Steven Allan SpielbergKBE(/ˈspiːlbɜːrɡ/;born December 18, 1946) is an American filmmaker. A major figure of theNew Hollywoodera and pioneer of the modernblockbuster,Spielberg is widely regarded as one of the greatest film directors of all time and is the mostcommercially successful director in film history.[1]He is the recipient of manyaccolades,including threeAcademy Awards,twoBAFTA Awards,and fourGolden Globe Awardsas well as theAFI Life Achievement Awardin 1995, theKnight Commanderof the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 2001, theKennedy Center Honorin 2006, theCecil B. DeMille Awardin 2009 and thePresidential Medal of Freedomin 2015. Seven ofhis filmshave been inducted into theNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".[2][3]
Steven Spielberg | |
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 Spielberg in 2023 | |
| Born | December 18, 1946 Cincinnati,Ohio, US |
| Alma mater | California State University, Long Beach(BA) |
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| Years active | 1969–present |
| Works | |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 6, includingSasha,SawyerandDestry |
| Father | Arnold Spielberg |
| Relatives |
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| Awards | Full list |
| Signature | |
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Spielberg was born inCincinnati, Ohio,and grew up inPhoenix, Arizona.[4]He moved toCaliforniaand studied film in college. After directing several episodes for television, includingNight GalleryandColumbo,he directed the television filmDuel(1971), his first full-length film which later received an international theatrical release. He made his theatrical debut withThe Sugarland Express(1974) and became a household name with the summer blockbusterJaws(1975). He directed moreescapistbox office successes withClose Encounters of the Third Kind(1977),E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial(1982) and the originalIndiana Jonestrilogy (1981–89). He explored drama inThe Color Purple(1985) andEmpire of the Sun(1987).
In 1993, Spielberg directed back-to-back blockbuster hits with thescience fictionthrillerJurassic Park,thehighest-grossing filmever at the time, and theHolocaustdramaSchindler's List,which has often been listed as one of thegreatest films ever made.He won theAcademy Award for Best Directorfor the latter and the World War II epicSaving Private Ryan(1998). Spielberg has since directed the science fiction filmsA.I. Artificial Intelligence(2001),Minority Report(2002), andWar of the Worlds(2005); the historical dramasAmistad(1997),Munich(2005),War Horse(2011),Lincoln(2012),Bridge of Spies(2015) andThe Post(2017); the comedyThe Terminal(2004); theanimated filmThe Adventures of Tintin(2011); the musicalWest Side Story(2021); and the semi-autobiographical dramaThe Fabelmans(2022).
Spielberg co-foundedAmblin EntertainmentandDreamWorks,and he has served as a producer for many successful films and television series, among themPoltergeist(1982),Gremlins(1984),Back to the Future(1985),Who Framed Roger Rabbit(1988) andBand of Brothers(2001). He has had a long collaboration with the composerJohn Williams,with whom he has worked for all but five of his feature films.[5][6]Several of Spielberg's works are considered among the greatest films in history, and some are among the highest-grossing films ever.[7]In 2013,Timelisted him as one of the100 most influentialpeople,[8]and in 2023, Spielberg was the recipient of the first everTime100 Impact Awardin the US.[9]
Early life and background
Spielberg was born on December 18, 1946, inCincinnati, Ohio.[10][11]His mother, Leah (néePosner, later Adler),[12]was a concert pianist and ran akosher dairy restaurant,[13]and his father,Arnold,[14]was an electrical engineer involved in the development of computers. His immediate family were[15]Reform Jewish/Orthodox Jewish.[16][17]Spielberg's paternal grandparents wereJews from Ukraine;[18][19]his grandmother Rebecca, maiden name Chechik, was fromSudylkiv,and his grandfather Shmuel Spielberg was fromKamianets-Podilskyi.[20][21]Spielberg has three younger sisters:Anne,Sue, and Nancy.[22]In 1952, his family moved toHaddon Township, New Jerseyafter his father was hired byRCA.[23]Spielberg attended Hebrew school from 1953 to 1957, in classes taught by RabbiAlbert L. Lewis.[24]At their home in Cincinnati, his grandmother taught English to Holocaust survivors. They, in turn, taught him numbers:
One man in particular, I kept looking at his numbers–his number tattooed on his forearm... he started – you know, when–during the dinner break, when everybody was eating and not learning, he would point to the numbers. And he would say, that is a two, and that is a four. And then he'd say, and this is a eight, and that's a one. And I'll never forget this. And he said, and that's a nine. And then he crooked his arm and inverted his arm and said, and see, it becomes a six. It's magic. And now it's a nine, and now it's a six, and now it's a nine and now it's a six. And that's really how I learned my numbers for the first time... the irony of all that, and the gift of that lesson, never really dawned on me until I was much older.[15]
In early 1957, the family moved toPhoenix, Arizona.[25][26]Spielberg had abar mitzvahceremony when he was thirteen.[27]His family was involved in the synagogue and had many Jewish friends.[28]Ofthe Holocaust,he said that his parents "talked about it all the time, and so it was always on my mind."[28]His father had lost between sixteen and twenty relatives in the Holocaust.[21]Spielberg found it difficult accepting his heritage; he said: "It isn't something I enjoy admitting... but when I was seven, eight, nine years old, God forgive me, I was embarrassed because we were Orthodox Jews. I was embarrassed by the outward perception of my parents' Jewish practices. I was never really ashamed to be Jewish, but I was uneasy at times."[29][30]Spielberg was the target ofanti-Semitism:"In high school, I got smacked and kicked around. Two bloody noses. It was horrible."[31][32][21]He gradually followed Judaism less during adolescence, after his family had moved to various neighborhoods and found themselves to be the only Jews.[33][34]
He recalls his parents taking him to seeCecil B. DeMille'sThe Greatest Show on Earth(1952). He had never seen a movie before, and thought they were taking him to the circus. He was terrified by the movie's train crash, and at age 12, he recreated it with hisLioneltrains and filmed it. He recalls: "The trains went around and around, and after a while that got boring, and I had this eight-millimeter camera, and I staged a train wreck and filmed it. That was hard on the trains, but then I could cut the film lots of different ways and look at it over and over again." This was his first home movie.[35][36]In 1958, he became aBoy Scout,eventually attaining the rank ofEagle Scout.[37]He fulfilled a requirement for the photographymerit badgeby making a nine-minute8 mmWestern,The Last Gunfight.[38][39]Spielberg used his father's movie camera to make amateur features, and began taking the camera along on every Scout trip.[40]At age 13, Spielberg made a 40-minutewar film,Escape to Nowhere,with a cast of classmates. The film won first prize in a statewide competition.[41][42]Throughout his early teens, and after entering high school, Spielberg made about fifteen to twenty 8 mm adventure films.[43][44]He recalls that
my dad told me stories about World War II constantly... I knew, based on the stories my dad and his friends were telling about World War II, that there was no glory in war. And it was ugly, and it was cruel... it was, you know, visually devastating. And so I thought, someday, if I ever do make a war movie for real, it's got to be something that tells the truth about what those experiences had been for those young 17-, 18-, 19-year-old boys storming Omaha Beach, let's say.[15]
