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Scientific American

(Redirected fromSpektrum der Wissenschaft)

Scientific American,informally abbreviatedSciAmor sometimesSA,is an Americanpopular sciencemagazine. Many scientists, includingAlbert EinsteinandNikola Tesla,have contributed articles to it, with more than 150Nobel Prize-winners being featured since its inception.[2]

Scientific American
A magazine cover depicting a photorealistic view of the Earth, inserted into a melted ice cube, with the magazines masthead at top and a headline between the masthead and the Earth reading "Did Humans Stop an ICE AGE?" Beneath the headline in smaller type is the subheading "8,000 years of global warming"
Cover of a 1905 issue
DisciplinePopular science
LanguageEnglish
Publication details
HistorySince August 28, 1845;179 years ago(1845-08-28)
Publisher
Springer Nature(United States)
FrequencyMonthly
Yes
2.142 (2020)
Standard abbreviations
ISO 4Sci. Am.
Inde xing
ISSN0036-8733
LCCNsf92091111
OCLCno.796985030
Links
"Men of Progress", published by the magazine in 1862, showing American inventors such asSamuel Morse,Samuel Colt,Cyrus McCormick,Charles Goodyear,Peter Cooper,and others[1]
Scientific American Office, New York, 37Park Row,1859, next to Munn & Co. on the right

In print since 1845, it is the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States.Scientific Americanis owned bySpringer Nature,which is a subsidiary ofHoltzbrinck Publishing Group.

History

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Interior ofScientific American's office at 361Broadwayin New York City
Scientific American'searly office at361 Broadwayin Manhattan
A 2011 photo ofScientific American'soffice at theWoolworth Buildingin New York City, built in 1913 byFrank Winfield Woolworth[3]
TheScientific American buildingat 24-26 West 40th Street, commissioned byMunn and Co.in 1924[3]

Scientific Americanwas founded by inventor and publisherRufus Porterin 1845[4]as a four-page weekly newspaper. The first issue of the large-format New York City newspaper was released on August 28, 1845.[5]

Throughout its early years, much emphasis was placed on reports of what was going on at theU.S. Patent Office.It also reported on a broad range of inventions includingperpetual motionmachines, an 1860 device for buoying vessels byAbraham Lincoln,and theuniversal jointwhich now can be found in nearly every automobile manufactured. Current issues include a "this date in history" section, featuring excerpts from articles originally published 50, 100, and 150 years earlier. Topics include humorous incidents, wrong-headed theories, and noteworthy advances in the history of science and technology. It started as a weekly publication in August 1845 before turning into a monthly in November 1921.[6]

Porter sold the publication toAlfred Ely Beach,son of media magnateMoses Yale Beach,andOrson Desaix Munn,a mere ten months after founding it. Editors and co-owners from theYale familyincludedFrederick C. Beachand his son,Stanley Yale Beach,and from the Munn family,Charles Allen Munnand his nephew,Orson Desaix Munn II.[7]Until 1948, it remained owned by the families underMunn & Company.[4]Under Orson Munn's grandson, Orson Desaix Munn III, it had evolved into something of a "workbench" publication, similar to the 20th-century incarnation ofPopular Science.

In the years after World War II, the magazine fell into decline. In 1948, three partners who were planning on starting a new popular science magazine, to be calledThe Sciences,purchased the assets of the oldScientific Americaninstead and put its name on the designs they had created for their new magazine. Thus the partners—publisherGerard Piel,editor Dennis Flanagan, and general manager Donald H. Miller Jr. essentially created a new magazine.[8]Miller retired in 1979, Flanagan and Piel in 1984, when Gerard Piel's son Jonathan became president and editor; circulation had grown fifteen-fold since 1948. In 1986, it was sold to theHoltzbrinck Publishing Groupof Germany, which has owned it until theSpringer-Naturemerger. In the fall of 2008,Scientific Americanwas put under the control of Holtzbrinck'sNature Publishing Groupdivision.[9]

Donald Miller died in December 1998,[10]Gerard Piel in September 2004 and Dennis Flanagan in January 2005.Mariette DiChristinabecame editor-in-chief afterJohn Renniestepped down in June 2009,[9]and stepped down herself in September 2019. In April 2020,Laura Helmuthassumed the role ofeditor-in-chief.

