Wikipedia

Southwark Cathedral

This article is about the Anglican cathedral. For the Roman Catholic cathedral, seeSt George's Cathedral, Southwark.

Southwark Cathedral(/ˈsʌðərk/ⓘSUDH-ərk),[1]formally theCathedral and Collegiate Church of St Saviour and St Mary Overie,is aChurch of Englandcathedral inSouthwark,London, near the south bank of theRiver Thamesand close toLondon Bridge.It is themother churchof theDiocese of Southwark.It has been a place of Christian worship for more than 1,000 years, but the church was not raised tocathedralstatus until the creation of the diocese of Southwark in 1905.

Southwark Cathedral
Cathedral and Collegiate Church ofSt SaviourandSt Mary Overie
Southwark Cathedral is located in Central London
Southwark Cathedral
Southwark Cathedral
Shown within Central London
51°30′22″N0°5′23″W/ 51.50611°N 0.08972°W/51.50611; -0.08972
LocationSouthwark
London,SE1
CountryEngland
DenominationChurch of England
Previous denominationRoman Catholic
Websitecathedral.southwark.anglican.org
Architecture
Heritage designationGrade I listed building
Designated2 March 1950
StyleGothic,Gothic Revival
Years built1106–1897
Administration
ProvinceCanterbury
DioceseSouthwark(since 1905)
Clergy
Bishop(s)Christopher Chessun
DeanMark Oakley
SubdeanMichael Rawson
PrecentorKathryn Fleming SCP
SuccentorThomas Sharp
Canon ChancellorWendy Robins
Canon TreasurerJeremy Clark-King (DDO)
Laity
Director of musicVacant
Organist(s)Simon Hogan, James Gough
VergerPaul Timms, Simon Gutwein, James Collins, Robert Biden

Between 1106 and 1538, it was the church of anAugustinianpriory,Southwark Priory,dedicated in honour of theVirgin Mary(St Mary – over the river, 'overie'). Following thedissolution of the monasteries,it became aparish church,with a dedication to theHoly Saviour(St Saviour). The church was in thediocese of Winchesteruntil 1877, when the parish of St Saviour's, along with other South London parishes, was transferred to thediocese of Rochester.[2]The present building retains the basic form of theGothicstructure built between 1220 and 1420, although the nave is a late 19th-century reconstruction.

History

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Legendary origins

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The 16th-century London historianJohn Stowrecorded an account of the origins of the Southwark Priory of St Mary that he had heard from Bartholomew Linsted, who had been the last prior when the priory was dissolved.[3]Linsted claimed it had been founded as anunnery"long before the[Norman] Conquest"by a maiden named Mary, on the profits of a ferry across the Thames she had inherited from her parents. Later it was converted into acollege of priestsby "Swithen,a noble lady ". Finally in 1106 it was refounded as anAugustinianpriory.

Detail on the south porch

The tale of the ferryman's daughter Mary and her benefactions became very popular, but later historians tried to rationalise Linsted's story. Thus the author of an 1862 guidebook to the then St Saviour's Church suggested it was probable that the "noble lady" Swithen had in fact been a man –Swithun,Bishop of Winchester,from 852 or 853 until his death in 863.[4]

In the 20th century this identification was accepted by Thomas P. Stevens,succentorandsacrist,and laterhonorary canon,of Southwark Cathedral, who wrote a number of guidebooks to the cathedral, and a history that was revised and reprinted many times. He went on to date the foundation of the supposed original nunnery to "about the year 606", although he provided no evidence to support the date.[5]Although recent guidebooks are more circumspect, referring only to "a tradition", an information panel at the east end of the cathedral still claims that there had been "A convent founded in 606 AD" and "A monastery established by St Swithun in the 9th century".

It is unlikely[according to whom?]that this minster pre-dated the conversion ofWessexin the mid-7th century, or the foundation of the "burh" c. 886. There is no proof for suggestions that aconventwas founded on the site in 606 nor for the claim that amonasterywas founded there bySt Swithunin the 9th century.[citation needed]

Saxon and Norman

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Thenaveof Southwark Cathedral

The earliest reference to the site was in theDomesday Bookof 1086, when the "minster"of Southwark seems to have been under the control ofWilliam the Conqueror's half-brother, BishopOdo of Bayeux.