In Phoenix, Spielberg went to the local theater every Saturday.[45]Formative films includedVictor Fleming'sCaptains Courageous(1937),Walt Disney'sPinocchioandFantasia(both 1940),Akira Kurosawa'sRashomon(1950) andThe Seven Samurai(1954),[46][47]Ishirō Honda'sGodzilla, King of the Monsters!(1956),[48][49]David Lean'sBridge on the River Kwai(1957) andLawrence of Arabia(1962) ( "the film that set me on my journey" ),Alfred Hitchcock'sThe Birds(1963) andStanley Kubrick'sDr. Strangelove(1964) and2001: A Space Odyssey(1968) ( "I'm still living off the adrenalin that... I experienced watching that film for the first time." )[50]He attendedArcadia High Schoolin 1961 for three years.[51]In 1963, he wrote and directed a 140-minute science fiction film,Firelight,the basis ofClose Encounters of the Third Kind.Firelight,funded mainly by his father, was shown in a local theater for one evening and grossed $501 against its $500 budget.[52][53][54]
After taking a tour bus toUniversal Studios,a chance conversation with an executive led to Spielberg getting a three-day pass to the premises. On the fourth day, he walked up to the studio gates without a pass, and the security guard waved him in: "I basically spent the next two months at Universal Studios... that was how I became an unofficial apprentice that summer."[55][56]His family later moved toSaratoga, California,where he attendedSaratoga High School.[57]A year later, his parents divorced. Spielberg moved to Los Angeles to stay with his father,[58]while his three sisters and mother remained in Saratoga. He recalls:
My parents split up when I was 15 or 16 years old, and I needed a special friend, and had to use my imagination to take me to places that felt good – that helped me move beyond the problems my parents were having, and that ended our family as a whole. And thinking about that time, I thought, an extraterrestrial character would be the perfect springboard to purge the pain of your parents' splitting up.[35]
He recalls his mother had "a huge adventurous personality. We always saw her asPeter Pan,the kid who never wanted to grow up, and she sort of saw herself that way. I think my mom lived a lot of childhoods in her ninety-seven years. "[15]He was not interested in academics, aspiring only to be a filmmaker.[59]He applied to theUniversity of Southern California's film school but was turned down because of his mediocre grades.[60]He then applied and enrolled atCalifornia State University, Long Beach,where he became a brother ofTheta Chi Fraternity.[61]In 1968, Universal gave Spielberg the opportunity to write and direct a short film for theatrical release, the 26-minute35 mmAmblin'.Studio vice presidentSidney Sheinbergwas impressed and offered Spielberg a seven-year directing contract.[62]A year later, he dropped out of college to begin directing television productions for Universal,[63]making him the youngest director to be signed to a long-term plan with a major Hollywood studio.[64]Spielberg returned to Long Beach in 2002, where he presentedSchindler's Listto complete hisBachelor of Artsin Film and Electronic Media.[65]
He recalls a formative encounter with one of his favorite directors,John Ford,who said: "So they tell me you want to be a picture maker. You see those paintings around the office?" Spielberg said he did. Ford pointed to a painting and asked, "Where's the horizon?" Spielberg said it was at the top. Ford asked him where it was in another painting. Spielberg said it was at the bottom. Ford said, "When you're able to distinguish the art of the horizon at the bottom of a frame or at the top of the frame, but not going right through the center of the frame, when you can appreciate why it's at the top and why it's at the bottom, you might make a pretty good picture maker."[66]
Career
1969–1974: On the horizon
Spielberg made his professional debut with "Eyes", a segment ofNight Gallery(1969) scripted byRod Serlingand starringJoan Crawford.[67]Initially, there was skepticism from Crawford and studio executives regarding Spielberg's inexperience. Despite Spielberg's efforts to implement advanced camerawork techniques, studio executives demanded a more straightforward approach. His initial contributions received mixed responses, leading Spielberg to briefly step back from studio work.[68]Crawford, reflecting on her collaboration with Spielberg, recognized his potential, noting his unique intuitive inspiration. She expressed her appreciation for Spielberg's talent in a note to him and also communicated her approval to Serling. Crawford's endorsement highlighted Spielberg's early recognition in Hollywood despite initial hesitations regarding his experience.[69]
In the early 1970s, Spielberg unsuccessfully tried to raise financing for his own low-budget films. He co-wrote and directed teleplays forMarcus Welby, M.D.,The Name of the Game,Columbo,Owen Marshall, Counselor at LawandThe Psychiatrist.[70]Although unsatisfied with his work,[71]Spielberg used the opportunity to experiment with his techniques and learn about filmmaking. He earned good reviews and impressed producers; he was earning a steady income and relocated toLaurel Canyon,Los Angeles.[70]
Impressed,Universalsigned Spielberg to do four television films.[72]The first wasDuel(1971), adapted fromRichard Matheson's short story of the same name, about a salesman (Dennis Weaver) being chased down a highway by a psychotictanker truckdriver.[73]Impressed, executives decided to promote the film on television. Reviews were positive, and Universal asked Spielberg to shoot more scenes so thatDuelcould be released to international markets.[74]"Deservedly so" writesDavid Thomson,"for it stands up as one of the medium's most compelling spirals of suspense. The ordinariness of the Dennis Weaver character and the monstrous malignance of the truck confront one another with a narrative assurance that never needs to remind us of the element of fable."[75]More TV films followed:Something Evil(1972) andSavage(1973).
Spielberg made his theatrical debut withThe Sugarland Express(1974), based on a true story about a married couple on the run, desperate to regain custody of their baby from foster parents.[76]The film starredGoldie HawnandWilliam Athertonand marked the first of many collaborations with the composerJohn Williams.[77]Although the film was awarded Best Screenplay at the1974 Cannes Film Festival,it was not a commercial success,[78]which Spielberg blamed on Universal's inconsistent marketing.[79]The film opened in four hundred theaters in the US to positive reviews;Pauline Kaelwrote "Spielberg uses his gifts in a very free-and-easy, American way—for humor, and for a physical response to action. He could be that rarity among directors, a born entertainer—perhaps a new generation'sHoward Hawks."[80]The Hollywood Reporterwrote that "a major new director is on the horizon."[81]
1975–1980: Magician
ProducersRichard D. ZanuckandDavid Browntook a chance with Spielberg, giving him the opportunity to directJaws(1975), athrillerbased onPeter Benchley'sbestseller.In it, agreat white sharkattacks beachgoers at a summerresort town,prompting police chiefMartin Brody(Roy Scheider) to hunt it down with the help of amarine biologist(Richard Dreyfuss) and a veteran shark hunter (Robert Shaw).Jawswas the first movie shot on open ocean,[82]so shooting proved difficult, especially when the mechanical shark malfunctioned. The shooting schedule overran by a hundred days, and Universal threatened to cancel production.[83]Against expectations,Jawswas a success, setting the domestic box office record and making Spielberg a household name.[84]It wonAcademy AwardsforBest Film Editing(Verna Fields),Best Original Dramatic Score(John Williams) andBest Sound(Robert Hoyt,Roger Heman,Earl MaderyandJohn Carter). Spielberg said the malfunctioning of the mechanical shark resulted in a better movie, as he had to find other ways to suggest the shark's presence. After seeing the unconventional camera techniques ofJaws,Alfred Hitchcockpraised "young Spielberg" for thinking outside the visual dynamics of the theater: "He's the first one of us who doesn't see theprosceniumarch ".[85]
LikeCoppolaonThe Godfather,Spielberg asserted his own role and deftly organized the elements into a roller coaster entertainment without sacrificing inner meanings. The suspense of the picture came from meticulous technique and good humor about its own surgical cutting. You have only to submit to the travesty ofJaws 2to realize how much more engagingly Spielberg saw the ocean, the perils, the sinister beauty of the shark, and the vitality of its human opponents.