The magazine is the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States.[11][12]

In 2009, the publisher notified collegiate libraries that yearly subscription prices for the magazine would increase by nearly 500% for print and 50% for online access to $1,500 yearly.[13]

Offices of theScientific Americanhave included 37Park RowinManhattanand theWoolworth Buildingin 1915 when it was just finished two years earlier in 1913.[3]The Woolworth Building was at the time one of the first skyscrapers in the city and the tallest one in the world.[3]

International editions

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Scientific Americanpublished its first foreign edition in 1890, theSpanish-languageLa America Cientifica.[14]Publication was suspended in 1905, and another 63 years would pass before another foreign-language edition appeared: In 1968, anItalianedition,Le Scienze,was launched, and aJapaneseedition,Nikkei Science[ja],followed three years later. A new Spanish edition,Investigación y Cienciawas launched in Spain in 1976, followed by aFrenchedition,Pour la Science[fr],in France in 1977, and aGermanedition,Spektrum der Wissenschaft[de],in Germany in 1978. A Russian editionV Mire Nauki(Russian:«В мире науки») was launched in theSoviet Unionin 1983, and continues in the present-day RussianFederation.[15]Kexue( khoa học, "Science" in Chinese), a simplified Chinese edition launched in 1979, was the first Western magazine published in thePeople's Republic of China.

Founded inChongqing,the simplified Chinese magazine was transferred toBeijingin 2001. Later in 2005, a newer edition,Global Science( vòng quanh trái đất khoa học ), was published instead ofKexue,which shut down due to financial problems. A traditional Chinese edition, known asScientist[zh],was introduced toTaiwanin 2002. TheHungarianeditionTudományexisted between 1984 and 1992. In 1986, anArabicedition,Oloom Magazine[ar],was published. In 2002, aPortugueseedition was launched inBrazil.The Spanish edition ended in 2023 due to the worsening of economic conditions.[16]

Today,Scientific Americanpublishes 17 foreign-language editions around the globe: Arabic, Brazilian Portuguese,Simplified Chinese,Traditional Chinese,Czech,Dutch, French, German,Greek,Hebrew,Italian, Japanese,Korean,Lithuanian(discontinued after 15 issues),Polish,Romanian,and Russian. From 1902 to 1911,Scientific Americansupervised the publication of theEncyclopedia Americana,which during some of that period was known asThe Americana.

Some famous individuals who penned articles in the magazine includedAlbert Einstein,Thomas Edison,Jonas Salk,Marie Curie,Stephen Hawking,Franklin D. Roosevelt,Stephen Jay Gould,Bill Gates,Nikola Tesla,and more.[17]Charles Darwinwas featured when he publishedOn the Origin of Species,as well as theWright Brotherswhen they were working on their flying machines.[18]The magazine also covered the U.S. through itsSputnikmoment with the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, which symbolically started the "Space Age."

Editors

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Editorial controversy

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In 2013,Danielle N. Lee,a female scientist who blogged atScientific American,was called a "whore" in an email by an editor at the science websiteBiology Onlineafter refusing to write professional content without compensation.[25]Lee wrote a response to the email and posted it on theScientific Americanblog.[26]Then editor-in-chief Mariette DiChristina removed Lee's post, citing legal reasons for removing the blog.[27]The editor atBiology Onlinewas fired after the incident.[28]

The controversy widened in the ensuing days. The magazine's blog editor, Bora Zivkovic, was the subject of allegations of sexual harassment by another blogger, Monica Byrne.[29][30]Although the alleged incident had occurred about a year earlier, editor Mariette DiChristina informed readers that the incident had been investigated and resolved to Byrne's satisfaction.[31]However, the incident involving Lee had prompted Byrne to reveal the identity of Zivkovic, following the latter's support of Lee. Zivkovic admitted the incident with Byrne had taken place.[32]He apologized to Byrne, and referred to the incident as "singular", stating that his behavior was not "engaged in before or since."[32]