TheOld Englishminster was acollegiate churchserving an area on the south side of theThames.In 1106, during the reign ofHenry Iit became anAugustinianpriory,under the patronage of the Bishops of Winchester, who established their London seatWinchester Palaceimmediately to the west in 1149. A remaining wall of the palace refectory, with a rose window, survives inClink Street.

The Priory was dedicated to theVirgin Motheras 'St Mary' but had the additional soubriquet of "Overie" ( "over the river" )[6]to distinguish it from the many churches in theCity of London(on the opposite bank of the Thames) with the same name.

Some fragments of 12th-century fabric survive.[7]The church in its present form, however, dates to between 1220 and 1420, making it the firstGothicchurch in London.

Gothic reconstruction

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The 15th-centurychurch monumentto the poetJohn Gowerin Southwark Cathedral. Unusually, the original polychrome painting of it has been kept renewed.

The church was severely damaged in theGreat Fire of 1212.Rebuilding took place during the thirteenth century, although the exact dates are unknown.[8]In its reconstructed state – the basic layout of which survives today – the church was cruciform in plan, with an aisled nave of sixbays,a crossing tower,transepts,and a five-bay choir. Beyond the choir stood a lowerretrochoirorLady chapel,the form of which can also be interpreted as group of four chapels with separate gabled roofs, two opening from the choir, and two from each aisle.[9]

There was a chapel dedicated toMary Magdalen,for the use of the parishioners, in the angle between the south transept and the choir,[10]and another chapel was later added to the east of theretrochoir.[8]This was to become known as the "Bishop's chapel" as it was the burial place ofLancelot Andrewes.[11]

In the 1390s, the church was again damaged by fire, and in around 1420 theBishop of Winchester,Henry Beaufort,assisted with the rebuilding of the south transept and the completion of the tower.

During the 15th century the parochial chapel was rebuilt, and the nave and north transept were given wooden vaults[8]following the collapse of the stone ceiling in 1469.[10]Some of the carved Boss es from the vault (destroyed in the 19th century) are preserved in the cathedral.[12][13]

The 14th-century poetJohn Gowerlived in the priory precinct and is entombed in the church,[14]with a splendid memorial, withpolychromepanels.[15]: 58–60 There is also a recumbent effigy of a knight in timber (rather than brass or stone) and it is suggested by the church that this dates from the 13th century. If so then this is one of the oldest such memorials and some credence can be given to the suggestion by its lack ofheraldicemblems.

16th and 17th centuries

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A 1616 etching byClaes Van Visscher,showingOld London Bridgewith Southwark Priory (now the cathedral) in the foreground

In around 1520 theBishop of Winchester,Richard Foxe,carried out a programme of improvement, installing a stone altar screen, a new west doorway with a window above[16]and a new window in the east gable of the choir.[17]

Along with all the otherreligious housesin England, the priory wasdissolvedbyHenry VIII,being surrendered tothe Crownin 1540. The receiver in charge of dissolving St Marie Overie wasWilliam Saunders.[18]In that year St Mary Overie received the new dedication of St Saviour and became the church of a new parish, which combined those of St Mary Magdalen (the attached parochial chapel) and the nearby church of St Margaret, which was deconsecrated. The parishioners leased the priory church and rectory from the Crown until 1614, when they purchased the church outright for £800.[19]

During the reign ofQueen Maryheresy trials were held in the retrochoir. In January 1555, six high-ranking clergymen, including the formerBishop of Gloucester,John Hooper,were condemned to death there.[19]

As the parish church for theBanksidearea, St Saviour's had close connections with the greatElizabethan dramatists.William Shakespeare's brother,Edmund,was buried there in 1607. His grave is unmarked, but a commemorative stone was later placed in the paving of the choir. The cathedral instituted a festival to commemorate this cultural history in the 1920s which endured into the late 20th century.[citation needed]

There is a large stained glass window dedicated to William Shakespeare, depicting scenes from his plays, at the base of which is an alabaster statue representing the playwright reclining, holding a quill.[20][21][22]Two dramatists,John FletcherandPhilip Massingerwere buried in the church. Along withEdward Alleynthey were officers and benefactors of the parish charities and ofSt Saviour's Grammar School.