— CriticDavid Thompson[75]
After declining an offer to makeJaws 2[86]Spielberg and Dreyfuss reunited to work on a film aboutUFOs,Close Encounters of the Third Kind(1977). Spielberg used65 mm filmfor the best picture quality, and a new live-action recording system so that the recordings could be duplicated later.[87][88]He cast one of his favorite directors,François Truffaut,as the scientist Claude Lacombe and worked with special effects expertDouglas Trumbull.It marked the first of many collaborations between Spielberg and editorMichael Kahn.[89]One of the rare films both written and directed by Spielberg,Close Encounterswas very popular with filmgoers[90]and won Academy Awards forBest Cinematography(Vilmos Zsigmond) andBest Sound Effects Editing(Frank Warner).[91]Stanley Kauffmannwrote: "I sawClose Encountersat its first public showing in New York, and most of the audience stayed on and on to watch the credits crawl lengthily at the end. For one thing, under the credits the giant spaceship was returning to the stars. For another, they just didn’t want to leave this picture. For still another, they seemed to understand the importance of those many names to what they had just seen. "Kauffmann placed it first on his list of the best American films from 1968 to 1977.[92]ReviewingClose Encounters,Kael called Spielberg "a magician in the age of movies."[93]
His next directorial work was1941(1979), an action-comedy written byRobert ZemeckisandBob Galeabout Californians preparing for a Japanese invasion after theattack on Pearl Harbor.Spielberg was self-conscious about doing comedy as he had no prior experience in the genre.[94]Universal and Columbia agreed to co-finance the film.1941grossed over $92.4 million worldwide upon release,[95]but most critics, and the studio heads, disliked it.[94]Charles Champlindescribed1941as "the most conspicuous waste since the last major oil spill, which it somewhat resembles."[96]
1981–1992: Impresario
Spielberg directedRaiders of the Lost Ark(1981), with a screenplay byLawrence Kasdanbased on a story byGeorge LucasandPhilip Kaufman.They considered it an homage to theserialsof the 1930s and 1940s.[97]It starredHarrison FordasIndiana JonesandKaren AllenasMarion Ravenwood.Filmed inLa Rochelle,Hawaii,TunisiaandElstree Studios,England, the shoot was difficult but Spielberg said that it helped him hone his business acumen.[98]The film was a box office success[99]and won Academy Awards forBest Art Direction(Norman Reynolds,Leslie DilleyandMichael D. Ford);Best Film Editing(Michael Kahn);Best Sound(Bill Varney,Steve Maslow,Gregg LandakerandRoy Charman);Best Sound Editing(Ben BurttandRichard L. Anderson); andBest Visual Effects(Richard Edlund,Kit West,Bruce NicholsonandJoe Johnston).[100]Roger Ebertwrote that, "Raiders of the Lost Arkis an out-of-body experience, a movie of glorious imagination and breakneck speed that grabs you in the first shot, hurtles you through a series of incredible adventures, and deposits you back in reality two hours later–breathless, dizzy, wrung-out, and with a silly grin on your face ".[101]Raiderswas the first film in theIndiana Jonesfranchise.
Spielberg returned to science fiction withE.T. the Extra-Terrestrial(1982). It tells the story of Elliot (Henry Thomas), a young boy who befriends an alien who was accidentally left behind by his companions and is attempting to return home. Spielberg eschewedstoryboardsso that his direction would be more spontaneous, and shot roughly in sequence so that the actors' performances would be authentic as they bonded with and said goodbye toE.T.Richard Corlisswrote, "This was the closing-night attraction at the1982 Cannes Film Festival,a venue not known for blubbering sentiment. At the end, as the little critter bade his farewells and theJules Verne-like space ship left the ground, the audience similarly levitated. One heard the audience's childlike applause; one felt their spirits lift. This was rapture made audible, palpable... Spielberg orchestrated the movements of the camera and the puppet spaceman with the feelings of—it has to be called love—expressed in young Henry Thomas' yearning face. E.T. was the first film character to be a finalist inTIME’s Man of the Yearsweepstakes. It would have been fine with me if the little creature, this lovely film, had won. "[102]
A special screening was organized forRonaldandNancy Reagan,who were emotional by the end.[103]E.T.grossed $700 million worldwide.[103]It won four Academy Awards:Best Original Score(John Williams), Best Sound (Robert Knudson,Robert Glass,Don DigirolamoandGene Cantamessa), Best Sound Editing (Charles L. Campbelland Ben Burtt) and Best Visual Effects (Carlo Rambaldi,Dennis MurenandKenneth F. Smith).[104]Kael wrote of E.T., "His voice is ancient and otherworldly but friendly, humorous. And this scaly, wrinkled little man with huge, wide-apart, soulful eyes and a jack-in-the-box neck has been so fully created that he's a friend to us, too; when he speaks of his longing to go home the audience becomes as mournful as Elliot. Spielberg has earned the tears that some people in the audience—and not just children—shed. Genuinely entrancing movies are almost as rare as extraterrestrial visitors."[105]Spielberg co-wrote and producedPoltergeist(Tobe Hooper,1982), released the same summer asE.T.[99]WithJohn Landis,he co-produced the anthology filmTwilight Zone: The Movie(1983), contributing the "Kick the Can" segment.[106]
His next feature film was theRaiders of the Lost ArkprequelIndiana Jones and the Temple of Doom(1984). Working again with Lucas and Ford, the film was shot in the United States, Sri Lanka and China.[107]The film was darker than its predecessor, and led to the creation of thePG-13 ratingbecause some content was deemed unsuitable for children under 13.[108]Spielberg later said that he was unhappy withTemple of Doombecause it lacked his "personal touches and love".[109]Nonetheless, the film was a blockbuster hit,[110]won the Academy Award for Best Special Effects and received mostly good reviews.[109]Kael preferred it to the original, writing, "Spielberg is like a magician whose tricks are so daring they make you laugh. He creates an atmosphere of happy disbelief: the more breathtaking and exhilarating the stunts are the funnier they are. Nobody has ever fused thrills and laughter in quite the way that he does here. He starts off at full charge in the opening sequence and just keeps going". She conceded that it was less "sincere" thanRaiders,adding "that's what is so good about it."[111]On this project Spielberg met his future wife,Kate Capshaw,who played Willie Scott.[112]Spielberg recalled, "The second film I could have done a lot better if there had been a different story. It was a good learning exercise for me to really throw myself into a black hole. I came out of the darkness ofTemple Of Doomand I entered the light of the woman I was eventually going to marry and raise a family with. "[113]
Thomson writes that "At first sight, the Spielberg of the eighties may seem more an impresario—or a studio, even—then a director."[75]Between 1984 and 1990, Spielberg served as producer or executive producer on nineteen feature films for his production company,Amblin Entertainment.Among them wereGremlins(Joe Dante,1984),The Goonies(Richard Donner,1985),Back to the Future(Robert Zemeckis,1985),Who Framed Roger Rabbit(Zemeckis, 1988),Joe Versus the Volcano(John Patrick Shanley,1990) andArachnophobia(Frank Marshall,1990).[114][115][116][117]In the early 1980s, Spielberg befriendedWarner CommunicationsCEOSteve Rosseventually resulting in Spielberg making films for Warner Bros.[118]It began withThe Color Purple(1985), an adaptation ofAlice Walker'sPulitzer Prize-winningnovel,about a generation of empowered African-American women during depression-era America. It was Spielberg's first film on a dramatic subject matter, and he expressed reservations about tackling the project: "It's the risk of being judged-and accused of not having the sensibility to do character studies."[119]StarringWhoopi GoldbergandOprah Winfrey,the film was a box office hit and critics started to take note of Spielberg's foray into drama.[119]Ebert named it the best film of the year.[120]The film also received eleven Academy Award nominations, and Spielberg wonBest Directorfrom theDirectors Guild of America.[119]The film was produced and scored byQuincy Jones.