Zivkovic resigned from the board ofScience Online,the popular science blogging conference that he co-founded with Anton Zuiker.[33]Following Zivkovic's admission, several female bloggers, including other bloggers for the magazine, wrote their own accounts, alleging additional incidents of sexual harassment, although none of these accounts were independently investigated.[34][35][36]A day after these new revelations, Zivkovic resigned from his position atScientific American.[37][38]

Special issues

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SpecialNavy Supplement,1898

Scientific American has published numerous special editions over the years, focusing on various scientific topics.[39]These editions are typically released quarterly and cover themes such asspace settlementby humans,evolution,economics,andclimate change.For example, the March 2024, (volume 33, issue 1s), included articles with themes about space exploration as well as humansexual division of laboranddifferentiationamong early-humanhunter-gatherers.”[40]Similarly, the June 2024 edition, (volume 33, issue 2s), featured pieces on analyzing the "cosmic nothing"and issues in physics raised often by thecosmological constant.[41]

These special editions are available to subscribers and can be accessed through Scientific American’s archives. The magazine’s archive provides a comprehensive list of past issues, including special editions, dating back to its inception in 1845.[42]

Scientific American 50 award

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TheScientific American 50award was started in 2002 to recognize contributions to science and technology during the magazine's previous year. The magazine's 50 awards cover many categories including agriculture, communications, defense, environment, and medical diagnostics. The complete list of each year's winners appear in the December issue of the magazine, as well as on the magazine's web site.

Website

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In March 1996, Scientific American launched its own website that included articles from current and past issues, online-only features, daily news, special reports, and trivia, among other things.[citation needed]The website introduced apaywallin April 2019, with readers able to view a few articles for free each month.[43]

Columns

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British Army reconnaissance airboat on the Tigris River during theMesopotamian Campaignof World War I

Notable features have included:

Television

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From 1990 to 2005Scientific Americanproduced a television program onPBScalledScientific American Frontierswith hostsWoodie Flowers[44]andAlan Alda.[45]

Books

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Main article:Scientific American Library
Scientific American Supplement No. 1100 January 30, 1897, featuringCanet naval gunsfor the Greek ironclads

From 1983 to 1997,Scientific Americanhas produced an encyclopedia set of volumes from their publishing division, theScientific American Library.These books were not sold in retail stores, but as aBook of the Month Clubselection priced from $24.95 to $32.95.

Topics covered dozens of areas of scientific knowledge and included in-depth essays on: TheAnimal Mind;Atmosphere, Climate, and Change; Beyond the Third Dimension; Cosmic Clouds; Cycles of Life • Civilization and the Biosphere; The Discovery of Subatomic Particles; Diversity and the Tropical Rain Forest; Earthquakes and Geological Discovery; Exploring Planetary Worlds; Gravity's Fatal Attraction; Fire; Fossils and the History of Life; From Quarks to the Cosmos; A Guided Tour of the Living Cell; Human Diversity; Perception; The Solar System; Sun and Earth; The Science of Words (Linguistics); The Science of Musical Sound; The Second Law (of Thermodynamics); Stars; Supercomputing and the Transformation of Science.[46]

Scientific Americanlaunched a publishing imprint in 2010 in partnership withFarrar, Straus and Giroux.[47]

  • DiChristina, Mariette (2017).Scientific American – The Science Behind the Debates. Special Collector's Edition. Winter 2017/2018.Scientific American.A "collection of updated or adaptedScientific Americanarticles and shorter pieces.... "According to editor Andrea Gawrylewski 'The reader will quickly notice a common theme.... there really is no debate where the science is concerned'".Contributors includeSeth Shostak,Paul Offit,Richard DawkinsandHarriet Hall.[48]

Scientific and political debate

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In April 1950, the U.S.Atomic Energy CommissionorderedScientific Americanto cease publication of an issue containing an article byHans Bethethat appeared to reveal classified information about the thermonuclearhydrogen bomb.Subsequent review of the material determined that the AEC had overreacted. The incident was important for the "new"Scientific American's history, as the AEC's decision to burn 3,000 copies of an early press-run of the magazine containing the offending material appeared to be "book burningin a free society "when publisher Gerard Piel leaked the incident to the press.[49]