John Harvardwas born in the parish and was baptised in the church on 29 November 1607. He is commemorated by the Harvard Chapel in the north transept,[23]paid for byHarvard Universityalumni resident in England. His father, Robert, a local butcher and inn-holder, was a business associate of Shakespeare's family and a parochial, school, and church officer with the playwright's colleagues.

The connection with the bishops of Winchester continued after the Reformation.Lancelot Andrewes,bishop of Winchester until his death in 1626, and a contributor to theAuthorized Version of the Bible,[24]was buried in a small chapel at the east end that afterwards became known as the "Bishop's Chapel". After the destruction of the chapel in 1830, his tomb was moved to a new position, immediately behind the high altar.[25]

It was from the tower of St Saviour's that the Czech artistWenceslas Hollardrew hisLong View of London from Banksidein 1647, a panorama which has become a definitive image of the city in the 17th century.

19th century

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The tower and east end of the cathedral, restored by George Gwilt the Younger in the 19th century

By the early 19th century the fabric of the church had fallen into disrepair. All the medieval furnishings were gone, and the interior was as Francis Bumpus later described it, "pewed and galleried to a fearful extent."[26]Between 1818 and 1830, the tower and choir were restored byGeorge Gwilt Jun.[8]In his efforts to return the church to its thirteenth-century appearance, Gwilt removed the early sixteenth-century windows at the east end of the choir and, lacking firm evidence as to the original design, substituted an elevation of his own invention, with three lancet windows, and a circular one in the gable above.[25]The transepts were restored, less sympathetically, by Robert Wallace.[8]The Bishop's Chapel and parochial chapel were removed, but plans for the demolition of the retrochoir were averted, and it was restored by Gwilt in 1832.

At a vestry meeting held in May 1831 it was decided to remove the nave roof, which had become unsafe, leaving the interior open to the weather, and to hold all future services in the choir and transepts.[27]In 1839, the roofless nave was demolished to within seven feet of the ground,[28]and rebuilt to a design by Henry Rose.[8]

The new nave was at a higher level than the surviving mediaeval eastern part, and closed off from it by a glazed screen. It had a plaster vault carried on iron columns, and a wooden gallery around three sides.[29]It was widely criticised, notably byPuginwho wrote "It is bad enough to see such an erection spring up at all, but when a venerable building is demolished to make way for it, the case is quite intolerable."[30]

On the initiative ofAnthony Thorold,Bishop of Rochester, the nave was once again rebuilt between 1890 and 1897[28]byArthur Blomfield,in a manner intended to recreate its 13th-century predecessor as accurately as possible, and to preserve the few surviving mediaeval fragments.[31]In 1895 an appeal was issued to complete the restoration, with some £8000 required to restore the choir and tower. The church's treasurer wasSir Frederick Wigan.[32]

The main railway viaduct connectingLondon Bridge stationtoBlackfriars,Cannon StreetandCharing Crossstations passes only eighteen metres from the southeast corner of the cathedral, blocking the view from the south side. This was a compromise when the railway was extended along this viaduct in 1852; the alternative was to demolish the building completely to allow a more direct passage for the line.

The churchyard was closed to burials in 1853 (an exception being made in 1856 for Gwilt). In 1910, on behalf of the cathedral chapter, theMetropolitan Public Gardens Association's landscape gardenerMadeline Agarrenovated the south-west corner of the churchyard. That garden was restored in 2001.[33]

Since 1900

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Southwark Cathedral floodlit, withThe Shardbehind it.

