of soul music in the 1960s to feel the rush ofrock and rollsung gospel-style.

James Brownwas known as the "Godfather of Soul".[15]

According to AllMusic, "Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the '60s."[16]The phrase "soul music" itself, referring to gospel-style music with secular lyrics, was first attested in 1961.[17]The term "soul" in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride and culture.Gospelgroups in the 1940s and '50s occasionally used the term as part of their names. Thejazzstyle that originated from gospel became known assoul jazz.As singers and arrangers began using techniques from both gospel and soul jazz in African-American popular music during the 1960s, soul music gradually functioned as an umbrella term for African-American popular music at the time.[18][19]

Sam Cookeis regarded as one of soul music's "forefathers".

According to the Acoustic Music Organization, the "first clear evidence of soul music shows up withthe "5" Royales,an ex-gospel group that turned to R&B and inFaye Adams,whose "Shake A Hand" becomes an R&B standard ".[20]

Important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music includedClyde McPhatter,Hank Ballard,andEtta James.[14]Ray Charlesis often cited as popularizing the soul music genre with his series of hits, starting with 1954's "I Got a Woman".[21]SingerBobby Womacksaid, "Ray was the genius. He turned the world onto soul music."[11]Charles was open in acknowledging the influence ofPilgrim Travelersvocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style.

Little Richard,who inspiredOtis Redding,[22]andJames Brownboth were equally influential. Brown was nicknamed the "Godfather of Soul Music",[15]and Richard proclaimed himself as the "King of Rockin' and Rollin', Rhythm and Blues Soulin'",because his music embodied elements of all three, and since he inspired artists in all three genres.[23]

Sam CookeandJackie Wilsonalso are often acknowledged as soul forefathers.[11][24]Cooke became popular as the lead singer of the gospel groupthe Soul Stirrers,before controversially moving into secular music. His recording of "You Send Me"in 1957 launched a successfulpop musiccareer. Furthermore, his 1962 recording of "Bring It On Home To Me"has been described as" perhaps the first record to define the soul experience ".[25]Jackie Wilson, a contemporary of both Cooke and James Brown, also achievedcrossoversuccess, especially with his 1957 hit "Reet Petite".[26]He even was particularly influential for his dramatic delivery and performances.[27]

1960s

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Solomon Burkerecorded forAtlantic Recordsin the 1960s.

Husband-wife duoIke & Tina Turneremerged as "leading exponents" of soul music in the 1960s.[28][29]Their debut single "A Fool in Love"crossed over to the pop charts in 1960. They earned aGrammynomination for their song "It's Gonna Work Out Fine"in 1962.[30]Along with theKings of Rhythmandthe Ikettes,they toured theChitlin’ Circuitas the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.[31]

WriterPeter Guralnickis among those to identifySolomon Burkeas a key figure in the emergence of soul music, andAtlantic Recordsas the keyrecord label.Burke's early 1960s songs, including "Cry to Me","Just Out of Reach"and" Down in the Valley "are considered classics of the genre. Guralnick wrote:

Soul started, in a sense, with the 1961 success of Solomon Burke's "Just Out Of Reach". Ray Charles, of course, had already enjoyed enormous success (also on Atlantic), as had James Brown and Sam Cooke — primarily in a pop vein. Each of these singers, though, could be looked upon as an isolated phenomenon; it was only with the coming together of Burke and Atlantic Records that you could begin to see anything even resembling a movement.[32]

Aretha Franklinis widely known as the "Queen of Soul".

Ben E. Kingalso achieved success in 1961 with "Stand By Me",a song directly based on a gospel hymn.[11]By the mid-1960s, the initial successes of Burke, King, and others had been surpassed by new soul singers, includingStaxartists such asOtis ReddingandWilson Pickett,who mainly recorded inMemphis, Tennessee,andMuscle Shoals, Alabama.According toJon Landau:

Between 1962 and 1964 Redding recorded a series of soul ballads characterized by unabashedly sentimental lyrics usually begging forgiveness or asking a girlfriend to come home... He soon became known as "Mr. Pitiful" and earned a reputation as the leading performer of soul ballads.[33]

The most important female soul singer to emerge wasAretha Franklin,originally a gospel singer who began to make secular recordings in 1960 but whose career was later revitalized by her recordings for Atlantic. Her 1967 recordings, such as "I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)","Respect"(written and originally recorded by Otis Redding), and"Do Right Woman, Do Right Man"(written byChips MomanandDan Penn), were significant and commercially successful recordings.[34][35][36][37]