In the October 2020 issue of the magazine, it endorsedJoe Bidenfor the2020 presidential election,citingDonald Trump's rejection of scientific evidence, especially during theCOVID-19 pandemic in the United States.[50][51]In the column reporting the endorsement, the magazine's editors said, "Scientific Americanhas never endorsed a presidential candidate in its 175-year history. This year we are compelled to do so. We do not do this lightly. "[52]In September 2024 and for the second time in its history, for the same reason,Scientific AmericanendorsedKamala Harrisfor the2024 United States presidential election.[53]

In November 2024 editor-in-chiefLaura Helmuthresigned from Scientific American following an apology for a social media post in which she characterized some supporting Trump as fascists.[24]

Awards

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  • 2010:IQ Awardfor the German editionSpektrum der Wissenschaft[citation needed]
  • 2012:Science in Society Journalism Award,for the editorial board's piece titled "Ban Chimp Testing."[54]
  • 2013, the National Association of Science Writers awarded freelancer Douglas Fox in the science reporting category for his article “Witness to an Antarctic Meltdown,” published inScientific American.[55]
  • 2024, Scientific American received seven Telly Awards, which honor excellence in video and television content across all screens. The magazine’s visual compositions on various scientific topics were selected from over 13,000 submissions.[56]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Sartain, John. (1862).Men of Progress: American Inventors Presented to the Subscribers of the Scientific American(D 5 Men.1862) [Steel engraving]. Boston Athenaeum.Archivedfrom the original on September 15, 2024.
  2. ^"Front Matter." Scientific American, vol. 110, no. 1, 1914.JSTOR26012562.Accessed 3 July 2023.
  3. ^abcd"Scientific American, on the Move 170 Years, 11 locations – A map of Scientific American's wanderings around Manhattan".Archivedfrom the original on February 6, 2023.RetrievedFebruary 6,2023.
  4. ^ab"Press Room: About Us".Scientific American.August 17, 2009. Archived fromthe originalon January 19, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 24,2012.
  5. ^Yam, Philip (August 17, 2009)."The Origin of Scientific American".Scientific American.Archived fromthe originalon August 28, 2022.RetrievedAugust 27,2022.
  6. ^Ockerbloom, John Mark (ed.)."Scientific American archives".Penn Libraries.University of Pennsylvania.Archivedfrom the original on September 19, 2024.RetrievedJuly 21,2020.
  7. ^Beach, Stanley."Archives at Yale, Stanley Yale Beach papers".Archived fromthe originalon March 31, 2023.
  8. ^Lewenstein, Bruce V. (1989). "Magazine Publishing and Popular Science after World War II".American Journalism.6(4): 218–234.doi:10.1080/08821127.1989.10731208.
  9. ^abFell, Jason (April 23, 2009)."Scientific American Editor, President to Step Down; 5 Percent of Staff Cut".FOLIO.Archivedfrom the original on April 7, 2016.RetrievedApril 26,2009.
  10. ^"Donald H. Miller".The New York Times.December 27, 1998.Archivedfrom the original on September 19, 2024.RetrievedJuly 7,2021.Miller-Donald H., Jr. Vice President and General Manager of the magazine Scientific American for 32 years until his retirement in 1979. Died on December 22, at home in Chappaqua, NY. He was 84. Survived by his wife of 50 years, Claire; children Linda Itkin, Geoff Kaufman, Sheila Miller Bernson, Bruce Miller, Meredith Davis, and Donald H. Miller, M.D.; nine grandchildren and one great-grandchild; and brother Douglas H. Miller. The memorial service will be held on Saturday, January 30, at 2 pm at the Unitarian Universalist Fellowship of Northern Westchester in Mount Kisco, NY.
  11. ^Edmonds, Rick (August 27, 2015)."Can a magazine live forever? Scientific American, at 170, is giving it a shot".Poynter.Archivedfrom the original on October 9, 2022.RetrievedOctober 9,2022.
  12. ^Edmonds, Rick (August 31, 2020)."Scientific American, the oldest U.S. magazine, hits another milestone as the appetite for science news heats up".Poynter.Archivedfrom the original on October 9, 2022.RetrievedOctober 9,2022.