The collegiate parish church of St Saviour was designated as a cathedral in 1905 when theChurch of EnglandDiocese of Southwarkwas created. The nearby early-18th-century church of St Thomas became the new cathedral's chapter-house.[34]

The cathedral stands in an area heavily damaged byGerman bombingduring theSecond World War.The total number of bombs dropped on Southwark between 7 October 1940 to 6 June 1941 alone was 1,651 High Explosive Bombs and 20 Parachute Mines.[35]On 20 February 1941 it was reported (after being unrestricted by the ministry of information) that the cathedral had been damaged by a bomb.[36]Shrapnel damage is still visible on the outside of the building to this day.[37]

There are memorials toIsabella Gilmoreand the victims of theMarchionessdisasterand monuments toNelson MandelaandDesmond Tutu.In 2001 Mandela opened a new northern "cloister" on the site of the old monastic one, with a refectory, shop, conference centre, education centre and museum.[38]In 2002, these Millennium buildings received an award for being one of the best new buildings of the year.

On 16 November 1996 the cathedral became a focus of controversy when it hosted a twentieth-anniversary service for theLesbian and Gay Christian Movement.Jeffrey John,the openly gay[39]Dean of St Albans and former bishop-elect of Reading, had been Canon Theologian of Southwark.

After the introduction ofcivil partnershipsand, later, ofcivil marriagefor same-sex couples in England, the cathedral announced that "same sex couples are welcome to approach the clergy with regard to preparation and prayers when entering a Civil Partnership and for continuing support and counsel within their relationship... couples approaching the clergy should expect a warm welcome and affirmation".[40]The cathedral now says, "Southwark Cathedral is an inclusive community whereLGBTi+people are welcomed and affirmed. The clergy would be delighted to help you to prepare prayerfully for your Civil Partnership. "[41]

Other information

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Coat of arms of Southwark Cathedral, officially granted in its current form in 2000. The cross lozengy is taken from the arms of the Diocese of Southwark (albeit with a different colour scheme), and stands for the cathedral's dedication to St Saviour. The white lily in the canton stands for the cathedral's dedication to St Mary Overie.[42]
Flag of Southwark Cathedral, based on its coat of arms, usually flown from the cathedral tower.

The cathedral is used byLondon South Bank Universityfor its annual honorary degree ceremony, byRegent's Collegefor its graduation ceremonies, and byKing's College Londonfor its medical and dental degree ceremonies, an association stemming from its merger with Guy's and St Thomas' teaching hospitals, St Thomas' having started as an infirmary attached to the Priory of St Mary. The cathedral also hosts theLondon Nautical School's annual Christmas Carol Service.

There are two other cathedrals in Southwark: theRoman CatholicSt George's Cathedral Southwarkand the Greek Orthodox St Mary's at Camberwell New Road.

Resident cat

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Doorkins Magnificat, the previous resident cat of Southwark Cathedral
Hodge, the current resident cat

The cathedral is known for having a resident cat. The first such cat Doorkins Magnificat, a brown female cat who began visiting in 2008 as a stray looking for food and shelter. She later made the cathedral her permanent home and was often found curled up beneath a radiator or prowling the aisles.Dean Colin Sleenamed the cat as a joke reference to prominent atheistRichard Dawkins.[43]Doorkins became known as a local celebrity and met both theMayor of LondonandQueen Elizabeth IIon formal visits to the cathedral. She is the subject of the children's bookDoorkins the Cathedral Cat,and in 2018 was immortalised with a stone gargoyle inside the cathedral. Doorkins retired from the cathedral and was adopted by one of the cathedral staff in October 2019.[44]The death of Doorkins was reported on 2 October 2020.[45]A memorial service was held at the cathedral on 27 October 2020, something apparently unprecedented for a cat and reported in the national press.[46]

The cathedral made plans to acquire a new cat in 2020, due to mouse problems in the building and a feeling that Doorkins' presence was missed. Hodge, a black and white tuxedo cat, was formally adopted from a rescue organisation in 2020, coincidentally on the day of Doorkins' death.[47]Like Doorkins, Hodge has become a celebrity in his own right with various souvenirs available in the cathedral shop,[48]and his own social media accounts.[49][50]