Soul music dominated the U.S. African-American music charts in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U.S. Otis Redding was a huge success at theMonterey Pop Festivalin 1967.[11]The genre also became highly popular in the UK, where many leading acts toured in the late 1960s. "Soul" became an umbrella term for an increasingly wide variety of R&B-based music styles – from the dance and pop-oriented acts atMotown RecordsinDetroit,such asthe Temptations,Marvin GayeandStevie Wonder,to "deep soul"performers such asPercy SledgeandJames Carr.[38][39][40]Different regions and cities within the U.S., including New York City, Detroit, Chicago,Memphis,New Orleans,Philadelphia,and Muscle Shoals, Alabama (the home ofFAME StudiosandMuscle Shoals Sound Studios) became noted for different subgenres of the music and recording styles.[16][41]

By 1968, while at its peak of popularity, soul began to fragment into different subgenres. Artists such as James Brown andSly and the Family Stoneevolved intofunkmusic, while other singers such as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder,Curtis MayfieldandAl Greendeveloped slicker, more sophisticated and in some cases more politically conscious varieties of the genre.[11]However, soul music continued to evolve, informing most subsequent forms of R&B from the 1970s-onward, with pockets of musicians continuing to perform in traditional soul style.[16]

1970s and 1980s

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Marvin Gayeshifted to a soul sound with his 1971 hit "What's Going On".

Mitchell'sHi Recordscontinued in theStaxtradition of the previous decade, releasing a string of hits by Green,Ann Peebles,Otis Clay,O.V. WrightandSyl Johnson.[42]Bobby Womack,who recorded with Chips Moman in the late 1960s, continued to produce soul recordings in the 1970s and 1980s.[43][44]

InDetroit,producerDon Davisworked withStaxartists such asJohnnie Taylorandthe Dramatics.[45]Early 1970s recordings bythe Detroit Emeralds,such asDo Me Right,are a link between soul and the laterdiscostyle.[46]Motown Recordsartists such asMarvin Gaye,Michael Jackson,Stevie WonderandSmokey Robinsoncontributed to the evolution of soul music, although their recordings were considered more in apop musicvein than those of Redding, Franklin and Carr.[38]Although stylistically different from classic soul music, recordings byChicago-based artists are often considered part of the genre.[47]

By the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced bypsychedelic rockand other genres.[48]Artists likeJames Brownled soul towardsfunkmusic, which became typified by 1970s bands likeParliament-Funkadelicandthe Meters.[49]More versatile groups such asWar,the Commodores,andEarth, Wind and Firebecame popular around this time.[50]During the 1970s, some slick and commercialblue-eyed soulacts like Philadelphia'sHall & Oatesand Oakland'sTower of Powerachieved mainstream success, as did a new generation of street-corner harmony or "city-soul" groups such asthe Delfonicsand the historically blackHoward University'sUnifics.[51][52]

The syndicated music/dance variety television seriesSoul Train,hosted by Chicago nativeDon Cornelius,debuted in 1971.[53]The show provided an outlet for soul music for several decades, also spawning a franchise that saw the creation of a record label (Soul Train Records) that distributed music bythe Whispers,Carrie Lucas,and an up-and-coming group known asShalamar.[54]Numerous disputes led to Cornelius spinning off the record label to his talent booker,Dick Griffey,who transformed the label intoSolar Records,itself a prominent soul music label throughout the 1980s.[54]The TV series continued to air until 2006, although other predominantly African-American music genres such as hip-hop began overshadowing soul on the show beginning in the 1980s.[55]

Beyond

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Asdiscoand funk musicians had hits in the late 1970s and early 1980s, soul went in the direction ofquiet storm.With its relaxed tempos and soft melodies, quiet storm soul took influences fromfusionandadult contemporary.Some funk bands, such as EW&F, the Commodores andCon Funk Shunwould have a few quiet storm tracks on their albums. Among the most successful acts in this era include Smokey Robinson, Jeffry Osbourne,Peabo Bryson,Chaka Khan,andLarry Graham.

After the decline of disco and funk in the early 1980s, soul music became influenced byelectro music.It became less raw and more slickly produced, resulting in a style is known ascontemporary R&B,which sounded very different from the originalrhythm and bluesstyle. The United States saw the development ofneo-soularound 1994.

Notable labels and producers

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Motown Records

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Levi Stubbssinging lead with the Four Tops in 1966.
Main article:Motown Records

Berry Gordy's successful Tamla/Motown group of labels was notable for being African-American owned, unlike most of the earlier independent R&B labels. Notable artists under this label wereGladys Knight & the Pips,the Supremes,the Temptations,the Miracles,theFour Tops,the Marvelettes,Mary Wells,Jr. Walker & the All-Stars,Stevie Wonder,Marvin Gaye,Tammi Terrell,Martha and the Vandellas,[56]andthe Jackson Five.