  13. ^Howard, Jennifer (October 13, 2009)."College Library Directors Protest Huge Jump in 'Scientific American' Price".Chronicle of Higher Education.Archivedfrom the original on October 15, 2009.RetrievedOctober 14,2009.
  14. ^Dichristina, Mariette (July 1, 2015)."Dark Matter and the Shadow Universe".No. July 2015. Scientific American.Archivedfrom the original on March 27, 2024.RetrievedMarch 27,2024.
  15. ^Чумаков, Валерий (Chumakov, Valery)[in Russian](December 24, 2020)."Ученый предсказал возникновение Сибирского моря. Кого затопит"[The scientist predicted the emergence of the Siberian Sea. Who will be flooded?].«В мире науки»(in Russian).RetrievedJanuary 5,2021.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^"Investigación y Ciencia".Archivedfrom the original on April 27, 2023.RetrievedApril 28,2023.
  17. ^"Nikola Tesla".Scientific American.March 1934. p. 115.JSTOR24968452.RetrievedNovember 17,2022.
  18. ^"Celebrating Science Editor in Chief Mariette DiChristina introduces the August 2010 issue of Scientific American".Archivedfrom the original on July 3, 2023.RetrievedJuly 3,2023.
  19. ^"A Century of Progress".Time.January 1, 1945. Archived fromthe originalon December 5, 2008.RetrievedJuly 15,2008.Present editor and publisher (third in the line) is Orson Desaix Munn, 61, a patent lawyer, crack bird hunter and fisherman, rumba fancier, familiar figure in Manhattan café society.
  20. ^Mott, Frank Luther (1970) [1938].A History of American Magazines, 1850 – 1865(4th ed.). London: Oxford University Press. p. 316.ISBN978-0-674-39551-0.Archivedfrom the original on September 19, 2024.RetrievedAugust 9,2015.
  21. ^"Munn, Charles Allen".Princeton University Library Finding Aids.Princeton University. Archived fromthe originalon January 1, 2016.RetrievedAugust 9,2015.
  22. ^Santora, Marc (January 17, 2005)."Dennis Flanagan, 85, Editor of Scientific American for 37 Years".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on May 16, 2013.RetrievedApril 1,2008.Dennis Flanagan, who as editor ofScientific Americanmagazine helped foster science writing for the general reader, died at his home in Manhattan on Friday. He was 85. The cause of death was prostate cancer, according to his wife, Barbara Williams Flanagan. Mr. Flanagan, who worked atScientific Americanfor more than three decades beginning in 1947, teamed editors directly with working scientists, publishing pieces by leading figures like Albert Einstein, Linus Pauling and J. Robert Oppenheimer.
  23. ^"Scientific American appoints Laura Helmuth Editor-in-Chief".Pressroom.Archived fromthe originalon December 27, 2021.RetrievedMarch 11,2020.
  24. ^abChristobek, Kate (November 15, 2024)."Editor Resigns After Calling Some Trump Supporters 'Fascists'".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on November 25, 2024.
  25. ^Jaschik, Scott (October 14, 2013)."When Does a Scientist Get Called a Whore?".Inside Higher Ed.Archivedfrom the original on October 16, 2013.RetrievedOctober 15,2013.
  26. ^Hess, Amanda (October 14, 2013)."Scientific American's Troubling Response to Its Blogger Being Called an 'Urban Whore'".Slate.Archivedfrom the original on October 15, 2013.RetrievedOctober 15,2013.
  27. ^"'Scientific American' draws heat over 'urban whore' blog post ".Fox News.October 14, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on October 16, 2013.RetrievedOctober 15,2013.
  28. ^Curry, Colleen (October 14, 2013)."Biology-Online Fires Editor Who Called Scientist 'Urban Whore'".ABC News.Archivedfrom the original on October 14, 2013.
  29. ^Byrne, Monica. Zivkovic said of the meeting, "within five minutes, it was clear that SciAm wasn't a good match for her professional goals. [He] stayed for the coffee out of politeness, but found her offputting and uninteresting as a person. So much emphasis has been put on the subject matter of their conversation, but for [Zivkovic] this was no different than talking to an entomologist about insects: all the writing samples she sent were related to sex and relationships. I was mortified to hear that she understood the conversation as inappropriate, and I did apologize, but not for harassment (there was none), for causing her any discomfort. As a naturalized American, I wasn't raised with all the subtleties that the American madonna/whore culture exposes. And I didn't understand how she could write and talk so freely about sex and yet be offended by our conversation, which was mild in comparison. My interest in her, sexually or otherwise, was zero.""This Happened"ArchivedOctober 21, 2013, at theWayback Machine,October 14, 2013. Retrieved on 24 October 2013.