Cathedral choirs

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Main Cathedral Choir

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Gargoyle on the exterior of the cathedral

The Cathedral Choir is supported financially by the St Olave's & St Saviour's Schools Foundation, which stems from the two parochial schools set up in the 1560s which still hold their commemoration and annual services at the cathedral as their 'foundation' church.[51]As the cathedral does not have a choir school, the boys and girls of the Cathedral Choir are drawn from schools throughout London and surrounding areas. Girls are usually admitted to the choir between the ages of ten and eleven, and boys between the ages of seven and ten.[52]There are six Lay Clerks in the Cathedral Choir and up to six Choral Scholars. Three of the Lay Clerks are supported by endowments from The Ouseley Trust, the Vernon Ellis Foundation, and theFriends of Cathedral Music.

The Cathedral Choir performedthe music for the television seriesMr. Bean.

Former choristers of Southwark Cathedral includeDavid Gedge,who served as Organist ofBrecon Cathedralfrom 1966 until 2007,[53][54][55][56]Richard Marlow,who subsequently directed the choir atTrinity College, Cambridge,andChuka Umunna,former Member of Parliament forStreathamand formerlyShadow Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills.[57][58]

Ernest Lough,who later made a celebrated recording ofO for the Wings of a Dovewith the choir of theTemple ChurchunderGeorge Thalben-Ball,auditioned unsuccessfully for a position as chorister at Southwark Cathedral.[59]

Both Alan Young and Jonathan Darbourne, Hammerstein Chanters (head choristers) between 1999 and 2000, were also trebles atEnglish National Opera.[60]Darbourne, in particular, is known for critically acclaimed performances as Miles inBritten'sThe Turn of the Screwat the East London Theatre onWell Street (now Ensign Street)and as one of the three Child-Spirits inMozart'sThe Magic Fluteat theLondon Coliseum.Young performed Harry in Britten'sAlbert Herring,Paris inTippet'sKing Priam,and John (silent role) in Britten'sPeter Grimes.Rollo Armstrongalso used Young's recorded vocals forDusted'ssingleAlways Remember to Respect and Honour Your Mother,which reached no. 19 in the UK single charts.[61]

Merbecke Choir

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In 2004 the cathedral founded the Southwark Cathedral Merbecke Choir. It is intended to be the place both for boys and girls who leave the cathedral choirs and also other young singers who wish to maintain their sight-reading skills acquired as choristers and explore a wide range of repertoire under expert tuition.

The choir singsComplineon the fourth Sunday of each month and performs a seasonal concert of music each term. It also sings for livery companies in the City of London and for other organisations. In 2006 it performed as part of theQueen's Christmas Broadcast,which was recorded at the cathedral.

The choir is named after the Tudor composerJohn Merbecke(1510–1585) who wrote one of the most popular settings of theBook of Common Prayercommunion service. In 1543, Merbecke and three other companions were tried for heresy in the retrochoir at Southwark. He was found guilty and condemned to death, but his sentence was commuted byStephen Gardiner,Bishop of Winchester, who decided that, as a mere musician, Merbecke "knew no better".

Thursday Singers

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The Thursday Singers are made up of people from the local community. There is no audition. They sing for festival Eucharists which fall on a weekday. They also sing one service of Choral Evensong most terms and lead the singing at the cathedral's Carol Sing-In before Christmas.[62]

Hubert Chesshyre and child sexual abuse scandal

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Hubert Chesshyrewas alay clerkof Southwark Cathedral from 1971 until 2003.[63]He was also a member of theBritish Royal Household,serving as Clarenceux King of Arms and Secretary of the Order of the Garter. Because of his connections with both the Royal Household and the cathedral choir, Chesshyre saw through a grant of a coat of arms to the cathedral[64]and a separate grant awardingheraldic badgesto thearea bishopsofKingston-upon-Thames,Woolwich,andCroydon.[65]

At atrial of the factsheld in 2015, it was proven that Chesshyre, who had dementia and was therefore found to be unfit to plead, had sexually abused a teenage chorister during the 1990s.[66][67]

Organ

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See also:List of musicians at English cathedrals
The cathedral's main organ, known as the Lewis Organ.