As China underwent economic reform and opened up to the American film industry, Spielberg madeEmpire of the Sun(1987), the first American film shot inShanghaisince the 1930s.[121]It is an adaptation ofJ. G. Ballard's autobiographicalnovelabout Jamie Graham (Christian Bale), a young boy who goes from being the son of a wealthy British family in Shanghai to aprisoner of warin a Japaneseinternment campduringWorld War II.David Leanwas originally set to direct, with Spielberg producing. It was written by playwrightTom Stoppardand co-starredJohn Malkovichas an American expatriate. Critical reaction was mixed at the time of release; criticism ranged from the "overwrought" plot to Spielberg's downplaying of "disease and starvation".[122][123]However,Andrew Sarrisnamed it the best film of the year and later included it among the best of the decade.[124]The film was nominated for six Academy Awards,[125]but was a disappointment at the box office; Ian Alterman ofThe New York Timesthought it was overlooked by audiences.[126]Spielberg recalled thatEmpire of the Sunwas one of his most enjoyable films to make.[127]Thomson called it "a great work through and through" and "the first clear sign that Spielberg the showman was an artist, too."[128]
In 1989, Spielberg intended to directRain Man,but instead directedIndiana Jones and the Last Crusadeto meet his contractual obligations.[129]Producer Lucas and star Ford returned for the film. A longtimeJames Bondfan, Spielberg castSean Conneryas Jones's father,Henry Jones, Sr.[127]Due to complaints about violence inTemple of Doom,Spielberg returned to more family-friendly fare for the third installment.[130]Last Crusadereceived mostly positive reviews and was a box office success, earning $474 million; it was his biggest hit sinceE.T.[131]BiographerJoseph McBridewrote that it was a comeback for Spielberg, and Spielberg acknowledged the amount he has learned from making theIndiana Jonesseries.[131]Ebert wrote that, "If there is just a shade of disappointment after seeing this movie, it has to be because we will never again have the shock of this material seeming new.Raiders of the Lost Ark,now more than ever, seems a turning point in the cinema of escapist entertainment, and there was really no way Spielberg could make it new all over again. What he has done is to take many of the same elements, and apply all of his craft and sense of fun to make them work yet once again. And they do.[132]
Also in 1989, he reunited withRichard Dreyfussfor the romantic dramaAlways,about anaerial firefighter.It is a modern remake of one of Spielberg's favorite childhood films,A Guy Named Joe(1943). The story was personal; he said "As a child I was very frustrated, and maybe I saw my own parents [inA Guy Named Joe]. I was also short of girlfriends. And it stuck with me. "[133]Spielberg had discussed the film with Dreyfuss back in 1975, with up to twelve drafts being written before filming commenced.[130]Alwayswas commercially unsuccessful and received mixed reviews.[134][130]Janet MaslinofTheNew York Timeswrote, "Alwaysis filled with big, sentimental moments, it lacks the intimacy to make any of this very moving. "[135]
After a brief setback in which Spielberg felt "artistically stalled",[136]he returned in 1991 withHook,about a middle-agedPeter Pan(Robin Williams), who returns toNeverlandand encountersTinker Bell(Julia Roberts) and the eponymousCaptain Hook(Dustin Hoffman). During filming, the stars clashed on set; Spielberg told60 Minutesthat he would never work with Roberts again.[137]Nominated for five Academy Awards, the studio enjoyed the film but most critics did not; Thomson called it "maudlin."[75]Writing forThe Washington Post,Desson Howedescribed the film as "too industrially organized", and thought it mundane.[138]At the box office, it earned over $300 million worldwide from a $70 million budget.[139]
1993–1998: Oscar winner
In 1993, Spielberg returned to the adventure genre withJurassic Park,based onMichael Crichton'sbestseller,with a screenplay by Crichton andDavid Koepp.Jurassic Parkis set on a fictional island nearCosta Rica,where a businessman (Richard Attenborough) has hired a team of geneticists to create awildlife parkofde-extinctdinosaurs. In a departure from his usual order of planning, Spielberg and the designersstoryboardedcertain sequences from the novel early on.[140]The film also usedcomputer-generated imageryprovided byIndustrial Light & Magic;Jurassic Parkwas completed on time and became the highest-grossing film at the time, and won three Academy Awards.[141]The film's dominance during its theatrical run, as well as Spielberg's $250 million salary, made him self-conscious of his own success.[142]
Also in 1993, Spielberg directedSchindler's List,aboutOskar Schindler,a businessman who helped save 1,100 Jews from theHolocaust.[143]Based onSchindler's Ark,Spielberg waited ten years to make the film as he did not feel "mature" enough.[144]He wanted to embrace his heritage,[145][146]and after the birth of his son, Max, he said that "it greatly affected me [...] A spirit began to ignite in me, and I became a Jewish dad".[147]Filming commenced on March 1, 1993, in Poland, while Spielberg was still editingJurassic Parkin the evenings.[148]To make filming "bearable", Spielberg brought his wife and children with him.[149]Against expectations, the film was a commercial success, and Spielberg used his percentage of profits to start theShoah Foundation,a non-profit organization that archivestestimoniesof Holocaust survivors.[150]Schindler's Listwon seven Academy Awards, includingBest Pictureand Spielberg's first asBest Director.[151]It also won sevenBAFTAs,and threeGolden Globes.[152][153]Schindler's Listis one of theAFI's100 best American films ever made.[154]
Ebert wrote, "Flaubertonce wrote that he dislikedUncle Tom's Cabinbecause the author was constantly preaching against slavery. 'Does one have to make observations about slavery?' he asked. 'Depict it; that's enough.' And then he added, 'An author in his book must be like God in the universe, present everywhere and visible nowhere.' That would describe Spielberg, the author of this film. He depicts the evil of the Holocaust, and he tells an incredible story of how it was robbed of some of its intended victims. He does so without the tricks of his trade, the directorial and dramatic contrivances that would inspire the usual melodramatic payoffs. Spielberg is not visible in this film. But his restraint and passion are present in every shot. "[155]FilmmakerClaude Lanzmann,criticized the film for its weak representation of the Holocaust.[156]Imre Kertész,a Hungarian author andconcentration campsurvivor, also disliked the film, saying, "I regard askitschany representation of the Holocaust that is incapable of understanding or unwilling to understand the organic connection between our own deformed mode of life and the very possibility of the Holocaust. "[157]Thomson calls it "the most moving film I have ever seen."[75]
In 1994, Spielberg took a break from directing to spend more time with his family, and set up his new film studio,DreamWorks,withJeffrey KatzenbergandDavid Geffen.[158][150]After his hiatus, he returned to directing with a sequel toJurassic Park,The Lost World: Jurassic Park(1997). A loose adaptation of Michael Crichton's novelThe Lost World,the plot follows mathematician Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum) and his researchers who study dinosaurs at Jurassic Park which is on an island and are confronted by another team with a different agenda. Spielberg wanted the onscreen creatures to be more realistic than in the first film; he used 3D storyboards, computer imagery and robotic puppets.[159]Budgeted at $73 million,[160]The Lost World: Jurassic Parkopened in May 1997 and was one of the highest grossingfilms of the year.[161]TheVillage Voicecritic opined thatThe Lost Worldwas "better crafted but less fun" than the first film, whileThe Guardianwrote "It looks like a director on autopilot [...] The special effects brook no argument."[161]
Amistad(1997), his first film released under DreamWorks, was based on the true story of the events in 1839 aboard the slave shipLa Amistad.ProducerDebbie Allen,who had read the bookAmistad Iin 1978, thought Spielberg would be perfect to direct.[162]Spielberg was hesitant taking on the project, afraid that it would be compared toSchindler's List,but he said, "I've never planned my career [...] In the end I do what I think I gotta do."[162]StarringMorgan Freeman,Anthony Hopkins,Djimon HounsouandMatthew McConaughey,Spielberg used Allen's ten years worth of research to reenact the difficult historical scenes.[160][163]The film struggled to find an audience, and underperformed at the box office;[164]Spielberg admitted thatAmistad"became too much of a history lesson."[165]
Spielberg's 1998 release wasWorld War IIepicSaving Private Ryan,about a group of US soldiers led by Captain Miller (Tom Hanks) sent to bring home aparatrooperwhose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours of theNormandylanding. Filming took place in England, andUS MarineDale Dyewas hired to train the actors and keep them in character during the combat scenes. Halfway through filming, Spielberg reminded the cast that they were making a tribute to thank "your grandparents and my dad, who fought in [the war]".[166]Upon release, critics praised the direction and its realistic portrayal of war.[167]The film grossed a successful $481 million worldwide[168]and Spielberg won a second Academy Award for Best Director.[169]In August 1999, Spielberg and Hanks were awarded theDistinguished Public Service MedalfromSecretary of DefenseWilliam S. Cohen.[166][170]Thomson writes "Ryanchanged war films: combat, shock, wounds, and fear had never been so graphically presented; and yet there was also a true sense of what duties and ideas had felt like in 1944. I disliked the framing device. I would have admired a director who trusted us to get there without that. Never mind—Ryanis a magnificent film. "[75]Ebert wrote "Spielberg knows how to make audiences weep better than any director sinceChaplininCity Lights.But weeping is an incomplete response, letting the audience off the hook. This film embodies ideas. After the immediate experience begins to fade, the implications remain and grow. "[171]