Hits were made using a quasi-industrial "production-line"approach. The producers and songwriters brought artistic sensitivity to the three-minute tunes.Brian Holland,Lamont DozierandEddie Hollandwere rarely out of the charts for their work assongwritersandrecord producersforthe Supremes,theFour TopsandMartha and the Vandellas.[56]They allowed important elements to shine through the dense musical texture. The rhythm was emphasized by handclaps ortambourine.Smokey Robinsonwas another writer and record producer who added lyrics to "The Tracks of My Tears"by his groupthe Miracles,which was one of the most important songs of the decade.

Stax Records and Atlantic Records

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Main articles:Stax RecordsandAtlantic Records

Stax Records and Atlantic Records were independent labels that produced high-quality dance records featuring many well-known singers of the day.[57]They tended to have smaller ensembles marked by expressive gospel-tinged vocals. Brass and saxophones were also used extensively.[58][page needed]Stax Records,founded by siblings Estelle and James Stewart, was the second most successful record label behindMotown Records.They were responsible for releasing hits byOtis Redding,Wilson Pickett,the Staple Singers,and many more.[59]Ahmet Ertegun, who had anticipated being a diplomat until 1944 when his father died, foundedAtlantic Recordsin 1947 with his friendHerb Abramson.Ertegun wrote many songs forRay Charlesandthe Clovers.He even sangbackup vocalsfor his artistBig Joe Turneron the song, "Shake Rattle and Roll".[60]

Subgenres

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Detroit (Motown)

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Further information:Motown

Dominated byBerry Gordy'sMotown Recordsempire, Detroit's soul is strongly rhythmic and influenced by gospel music. The Motown sound often includes handclapping,a powerfulbassline,strings,brassandvibraphone.Motown Records' house band wasthe Funk Brothers.AllMusiccites Motown as the pioneering label of pop-soul, a style of soul music with raw vocals, but polished production and toned-down subject matter intended for pop radio andcrossoversuccess.[61]Artists of this style includedDiana Ross,the Jackson 5,Stevie Wonder,andBilly Preston.[61]Popular during the 1960s, the style became glossier during the 1970s and led todisco.[61]In the late 2000s, the style was revisited by contemporary soul singers such asAmy Winehouse,[62]Raphael Saadiq(specifically his 2008 albumThe Way I See It) andSolange Knowles(her 2008 albumSol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams).[63]

Deep and Southern

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Soul singerOtis Reddingwas known to be an electrifying stage presence.
Further information:Southern soul

The terms "deep soul" and "Southern soul" generally refer to a driving, energetic soul style combiningR&B's energy with pulsating southern United Statesgospel musicsounds.Memphis, Tennessee,labelStax Recordsnurtured a distinctive sound, which included putting vocals further back in the mix than most contemporary R&B records, using vibrant horn parts in place of background vocals, and a focus on the low end of the frequency spectrum. The vast majority of Stax releases were backed by house bandsBooker T & the MGs(withBooker T. Jones,Steve Cropper,Duck Dunn,andAl Jackson) and the Memphis Horns (the splinter horn section ofthe Mar-Keys,trumpeterWayne Jacksonand saxophonistAndrew Love).

Memphis

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Further information:Memphis soul

"Memphis soul" is a shimmering, sultry style of soul music produced in the 1960s and 1970s atStax Records[57]andHi RecordsinMemphis, Tennessee.It featured melancholic and melodic horns,Hammond organ,bass, and drums, as heard in recordings by Hi'sAl Greenand Stax'sBooker T. & the M.G.'s.The latter group also sometimes played in the harder-edgedSouthern soulstyle. The Hi Records house band (Hi Rhythm Section) and producerWillie Mitchelldeveloped a surging soul style heard in the label's 1970s hit recordings. Some Stax recordings fit into this style but had their own unique sound.

New Orleans

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Further information:New Orleans soul

The New Orleans soul scene directly came out of the rhythm and blues era, when such artists asLittle Richard,Fats Domino,andHuey Piano Smithmade a huge impact on the pop and R&B charts and a huge direct influence on the birth ofFunkmusic. The principal architect of Crescent City's soul was a songwriter, arranger, and producerAllen Toussaint.He worked with such artists asIrma Thomas( "the Soul Queen of New Orleans" ), Jessie Hill,Chris Kenner,Benny Spellman, andErnie K-Doeon the Minit/Instant label complex to produce a distinctive New Orleans soul sound that generated a passel of national hits. Other notable New Orleans hits came from Robert Parker,Betty Harris,andAaron Neville.While record labels in New Orleans largely disappeared by the mid-1960s, producers in the city continued to record New Orleans soul artists for other mainly New York City and Los Angeles–based record labels—notablyLee Dorseyfor New York-based Amy Records and the Meters for New York–based Josie and then LA-based Reprise.