The cathedral's main organ was built byLewis & Co.ofBrixton,and completed in 1897. It was inspired by the Schulze organ of Doncaster Minster. Thomas Christopher Lewis, the company's founder, was renowned for building instruments that had a bright, vibrant tone which, in part, was due to his use of low wind pressures. Consequently, he was somewhat out of step with the trend at the time, which was tending towards high wind pressures and rather thicker tone. The instrument's action was, and is, electro-pneumatic with slider chests, and the main case was designed by Arthur Blomfield.

Apart from routine maintenance, the instrument remained untouched until 1952, whenHenry Willis & Sonsundertook a major rebuild, during which the wind pressures were increased. The balanced swell pedal and the hitch-down solo pedal were replaced by Willis's Infinite Speed and Gradation pedals. The choir organ – which had been housed in front of the swell – was relocated to the north side, and a new console was installed adjacent to it (the original console was on the south side). The choir organ's Flauto Traverso was replaced by a nazard, and a tierce was provided on a new slider. A number of new couplers were also provided and the violon unit (32'-16'-8') was extended by 12 pipes to create a Viola 4'.

Some years after the rebuild it was thought that the Willis changes, though well intentioned, detracted too much from the original concept, so it was decided to restore the instrument to the Lewis specifications. The Durham-based firm of Harrison and Harrison was engaged, and the work was carried out in two stages. In 1986, the electrics were renewed, and although the Willis console was retained, it was given a solid state action with eight memory levels for the combination pistons and four for the crescendo pedal. Also, the Willis swell pedals were replaced by balanced pedals.[68]

In 1991, the main work was undertaken, including the re-voicing of the stops on Lewis's original wind pressures. A Lewis Flauto Traverso rank was obtained for the choir organ, to replace the one discarded by Willis, and the nazard and tierce were removed – meaning that the great organ's octave quint is now the instrument's only mutation register. The two prepared for drawstops on the pedal were also disposed of. Thus, the stop list is now as Lewis left it, except for the Viola 4' which was retained because it was a giftin memoriam.[68]

Former organists of Southwark Cathedral have included organist/composer Starling Goodwin (1711-1774) who also played at theRanelagh Gardens,E. T. Cook,who was known for his lunchtime organ broadcasts on the BBC, and the organ builderRalph Downes.

I ChoirC–c4
Lieblich Gedackt 16′
Geigen Principal 8′
Salicional 8′
Dulciana 8′
Lieblich Gedackt 8′
Salicet 4′
Flauto Traverso 4′
Lieblich Gedackt 4′
Lieblich Gedackt 2′
Mixture III
II GreatC–c4
Contra Viole 16′
Bourdon 16′
Open Diapason No.1 8′
Open Diapason No.2 8′
Stopped Diapason 8′
Flûte Harmonique 8′
Octave 4′
Flûte Harmonique 4′
Octave Quint 22/3′
Super Octave 2′
Cornet III-V
Mixture IV
Trumpet 8′
III SwellC–c4
Lieblich Bourdun 16′
Open Diapason 8′
Viole da Gambe 8′
Voix Celestes 8′
Rohr Flöte 8′
Geigen Principal 4′
Rohr Flöte 4′
Flautino 2′
Mixture IV
Contra Fagotto 16′
Horn 8′
Oboe 8′
Voix Humaine 8′
Clarion 4′
Tremolo
IV SoloC–c4
Vox Angelica 8′
Unda Maris 8′
Flûte harm. 8′
Flûte harm 4′
Trombone 16′
Cor Anglais 16′
Tuba Magna 8′
Trompette harm. 8′
Orchestral Oboe 8′
Clarinet 8′
Tremolo
PedalC–f1
Great Bass 32′
Major Violon 32′
Open Bass 16′
Violon 16′
Dulciana Bass 16′
Sub Bass 16′
Violoncello 8′
Flute 8′
Viola 4′
Octave Flute 4′
Contra Posaune 32′
Bombarde 16′
Posaune 16′
Trumpet 8′
The Harvard Chapel, in the north transept, was rebuilt with donations from Harvard graduates and dedicated in 1907. The stained glass was designed by the American artistJohn La Fargeand was made in America under the supervision of Charles F. McKim, the American architect. The window was given by the US Ambassador, Joseph Choate.
The upper section of the John Harvard window shows the red shield of Harvard College with its mottoVeritas(Truth) and the blue lion on the shield of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. John Harvard gained his BA degree at Emmanuel College in 1632 and MA in 1635.
A view of the Nave on Christmas Eve, Southwark Cathedral, 2021
A view of the Nave, Southwark Cathedral during organ practice