2001–2012: Master of technology
Spielberg returned to science fiction withA.I. Artificial Intelligence(2001), a loose adaptation ofBrian Aldiss's short story "Supertoys Last All Summer Long"(1969).Stanley Kubrickhad bought the rights to the story in 1979 and worked on an adaptation for years.[172]He told Spielberg about the project in 1984 and suggested that he direct, believing the story was closer to his sensibilities. In 1999, Kubrick died. Spielberg decided to directA.I.and wrote the screenplay himself.[173]Spielberg tried to be faithful to Kubrick's vision[174]and made several allusions to his friend's work[175]though with mixed results according to some critics.[176]The plot revolves around anandroid,David (Haley Joel Osment) who, likePinocchio,dreams of being a "real boy". Critics thought Spielberg directed with "sentimentality",[177]and Ebert wrote, "Here is one of the most ambitious films of recent years [...] but it miscalculates in asking us to invest our emotions in a character, a machine."[178]The film won fiveSaturn Awards[177]and grossed $236 million worldwide.[179]Jonathan Rosenbaumhighly praised the film: "IfA.I. Artificial Intelligence— a film whose split personality is apparent even in its two-part title — is as much a Kubrick movie as a Spielberg one, this is in large part because it defamiliarizes Spielberg, makes him strange. Yet it also defamiliarizes Kubrick, with equally ambiguous results — making his unfamiliarity familiar. Both filmmakers should be credited for the results—Kubrick for proposing that Spielberg direct the project and Spielberg for doing his utmost to respect Kubrick's intentions while making it a profoundly personal work. "[180]A. O. Scottcalled it "the best fairy tale–the most disturbing, complex and intellectually challenging boy's adventure story–Mr. Spielberg has made" and chose it as the best film of the year[181]and one of the best of the decade.[182]
Spielberg followedA.I.with the sci-fineo-noirMinority Report(2002), based onPhilip K. Dick'sshort story of the same nameabout a group of investigators who try to prevent crimes before they are committed. The film received critical acclaim. Ebert namedMinority Reportthe best film of 2002, praising its craftsmanship writing, "here is Spielberg using every trick in the book and matching them without seams, so that no matter how he's achieving his effects, the focus is always on the story and the characters... Some directors place their trust in technology. Spielberg, who is a master of technology, trusts only story and character, and then uses everything else as a workman uses his tools."[183]However, criticTodd McCarthythought there was not enough action.[184]The film earned over $358 million worldwide.[185]Also in 2002, he releasedCatch Me If You Can,based on theautobiographyof con-artistFrank Abagnale.Leonardo DiCaprioplayed Abangale;Christopher Walkenand Hanks also starred. Spielberg said, "I have always loved movies about sensational rogues—they break the law, but you just have to love them for the moxie."[186]The film was a critical and commercial success.[187]
Spielberg followedCatch Me If You CanwithThe Terminal(2004), a comedy loosely inspired by the true story ofMehran Karimi Nasseri[188]and byJacques Tati'sPlaytime(1967).[50]The film follows Viktor Navorski (Hanks), an Eastern European man who, after a coup in his home country, is stranded inJohn F. Kennedy International Airport.It featuresCatherine Zeta-Jonesas a flight attendant andStanley Tuccias a customs and immigration official. Ebert wrote of Viktor's predicament: "The immigration service, and indeed the American legal system, has no way of dealing with him because Viktor does not do, or fail to do, any of the things the system is set up to prevent him from doing, or not doing. He has slipped through a perfect logical loophole.The Terminalis like a sunnyKakfastory, in which it is the citizen who persecutes the bureaucracy. "The titular terminal was a real set built byAlex McDowell.[189]In 2005, Spielberg directedWar of the Worlds,a co-production of Paramount and DreamWorks, based onH. G. Wells'snovel of the same name;Spielberg had been a fan of the book and ofGeorge Pal's1953 film.[190]Starring Tom Cruise andDakota Fanning,the film is about an Americandock workerwho is forced to look after his children, from whom he lives separately, as he tries to protect and reunite them with their mother when extraterrestrials invade Earth. Spielberg used storyboards to help the actors react to computer imagery that they could not see and used natural lighting and camerawork to avoid an "over stylized" science fiction picture.[191]The film was a box office hit grossing over $600 million worldwide.[192]
Spielberg'sMunich(2005) is about the Israeli government's secret retaliation after eleven Israeli Olympic athletes were kidnapped and murdered in the 1972Munich massacre.The film is based onVengeance,a book by Canadian journalistGeorge Jonas.[193]It was previously adapted for the screen in the 1986 television filmSword of Gideon.Spielberg, who personally remembers the incident, sought advice from former presidentBill Clinton,among others, before making the film because he did not want to cause further problems in the Middle East.[193]Although the film garnered mostly positive reviews, some critics perceived it as anti-Semitic;[194]it is one of Spielberg's most controversial films to date.[195]Munichreceived five Academy Awards nominations: Best Picture, Best Film Editing,Best Score,Best Adapted Screenplay,and Best Director for Spielberg. It was his sixth Best Director nomination, and fifth Best Picture nomination.[196][197]
In the mid-2000s, Spielberg scaled down his directing career and became more selective about film projects to undertake.[198]In December 2005, he and his partners sold DreamWorks to media conglomerateViacom(now known asParamount Global). The sale was finalized in February 2006.[197]In June 2006, Spielberg planned to makeInterstellar,but abandoned the project, which was eventually directed byChristopher Nolan.[199]During this period, Spielberg remained active as a producer. Spielberg returned to theIndiana Jonesseries in 2008 with the fourth installment,Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.Released nineteen years afterLast Crusade,the film is set in 1957, pitting Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) againstSoviet agentsled by Irina Spalko (Cate Blanchett), searching for atelepathiccrystal skull.Principal photographywas complete in October 2007, and the film was released on May 22, 2008.[200][201]This was his first film not released by DreamWorks since 1997.[202]The film received generally favorable reviews from critics, but some fans were disappointed by the introduction of science fiction elements which were uncharacteristic of the previous films.[203][198]Writing forThe Age,Tom Ryan praised Spielberg and George Lucas for their realistic 1950s setting— "The energy on display is impressive".[204]It was a box office success, grossing $790 million worldwide.[205]
Starting in 2009, Spielberg shot the first film in a planned trilogy ofmotion capturefilms based onHergé'sThe Adventures of Tintin.[206]Spielberg had long been a fan of the comics, and perMichael Farr,Hergé "thought Spielberg was the only person who could ever do Tintin justice."[207]The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicornwas co-produced byPeter Jacksonand premiered inBrussels,Belgium.[208]The film was released in North American theaters on December 21, 2011, inDigital 3DandIMAX.[209]It received generally positive reviews from critics[210]and grossed over $373 million worldwide.[211]The Adventures of TintinwonBest Animated Featureat the69th Golden Globe Awards.[212]Spielberg followedTintinwithWar Horse,shot in England in the summer of 2010.[213]It was released four days afterTintin,on December 25, 2011. The film is based onMichael Morpurgo's 1982novel of the same nameand follows the long friendship between a British boy and his horse Joey before and duringWorld War I.[214]Distributed byWalt Disney Studioswith whom DreamWorks made a distribution deal in 2009,War Horsewas the first of four consecutive Spielberg films released by Disney. It had an acclaimed response from critics[214]and was nominated for sixAcademy Awards,including Best Picture.[215]In a review forSalonmagazine, Andrew O'Hehir wrote, "at this point in his career Spielberg is pursuing personal goals, and everything that's terrific and overly flat and tooth-rottingly sweet aboutWar Horsereflects that. "[216]
Spielberg directed the historical dramaLincoln(2012), starringDaniel Day-Lewisas PresidentAbraham LincolnandSally FieldasMary Todd Lincoln.[217]Based onDoris Kearns Goodwin's bookTeam of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincolnand written byTony Kushner,the film depicts the final four months of Lincoln's life. The film was shot inRichmond, Virginiain late 2011.[218]and was released in the US in November 2012.[219]Lincolnwas acclaimed and earned more than $250 million worldwide.[220]It was nominated for twelve Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director,[221]winningBest Production DesignandBest Actorfor Day-Lewis's performance.[214]Donald Clarke fromThe Irish Timespraised the direction: "Against the odds, Spielberg makes something genuinely exciting of the backstage wheedling."[222]
2013–present: Recent work