Chicago

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Further information:Chicago soul

Chicago soul generally had a light gospel-influenced sound, but the large number of record labels based in the city tended to produce a more diverse sound than other cities.Vee Jay Records,which lasted until 1966, produced recordings byJerry Butler,Betty Everett,Dee Clark,andGene Chandler.Chess Records,mainly a blues and rock and roll label, produced several major soul artists, includingthe DellsandBilly Stewart.Curtis Mayfieldnot only scored many hits with his group,the Impressions,but wrote many hit songs for Chicago artists and produced hits on his own labels forthe Fascinations,Major Lance,and theFive Stairsteps.

Philadelphia

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Further information:Philadelphia soul

Based primarily in thePhiladelphia Internationalrecord label, Philadelphia soul (or Philly Soul) had lushstringandhornarrangements anddoo-wop-inspired vocals.Thom Bell,andKenneth Gamble & Leon Huffare considered the founders of Philadelphia soul, which produced hits forPatti LaBelle,the O'Jays,the Intruders,the Three Degrees,the Delfonics,the Stylistics,Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes,andthe Spinners.

Progressive

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Isaac Hayesperforming in 1973
Main article:Progressive soul

By the 1970s, African-American popular musicians had drawn from the conceptual album-oriented approach of the then-burgeoningprogressive rockdevelopment. This progressive-soul development inspired a newfound sophisticated musicality and ambitious lyricism in black pop.[64]Among these musicians wereSly Stone,Stevie Wonder,Marvin Gaye,Curtis Mayfield,andGeorge Clinton.[65]In discussing the progressive soul of the 1970s, Martin cites this period's albums from Wonder (Talking Book,Innervisions,Songs in the Key of Life),War(All Day Music,The World Is a Ghetto,War Live), andthe Isley Brothers(3 + 3).[66]Isaac Hayes's 1969 recording of "Walk on By"is considered a" classic "of prog-soul, according toCity Pagesjournalist Jay Boller.[67]Later prog-soul music includes recordings byPrince,[68]Peter Gabriel,[69]Meshell Ndegeocello,Joi,[70]Bilal,Dwele,Anthony David,[71]Janelle Monáe,[72]and theSoulquarians,an experimental black-music collective active during the late 1990s and early 2000s.[73]

Psychedelic

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Main article:Psychedelic soul

Psychedelic soul, sometimes known as "black rock", was a blend ofpsychedelic rockand soul music in the late 1960s, which paved the way for the mainstream emergence offunkmusic a few years later.[74]Early pioneers of this subgenre of soul music includeJimi Hendrix,Sly and the Family Stone,Norman Whitfield,andIsaac Hayes.[75]While psychedelic rock began its decline, the influence of psychedelic soul continued on and remained prevalent through the 1970s.[76][failed verification]

British

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Adele performing in 2016
Main article:British soul

In the early 1960s, small soul scenes began popping up around the UK. Liverpool in particular had an establishedblackcommunity from which artists such as Chants and Steve Aldo emerged and go on to record within the British music industry. As a result, many recordings were commercially released by British soul acts during the 1960s which were unable to connect with the mainstream market.[77]Nevertheless, soul has been a major influence on British popular music since the 1960s including bands of theBritish Invasion,most significantlythe Beatles.[78]There were a handful of significant Britishblue-eyed soulacts, includingDusty SpringfieldandTom Jones.[79]In the 1970sCarl Douglas,the Real ThingandDelegation[80]had hits in the UK. American soul was extremely popular among some youth sub-cultures like themod,Northern souland modern soul movements, but a clear genre of British soul did not emerge until the 1980s when several artists includingGeorge Michael,Sade,Simply Red,Lisa StansfieldandSoul II Soulenjoyed commercial success.[81]The popularity of British soul artists in the U.S., most notablyAmy Winehouse,Adele,Estelle,Duffy,Joss StoneandLeona Lewis,led to talk of a "Third British Invasion"or" British Soul Invasion "in the 2000s and 2010s.[82][83]

Neo

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Further information:Neo soul

Neo soulis a blend of 1970s soul-style vocals and instrumentation withcontemporary R&Bsounds,hip-hopbeats, and poetic interludes. The style was developed in the early to mid-1990s, and the term was coined in the early 1990s by producer andrecord labelexecutiveKedar Massenburg.A key element in neo-soul is a heavy dose ofFender RhodesorWurlitzer electric piano"pads" over a mellow, grooving interplay between the drums (usually with a rim shot snare sound) and a muted, deep funky bass. The Fender Rhodes piano sound gives the music a warm, organic character.