See also

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General:

References

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  1. ^"Southwark", inThe Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World(1952), New York: Columbia University Press.
  2. ^Worley 1905,p. 34.
  3. ^Stow, John(1908), Kingsford, C. L. (ed.),A Survey of London,vol. 2, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 56
  4. ^Benson, Samuel (1862),A Guide to St Saviour's Church,London: W. Drewett, p. 5
  5. ^Stevens, T. P. (1930),Southwark Cathedral 606–1930,London: Sampson Low & Co., p. 11
  6. ^"Our History - Southwark Cathedral".cathedral.southwark.anglican.org.
  7. ^Cherry & Pevsner 1990,p. 566.
  8. ^abcdefCherry & Pevsner 1990,p. 564.
  9. ^Bumpus 1930,p. 379–80.
  10. ^abWorley 1905,p. 17.
  11. ^Worley 1905,p. 29.
  12. ^"Roof Boss es, Southwark Cathedral, London".historicengland.org.uk.
  13. ^"Southwark Cathedral - Tour - Roof Bosses".archive.southwark.anglican.org.
  14. ^Sobecki, Sebastian (2017)."A Southwark Tale: Gower, the 1381 Poll Tax, and Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales".Speculum.92(3):630–660.doi:10.1086/692620.hdl:11370/ea54db6f-e701-4bc9-8dca-ad742056934f.ISSN0038-7134.S2CID159994357.
  15. ^John H. Fisher (1964).John Gower: Moral Philosopher and Friend of Chaucer.New York University Press.ISBN978-0814701492.
  16. ^Worley 1905,p. 18–9.
  17. ^Worley 1905,p. 30.
  18. ^Sobecki 2015,pp. 925–932..
  19. ^abWorley 1905,p. 22.
  20. ^"10 Things to See at Southwark Cathedral".24 September 2014.
  21. ^"Literary London - Shakespeare in Southwark Cathedral".Footprints of London.22 September 2014.
  22. ^"William Shakespeare - Southwark Cathedral - London, UK. - Statues of Historic Figures on Waymarking".waymarking.
  23. ^Worley 1905,p. 84.
  24. ^Worley 1905,p. 25.
  25. ^abWorley 1905,p. 43.
  26. ^Bumpus 1930,p. 305.
  27. ^Worley 1905,p. 32.
  28. ^abBumpus 1930,p. 385.
  29. ^"XIX.— SATURDAY, MAY 1, 1880. Visit to St. Mary Overie".Transactions of the St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society.1.1880.
  30. ^Worley 1905,pp. 32–3.
  31. ^Worley 1905,pp. 57–8.
  32. ^"Commentators".The Illustrated London News(107–2): 47. 13 July 1895 – via Internet Archive.
  33. ^"London Gardens Trust: Southwark Cathedral Precinct".Retrieved19 January2021.
  34. ^Worley 1905,p. 36.
  35. ^"Bombs dropped in Southwark".Bomb Sight.
  36. ^"Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Google News Archive Search".news.google.
  37. ^"Bomb Damage Southwark Cathedral – London".tracesofwar.
  38. ^"Cathedral crowds greet Mandela".BBC News.28 April 2001.Retrieved7 April2019.
  39. ^Telegraph,"Gay cleric in line to become bishop in Church of England", 3 July 2010
  40. ^"Weddings, Baptisms & Funerals – Worship – Southwark Cathedral".cathedral.southwark.anglican.org.Archived fromthe originalon 18 May 2016.Retrieved20 June2016.
  41. ^"Weddings, Civil Partnerships and Funerals".cathedral.southwark.anglican.org.Southwark Cathedral. 2017.Retrieved5 April2019.