It was announced on May 2, 2013, that Spielberg would directAmerican Sniper,[223]but he left the project before production began.[224]Instead, he directedBridge of Spies(2015), aCold Warthriller based on the1960 U-2 incident,and focusing onJames B. Donovan's negotiations with the Soviets for the release of pilotGary Powersafter his aircraft was shot down over Soviet territory. It was written byMatt Charmanand theCoen brothers,and starred Tom Hanks as Donovan, as well asMark Rylance,Amy RyanandAlan Alda.[225]It was filmed in the fall of 2014 in New York City, Berlin andWroclaw,and was released on October 16.[226][227]Bridge of Spieswas popular with critics,[228]and was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture; Rylance wonBest Supporting Actor,becoming the second actor to win for a performance directed by Spielberg.[229]
In 2016, Spielberg madeThe BFG,an adaptation ofRoald Dahl'schildren's book,starring newcomerRuby Barnhill,andMark Rylanceas the titular Big Friendly Giant. DreamWorks bought the rights in 2010, andJohn Maddenhad intended to direct.[230]The film was the last to be written byE.T.screenwriterMelissa Mathisonbefore her death.[231]It was co-produced and released byWalt Disney Pictures,marking the first Disney-branded film to be directed by Spielberg.The BFGpremiered as an out-of-competition entry at the2016 Cannes Film Festival,[232][233]and received a wide release in the US on July 1, 2016.[225]The BFGreceived fair reviews;Michael PhillipsofThe Chicago Tribunecompared certain scenes to the works ofAlfred HitchcockandStanley Kubrick,[234]whileToronto Sun's Liz Braun thought that there were "moments of wonder and delight" but it was too long.[235]
A year later, Spielberg directedThe Post,an account ofThe Washington Post'sprinting of thePentagon Papers.[236]Starring Tom Hanks andMeryl Streep,production began in New York on May 30, 2017.[237]Spielberg stated his attraction to the project: "When I read the first draft of the script, this wasn't something that could wait three years or two years—this was a story I felt we needed to tell today."[238]The film received a wide release on January 12, 2018.[239]The Postgained positive reception; the critic from theAssociated Pressthought "Spielberg infuses every scene with tension and life and the grandeur of the ordinary that he's always been so good at conveying."[240]In 2017, Spielberg andPaul Greengrass,Francis Ford Coppola,Guillermo del ToroandLawrence Kasdanwere featured in theNetflixdocumentary seriesFive Came Back,about the war-related works of directorsFrank Capra,John Ford,John Huston,George StevensandWilliam Wyler.Spielberg was also an executive producer.[241]
Spielberg directed the science fictionReady Player One(2018), adapted from thenovel of the same namebyErnest Cline.It starsTye Sheridan,Olivia Cooke,Ben Mendelsohn,Lena Waithe,T.J. Miller,Simon Pegg,and Mark Rylance. The plot takes place in 2045 when much of humanity usesvirtual realityto escape the real world.Ready Player Onebegan production in July 2016,[242]and was intended to be released on December 15, 2017,[243][244]but was moved to March 2018 to avoid competition withStar Wars: The Last Jedi.[245]It premiered at the 2018South by Southwestfilm festival.[246]Spielberg's direction was praised along with the action scenes and visual effects, but many critics thought the film was too long and overused 1980s nostalgia.[247][248]
In 2019, Spielberg filmedWest Side Story,an adaptation of themusical of the same name.[249]It starsAnsel ElgortandRachel Zeglerin her film debut withAriana DeBose,David Alvarez,Mike Faist,andRita Morenoin supporting roles. Written byTony Kushner,the film stays true to the 1950s setting.[250]West Side Storywas released in December 2021 to positive reviews and received sevenAcademy Awardnominations includingBest Picture,andBest Director.[251]Spielberg also received nominations from theGolden Globe Awards,Directors Guild of America,andCritics' Choice Movie Awards.[252]The Economistpraised the choreography, stating that it "stunningly melds beauty and violence".[253]In March 2022, Spielberg said thatWest Side Storywould be the last musical he will direct.[254]
Spielberg's 2022 filmThe Fabelmansis a fictionalized account of his own adolescence, which he wrote with Tony Kushner.[255]Gabriel LaBelleplaysSammy Fabelman,a character inspired by Spielberg, whileMichelle Williamsplays Sammy's mother Mitzi Fabelman,Paul Danoplays Burt Fabelman, his father,Seth Rogenplays Bennie Loewy, Burt's best friend and co-worker who becomes Sammy's surrogate uncle, andJudd Hirschas Mitzi's Uncle Boris.[256][257]Filming began in Los Angeles in July 2021, and the film premiered at the2022 Toronto International Film Festivalon September 10, Spielberg's first appearance at that festival.[258]It received widespread critical acclaim and won the festival'sPeople's Choice Award.[259]It received a limited theatrical release on November 11, 2022, byUniversal Pictures,before expanding wide on November 23.[260]
Despite the favorable critical reception,West Side StoryandThe Fabelmanswere box office failures, whichVarietysuggested could be attributed to a decline in the popularity of Spielberg in a film-going environment altered by theCOVID-19 pandemic,and the public's loss of interest inprestige films.[261]The Fabelmansreceived sevenAcademy Awardnominations, includingBest Picture,Best Director,andBest Original Screenplay.[262][263]It was, however, a major box office success in France and became the highest-rated film of the 21st century in the country, with a 4.9 average from critics onAlloCinéfrom 43 reviews, with all but 6 giving the film 5 stars.Cahiers du Cinémawrote that Spielberg, at age 76, had "come to represent like no other, the idea of cinema as wonder, at a time when the relationship to the spectacular and the cinema seems more tormented than ever" and declared that the film will "undoubtedly remain the most important and singular film of his career."[264][265]
Spielberg had planned to directIndiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny,but he stepped down and was replaced byJames Mangold.Spielberg said that he would remain "hands on" as a producer,[266][267]along with Kathleen Kennedy andFrank Marshall.In 2016, it was announced that it would be written byDavid Koepp,[268]with a release by Disney on July 19, 2019.[269]After a change of filming and release dates,[270][271]it was postponed again whenJonathan Kasdanwas announced as the film's new writer.[272]Soon after, a new release date of July 9, 2021, was announced.[273]In May 2019,Dan Fogelmanwas hired to write a new script, and Kasdan's story, focused on theNazi gold train,would not be used; the script was ultimately credited to Mangold, Koepp,Jez Butterworth,andJohn-Henry Butterworth.[274]In April 2020, it was announced that the release of the film was delayed to July 29, 2022, due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[275]and in October 2021, the release date was again delayed to June 30, 2023.[276]The film began production in the UK in June 2021[277]and finished in February 2022.[278]
Other ventures
Production
Spielberg's first film as an executive producer was the directorial debut ofRobert Zemeckis,I Wanna Hold Your Hand(1978).[75]He produced Zemeckis'sdark comedyUsed Cars(1980), which was a critical but not a commercial success. In 1980, Spielberg,Kathleen KennedyandFrank MarshallfoundedAmblin Productions;the first film it produced was theromantic comedyContinental Divide(Michael Apted,1981).[279]It went on to produceGremlins(Joe Dante,1984),Back to the Future(Zemeckis, 1985),Who Framed Roger Rabbit(Zemeckis, 1988),Joe Versus the Volcano(John Patrick Shanley,1990),Men in Black(Barry Sonnenfeld,1997) andThe Mask of Zorro(Martin Campbell,1998). For some, includingYoung Sherlock Holmes(Barry Levinson,1985) andHarry and the Hendersons(William Dear,1987), the title "Steven Spielberg Presents" was in the opening credits.[280]It producedDon Bluth's animated filmsAn American Tail(1986) andThe Land Before Time(1988), leading to the spin-offAmblimation.[115][117][116]In 1985,NBCoffered Spielberg a two-year contract on a television series,Amazing Stories;the show was marketed as a blend ofThe Twilight ZoneandAlfred Hitchcock Presents.NBC gave Spielberg creative control and a budget of $1 million for each episode.[281]After two seasons and disappointing ratings, the show was not renewed.[282]Although Spielberg's involvement as a producer would vary widely from project to project, Zemeckis said that Spielberg would always "respect the filmmaker's vision".[283]Over the next decade, Spielberg's record as a producer brought mixed critical and commercial results.[283]In 1992, Spielberg began to scale back producing, saying "Producing has been the least fulfilling aspect of what I've done in the last decade."[284]He produced such cartoons asTiny Toon Adventures,Animaniacs,Family Dog,Freakazoid!andPinky and the Brain.[285]
In 1993, Spielberg served as an executive producer for the NBC science fiction seriesseaQuest DSV;[286]the show was not a hit.[114]In 1994, he found success producing the medical dramaER.[286] That year, Spielberg foundedDreamWorkswithJeffrey KatzenbergandDavid Geffen.[158][150]Spielberg cited greater creative control and distribution improvements as the main reasons for founding his own studio;[287]he and his partners compared themselves to the founders ofUnited Artistsin 1919.[288]DreamWorks' investors includedMicrosoftfoundersPaul AllenandBill Gates.[289]After founding DreamWorks, Spielberg continued to operate Amblin Entertainment and direct films for other studios.[290]He helped designJurassic Park:The RideatUniversal Studios Florida.[291]The workload of filmmaking and operating a studio raised questions about his commitments, but Spielberg maintained that "this is all fitting nicely into my life and I'm still home by six and I'm still home on the weekends."[292][287][288]In 1998,DreamWorks Animationproduced its first full-length animated features,AntzandThe Prince of Egypt.Shrek(2001) was the first winner of theAcademy Award for Best Animated Feature.