Notable artists include Jill Scott, Lauryn Hill, and Erykah Badu. Also newer artists like H.E.R and Sza are influenced by Neo Soul. Neo Soul is full of deep lyrics and soulful sounds that resonate with listeners. Neo Soul has had a lasting impact on the music industry, Along with a deep soulful sound, it also includes very soulful lyrics that touch on topics of love and even loss. This genre comes from African American culture and is connected to genres like gospel and blues. Fashion is also very important to this genre. It’s not just a sound, it’s also a look. It comes with fashion that breaks barriers and shows creativity. The whole aesthetic is art, from the sound to the look. Neo-soul is a blend of music and culture and its impact in the music industry is timeless. Its impact can still be seen and felt across many genres and artists.

Northern

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Further information:Northern soul

Northern soul is a music and dance movement that emerged in the late 1960s out of the Britishmod subcultureinNorthern Englandand theEnglish Midlands,based on a particular style of soul music with a heavy beat and fast tempo. The phrasenorthern soulwas coined by a journalistDave Godinand popularised through his column inBlues and Soulmagazine.[84]The rare soul records were played by DJs atnightclubs,and included obscure 1960s and early 1970s American recordings with anuptempobeat, such as those onMotownand smaller labels, not necessarily from theNorthern United States.

Nu-jazz and other influenced electronica

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Further information:Nu jazzandElectronica

Many artists in various genres ofelectronic music(such ashouse,drum n bass,UK garage,anddowntempo) are heavily influenced by soul, and have produced many soul-inspired compositions.

Non-black musicians

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The impact of soul music was manifold; internationally, white and other non-black musicians were influenced by soul music.British soulandNorthern soul,rare soul music played by DJs atnightclubsin Northern England, are examples.

Several terms were introduced, such as "blue-eyed soul",which isR&Bor soul music performed bywhiteartists. The meaning ofblue-eyed soulhas evolved over the decades. Originally the term was associated with mid-1960s white artists who performed soul and R&B that was similar to the music released byMotown RecordsandStax Records.[34]The Righteous Brothers,the Rascals,Spencer Davis Group,Steve Winwood,Van Morrison & Them, andthe Grass Rootswere famous blue-eyed soul musicians in the 1960s. The term continued to be used in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly by the British media to refer to a new generation of singers who adopted elements of the Stax and Motown sounds. To a lesser extent, the term has been applied to singers in othermusic genresthat are influenced by soul music. Artists likeHall & Oates,David Bowie,Teena Marie,Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds,Frankie Valli,Christina Aguilera,Amy WinehouseandAdeleare known as blue-eyed soul singers.

Another term isbrown-eyed soul,or soul music or R&B created and performed mainly byLatinosinSouthern Californiaduring the 1960s, continuing through to the early 1980s.[85][86]The genre of soul music occasionally draws fromLatin,and often contains rock music influences.[87]This contrasts with blue-eyed soul, soul music performed bynon-Hispanic whiteartists.[88]Ritchie Valens,one of the original pioneers of brown-eyed soul music, also became one of the first brown-eyed soul artists to bring traditional Latin music and rock and roll influences into the genre. Latino groups on the East and West Coast also drew from thefunk-influenced Philadelphia soul, or"Philly" soul.The West CoastLatin rockscene continued to influence brown-eyed soul artists as well. Inspired by Valens, 1960s and 1970s bands such asCannibal & the Headhunters( "Land of a Thousand Dances") andThee Midnitersplayed brown-eyed R&B music with a rebelliousrock and rolledge. Many of these artists drew from thefrat rockandgarage rockscenes. However, the large Hispanic population on the West Coast began gradually moving away from energetic R&B to romantic soul, and the results were "some of the sweetest soul music heard during the late 1960s and 1970s."[85]

See also

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References

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Bibliography

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  • Adams, Michael (2008). Review of Atlantic Records: The House That Ahmet Built, by Susan Steinberg. Notes 65, no. 1.
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  • Martin, Bill(1998),Listening to the Future: The Time of Progressive Rock,Chicago: Open Court,ISBN0-8126-9368-X
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Further reading

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  • Garland, Phyl (1969).The Sound of Soul: the History of Black Music.New York: Pocket Books, 1971, cop. 1969. xii, 212 p. 300 p. + [32] p. of b & w photos.
  • Cole, Laurence (2010).Deep Soul Ballads: From Sam Cooke to Stevie Wonder.Libri Publishing.ISBN9781907471087
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