  30. ^Helmuth, Laura (October 17, 2013)."Don't Be a Creep".Slate.Archivedfrom the original on October 19, 2013.RetrievedOctober 24,2013.
  31. ^Raeburn, Paul (October 16, 2013)."Scientific American blog editor admits to sexual harassment".Knight Science Journalism at MIT.Archivedfrom the original on October 26, 2013.RetrievedOctober 24,2013.
  32. ^abZivkovic, Bora (October 15, 2013)."This happened".A Blog Around The Clock.Archived fromthe originalon October 21, 2013.
  33. ^Greenhouse, Emily (October 18, 2013)."A Ripple of Voices Against Sexism".The New Yorker.ISSN0028-792X.Archivedfrom the original on April 17, 2023.
  34. ^Cooper-White, Macrina (October 17, 2013)."Bora Zivkovic, Scientific American Blog Editor, Responds to Sexual Harassment Allegations".Archivedfrom the original on October 21, 2013.RetrievedOctober 24,2013.
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  36. ^Sorg, Lisa (October 18, 2013)."The fall of Pittsboro scientist and Scientific American blog editor Bora Zivkovic".Indy Week.Archived fromthe originalon October 25, 2013.
  37. ^"Bora Zivkovic resigns from Scientific American"(Press release). Scientific American. October 18, 2013. Archived fromthe originalon October 25, 2013.RetrievedOctober 24,2013.
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  39. ^"Scientific American".JSTOR.RetrievedDecember 8,2024.
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  41. ^"Special Editions Volume 33, Issue 2s".Scientific American.June 1, 2024.RetrievedDecember 8,2024.
  42. ^"Issue Archive: 2020-2024".Scientific American.December 1, 2024.RetrievedDecember 8,2024.
  43. ^"Scientific AmericanLaunches New Paywall ".@ScientificAmerican.April 15, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 26,2019.
  44. ^"Woodie Flowers, on season 1".Scientific American Frontiers.Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1990–1991.PBS.Archivedfrom the original on January 1, 2006.
  45. ^"Alan Alda, on season 4".Scientific American Frontiers.Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1993–1994.PBS.Archivedfrom the original on January 1, 2006.
  46. ^"Scientific American Library".LibraryThing.Archivedfrom the original on August 7, 2020.RetrievedNovember 24,2016.
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  48. ^"New and Notable".Skeptical Inquirer.42(3): 61. 2018.
  49. ^Lewenstein, B. V. (1987). 'Public Understanding of Science' in America, 1945 – 1965. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 280 – 284
  50. ^Martin, Rachel (September 17, 2020)."'Scientific American' Breaks 175 Years Of Tradition, Endorses A Presidential Nominee ".National Public Radio.Archivedfrom the original on November 17, 2020.RetrievedOctober 16,2023.
  51. ^Niedzwiadek, Nick (September 15, 2020)."Scientific American backs Biden in first-ever endorsement".Politico.Archivedfrom the original on November 16, 2023.RetrievedOctober 16,2023.
  52. ^"Scientific American Endorses Joe Biden".Scientific American.September 5, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on September 15, 2020.RetrievedSeptember 15,2020.
  53. ^"Vote for Kamala Harris to Support Science, Health and the Environment".Scientific American.Archivedfrom the original on September 16, 2024.RetrievedSeptember 17,2024.
  54. ^Boyle, Alan (September 13, 2012)."Winning Stories from Science Writers".NBC News.Archived fromthe originalon December 8, 2024.
  55. ^"2013 Science in Society Journalism Award Winners".National Association of Science Writers.October 1, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on March 11, 2019.RetrievedDecember 8,2024.
  56. ^"Scientific American Wins Seven Telly Awards".Springer Nature.July 10, 2024. Archived fromthe originalon September 17, 2024.RetrievedDecember 8,2024.
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