Spielberg andTom HanksproducedBand of Brothers(2001), a ten-partHBOminiseries based onStephen E. Ambrose'sbook of the same name.[169]It followsEasy Companyof the101st Airborne Division's 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment. It won a Golden Globe forBest Miniseries.[293]He producedMemoirs of a Geisha(2005), an adaptation ofArthur Golden'snovel of the same name.[294]Spielberg and Zemeckis executive-produced the animated filmMonster House(2006), marking their eighth collaboration. He also worked withClint Eastwoodfor the first time, co-producingFlags of Our FathersandLetters from Iwo JimawithRobert Lorenz.Spielberg served as executive producer forDisturbia,(2007) and theTransformersfilm series.[294]That same year, Spielberg andMark Burnettco-producedOn the Lot,a reality and competition show about filmmaking.[197]Spielberg returned to the World War II theme, co-producing the 2010 miniseriesThe Pacificwith Hanks andGary Goetzman.It is centered on the battles in thePacific Theater.[295]The next year, Spielberg co-createdFalling Skies,a science fiction series onTNT,withRobert Rodat[296]and produced the 2011FoxseriesTerra Nova[297][298]andJ. J. Abrams'sSuper 8.[299]
In January 2013, HBO confirmed that it was developing a World War II miniseries based on the bookDonald L. Miller'sMasters of the Airwith Spielberg and Hanks.[300]NMEreported in March 2017 that production was under the working titleThe Mighty Eighth.[301]By 2019, it was confirmed development of the miniseries, now titledMasters of the Air,had moved toApple TV+.[302]The series premiered on January 26, 2024. On January 18, 2023, Spielberg told press at a red carpet event forThe Fabelmansthat he was executive producing a documentary about John Williams, directed byLaurent Bouzereauwith production companies Amblin Television,Imagine Documentaries,and Nedland Media.[303][304][305][306]Other executive producers for the film includeBrian Grazer,Ron Howard,Darryl Frank, Justin Falvey,Justin Wilkes,Sara Bernstein, and Meredith Kaulfers.[303]The announcement came days after Williams suggested that he might not retire from film scoring as he had previously announced.[307][308]The film,Music by John Williams,premiered at the 2024AFI Fest.
Upcoming and prospective projects
In May 2009, Spielberg bought the rights to the life story ofMartin Luther King Jr.,with the intention of being involved as both the producer and director.[309]The purchase was made from the King estate, led by sonDexter,while the two other surviving children, theReverend BerniceandMartin III,immediately threatened to sue, not having given their approvals to the project.[310]In March 2013, Spielberg announced that he was developing a miniseries based on the life ofNapoleon.[311]In May 2016, it was announced thatCary Joji Fukunagawas in talks to direct the miniseries for HBO, from a script byDavid Lelandbased on extensive research materials accumulated by Stanley Kubrick over the years.[312]
Spielberg was set to film an adaptation ofDavid I. Kertzer'sThe Kidnapping ofEdgardo Mortarain early 2017, for release at the end of that year,[313]but production was ultimately postponed. It was first announced in 2014, with Tony Kushner adapting the book for the screen.[314]Mark Rylance, in his fourth collaboration with Spielberg, was announced to star in the role ofPope Pius IX.Spielberg saw more than 2,000 children to play the role of the young Edgardo Mortara.[315]In 2015, it was announced that Spielberg was attached to direct an adaptation of American photojournalistLynsey Addario's memoirIt's What I Do,withJennifer Lawrencein the lead role.[316]In April 2018, it was announced that Spielberg would direct a film adaptation of theBlackhawkcomic book series. Warner Bros. would distribute the film with David Koepp writing the script.[317]
On June 21, 2021, it was announced thatAmblin Entertainmentsigned a deal with Netflix to release multiple new feature films for thestreaming service.Under the deal, Amblin is expected to produce at least two films a year for Netflix for an unspecified number of years.[318]In February 2022,Deadline Hollywoodreported that Spielberg was developing an original film centered around the character Frank Bullitt, a fictional San Francisco police officer originally portrayed bySteve McQueenin the 1968 filmBullitt.The screenplay is set to be written byJosh Singer,who previously co-wroteThe Postfor Spielberg. McQueen's sonChadand granddaughter Molly will serve as executive producers.[319]Bradley Cooperwas cast as Bullitt in November 2022 and will also serve as producer alongside Spielberg andKristie Macosko Krieger.[320]
In April 2024, it was announced that Spielberg was developing a film reportedly based onUFOs,withDavid Koeppattached to pen the script, which will be based on an original idea from Spielberg.[321]The film will starEmily Blunt,Colin Firth,Eve Hewson,andColman Domingo.[322]
Video games
Spielberg has been an avid gamer since 1974. Spielberg played many ofLucasArtsadventure games,including the firstMonkey Islandgames.[323][324]
In 1995, Spielberg helped create and designLucasArts' adventure gameThe Dig.[285]He also collaborated with software publishersKnowledge Adventureon the gameSteven Spielberg's Director's Chair,which was released in 1996; Spielberg appears in the game to direct the player.[325]
In 2015, Spielberg lent his likeness in Yakuza 0 in a sidestory where he directedMiracle Johnson'svideo ofThriller.