  42. ^"Southwark Cathedral: The Cathedral Coat of Arms".Facebook.30 June 2020.Retrieved8 March2023.
  43. ^"Doorkins Magnificat - Obituary".cathedral.southwark.anglican.org.Southwark Cathedral.Retrieved21 February2023.
  44. ^"Doorkins the cathedral cat retires after a decade delighting visitors".London SE1.23 October 2019.Retrieved21 February2023.
  45. ^"Doorkins Magnificat: Much-loved Southwark Cathedral cat passes away".southwarknews.co.uk.2 October 2020.
  46. ^"Much loved Southwark Cathedral cat Doorkins Magnificat laid to rest".The Guardian.28 October 2020.
  47. ^Salisbury, Josh (11 December 2020)."Southwark Cathedral unveils latest addition - Hodge the two-year-old cat - Southwark News".Southwark News.Retrieved21 February2023.
  48. ^"Hodge the Cathedral Cat".Southwark Cathedral Shop.Retrieved23 April2022.
  49. ^"Hodge (@Hodgethecat)".Twitter.Retrieved23 April2022.
  50. ^"Hodge (The Cathedral Cat) (@hodge_thecat) · Instagram".Instagram.Retrieved24 April2022.
  51. ^seeSt Olave's Grammar SchoolandSt Saviour's and St Olave's Church of England School for Girls.
  52. ^"Music and Choirs – Worship".cathedral.southwark.anglican.org.Archived fromthe originalon 1 October 2016.Retrieved30 September2016.
  53. ^David Gedge,A Country Cathedral Organist Looks Back(n.p.: David Gedge, 2009).
  54. ^"A Country Cathedral Organist Looks Back 1939-1978".churchtimes.co.uk.
  55. ^"Biographical Dictionary of the Organ | David Gedge".organ-biography.info.
  56. ^David M. Cummings, ed.,International Who's Who in Music and Musician's Directory 2000/2001 (In the Classical and Light Classical Fields)(17th edn., Cambridge: Melrose, 2000), i, 224.
  57. ^"'Chuka Umunna Coy About Leadership Ambitions',Sky News(1 October 2012). Accessed 18 April 2013 ".
  58. ^"Alice Foster, 'Streatham MP Chuka Umunna would be" arrogant "to talk about Labour leadership bid',Streatham Guardian(2 October 2012). Accessed 18 April 2013 ".Archived fromthe originalon 15 March 2016.Retrieved24 December2018.
  59. ^Martin, Douglas (6 March 2000)."Ernest Lough, Choirboy Whose Voice Endured on Famous Recording, Dies at 88 (Published 2000)".The New York Times.
  60. ^"Jonathan Darbourne (Counter-tenor) – Short Biography".bach-cantatas.Retrieved24 October2017.
  61. ^"Dusted: Always Remember To Respect And Honour Your Mother (Pt 1) – NME".NME.Retrieved24 October2017.
  62. ^"Music and Choirs".Southwark Cathedral.Archived fromthe originalon 1 October 2016.Retrieved21 September2017.
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  64. ^in SE1,Issue 38 (August 2001), p. 3
  65. ^The Coat of Arms,NS 12/179 (Autumn 1997), pp. 112–15.
  66. ^Doward, Jamie (30 March 2019)."Honours system under scrutiny after sex abuser kept title for years".The Observer.Retrieved30 March2019.
  67. ^Doward, Jamie (1 December 2019)."Anger at antiquaries' charity after sex abuser wins members' vote".The Observer.Retrieved10 December2019.
  68. ^abA specification of the organ can be found on theNational Pipe Organ Register.

Sources

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