In 2005, Spielberg collaborated withElectronic Arts(EA) on several games including one for theWiicalledBoom Blox,and its sequelBoom Blox Bash Party.[326][327]He is also the creator of EA'sMedal of Honorseries.[328]
In 2008, he owned aWii,aPlayStation 3,aPSP,and anXbox 360,and enjoyed playingfirst-person shooterssuch as theMedal of Honorseries andCall of Duty 4: Modern Warfare.He dislikes the use ofcutscenesin games, and thinks that natural storytelling is a challenge for game developers.[329]
Theatre
Spielberg first ventured into theatre producing in 1997, with his involvement on a production ofThe Diary of Anne Frank,as well as the original 1998 production ofThe Farnsworth Invention.In 2022, he made his Broadway producing debut as a co-producer on the musicalA Strange Loop,for which he earned his firstTony Award for Best Musical.He went on to produce the stage musical adaptations ofWater for ElephantsandDeath Becomes Heralongside his wife Kate Capshaw, both in 2024. He will next co-produce the upcoming stage adaptation ofSmash,based on the 2012NBCtelevision series of the same name,on which he served as an executive producer. It is set to begin performances in 2025.[330][331][332]
Filmmaking style and techniques
Influences
"I was self-taught. But I had great teachers, you know? All my influencers were the directors and the writers of the movies I was watching in theaters and on television. And my film school was really the cultural heritage of Hollywood and international filmmaking because there's no better teacher thanLubitschorHitchcockorKurosawaorKubrick,you know, orFordorWilliam WylerorBilly WilderorClarence Brown– I mean,Val Lewton.I mean, those were my teachers. "
Spielberg citesJohn Fordas a formative influence: "I try to rent a John Ford film… before I start every movie, simply because he inspires me.... He's like a classic painter, he celebrates the frame, not just what's inside it."[50]He namesFrank Capra'sIt's A Wonderful Life(1946) as an influence on themes of "family, community and suburbia".[333]He enjoyed the work of Alfred Hitchcock,[45][334]David Lean,[335]Stanley KubrickandJohn Frankenheimer.[336][337]In college, he was inspired by foreign films byIngmar Bergman,Jacques TatiandFrançois Truffaut.[338]Spencer Tracyhas also influenced the characters of Spielberg's films,[339]as didThe Twilight Zone.[67]He saysLawrence of Arabiais the film he's seen more times than any other.[340]WithMartin Scorsese,Spielberg helped with the restoration ofLawrencebyRobert A. Harris.[341]Among films by his contemporaries, Spielberg was influenced byFrancis Ford Coppola'sThe Godfather:"I was pulverized by the story and the effect the film had on me... I also felt that I should quit, that there was no reason I should continue directing because I would never achieve that level of confidence and ability to tell a story."[342]In 2005, Coppola contacted Spielberg about restoring the film; Spielberg contacted studio headBrad Grey.[343]In 1982, Spielberg bought one of the prop sleds fromCitizen Kane.Spielberg calledKane'the most classic movie ever made, "and the sled" a symbolic emblem of quality in the film business. "[344]
Method and themes
Spielberg often usesstoryboardsto visualize sequences, eschewing them forE.T. the ExtraterrestrialandThe Color Purplefor a more spontaneous effect.[345][346]After filmingJaws,Spielberg learned to save special effects scenes until last and to exclude the media from filming locations.[347]Spielberg prefers to shoot quickly, with large amounts of coverage (fromsingle-shottomulti-shotsetups), so that he will have many options in the editing room.[348]From the beginning of his career, Spielberg's shooting style consisted of extreme high and low camera angles,long takes,andhandheldcameras.[349]He favorswide-angle lensfor creating depth,[350]and by the time he was makingMinority Report,he was more confident with elaborate camera movements.[351]
In an interview withThe Techin 2015, Spielberg described how he chooses his film projects:
[Sometimes], a story speaks to me, even if it doesn't speak to any of my collaborators or any of my partners, who look at me and scratch their heads and say, "Gee, are you sure you wanna get into that trench for a year and a half?" I love people challenging me that way because it's a real test about my own convictions and [whether] I can be the standing man of my own life and take a stand on a subject that may not be popular, but that I would be proud to add to the body of my work. That's pretty much the litmus test that gets me to say, "Yeah, I'll direct that one."[352]
Spielberg's films contain many recurrent themes. One of the most pertinent revolves around "ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances."[336][353]The ordinary people often have limitations, but they succeed in becoming a "hero".[353]A consistent theme in his family-friendly work is a childlike sense of wonder and faith, and "the goodness in humanity will prevail."[353]He has also explored the importance of childhood, loss of innocence, and the need for parental figures.[354]In exploring the parent-child relationship, there is usually a flawed or irresponsible father figure. This theme personally resonates with Spielberg's childhood.[355]Exploring extraterrestrial life is another aspect to his work. Spielberg described himself as like an "alien" during childhood,[356]and this interest came from his father, a science fiction fan.[357]
Collaborators
Michael Kahnhas edited all of Spielberg's films since 1977, with the exception ofE.T.(1982). Spielberg has also worked consistently with production designerRick Carterand writerDavid Koepp.The producerKathleen Kennedyis one of Spielberg's longest serving collaborators.[358]Spielberg also displays loyalty to his actors, casting them repeatedly, includingTom Hanks,Harrison Ford,Mark Rylance,Richard DreyfussandTom Cruise.[359][360][361]In 2005, Cruise called him "the greatest storyteller cinema's ever known".[362]
Hanks has collaborated with Spielberg on various projects in both film and television. He first worked with Spielberg inSaving Private Ryan(1998) for which he received a nomination forAcademy Award for Best Actor.Hanks starred in four more films,Catch Me if You Can(2002),The Terminal(2004),Bridge of Spies(2015) andThe Post(2017). The pair also executive produced the war miniseriesBand of Brothers(2001) andThe Pacific(2010), both of which gained themPrimetime Emmy Awards.[363][364]
Janusz Kamińskihas served as a cinematographer on dozens of Spielberg's films.[365]Kamiński's first collaboration with Spielberg started with the holocaust drama filmSchindler's List(1993) for which Kamiński received theAcademy Award for Best Cinematography.The film usedblack-and-whitecinematography. As Spielberg's career evolved from action to drama films, he and Kamiński adopted more handheld camerawork, as evidenced inSchindler's ListandAmistad.[366]Kamiński would later receive his second Academy Award for cinematography onSaving Private Ryan.[367]The film's opening sequence to re-enact theinvasion of Normandywas praised for realism. Kamiński garnered three more Academy Award nominations for his work onWar Horse(2011), the historical epicLincoln(2015), andWest Side Story(2021).[368][369]
Spielberg's long-time partnership with composerJohn Williamsbegan withThe Sugarland Express(1974)[370]Williams would return to compose all but five of Spielberg's feature films (the exceptions areTwilight Zone: The Movie,The Color Purple,Bridge of Spies,Ready Player OneandWest Side Story). Williams won three of his fiveAcademy AwardsforBest Original Scorefor his work on Spielberg's films, which wereJaws(1975),E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial(1982), andSchindler's List(1993). While makingSchindler's List,Spielberg approached Williams about composing the score. After seeing a rough, unedited cut, Williams was impressed, and said that composing would be too challenging. He said to Spielberg, "You need a better composer than I am for this film." Spielberg responded, "I know. But they're all dead!"[371]In 2016, Spielberg presented Williams with the 44thAFI Life Achievement Award,the first to be awarded to a composer.[372]The Fabelmans(2022) was Williams's 29th collaboration with Spielberg.[373]
Personal life
Spielberg met actressAmy Irvingin 1976 when she auditioned forClose Encounters of the Third Kind.After meeting her, Spielberg told his co-producerJulia Phillips,"I met a real heartbreaker last night."[374]Although she was too young for the role, she and Spielberg began dating and she eventually moved into what she described as his "bachelor funky" house.[375]They broke up in 1979.[109]In 1984, they renewed their romance and married in November 1985. Their son, Max, had been born on June 13 of that year.[376]In 1989, the couple divorced; they agreed to live near each other to share custody of their son.[131]Their divorce settlement is one of themost expensive in history.[377][109]
Spielberg met actressKate Capshawwhen he cast her inIndiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.They married on October 12, 1991; Capshawconvertedto Judaism before their marriage.[378][379]Spielberg said he rediscovered "the honor of being a Jew" when they married.[380]He said, "Kate is Protestant and she insisted on converting to Judaism. She spent a year studying, did the"mikveh",the whole thing. She chose to do a full conversionbeforewe were married in 1991, and she married me after becoming a Jew. I think that, more than anything else, brought me back to Judaism. "[380]He credits her for the family's level of observance;[381]"Thisshiksagoddess has made me a better Jew than my own parents ", he said.[382]He and his family live inPacific Palisades, California[383]andEast Hampton, New York.[384]
He has five children with Capshaw:Sasha Rebecca Spielberg(born May 14, 1990),Sawyer Avery Spielberg(born March 10, 1992),[385]andDestry Allyn Spielberg(born December 1, 1996), and two adopted children: Theo Spielberg (born August 21, 1988), and Mikaela George (born February 28, 1996).[107]He also has a stepdaughter,Jessica Capshaw(born August 9, 1976). He is thegodfatherofDrew BarrymoreandGwyneth Paltrow.[386][387][388][389][390][391]
In 1997, a man named Jonathan Norman stalked Spielberg and attempted to enter his home; Norman was jailed for 25 years.[392][393]In 2001, Spielberg was stalked byconspiracy theoristand former social workerDiana Napolis.She accused him and actressJennifer Love Hewitt,of installing amind-controldevice in her brain, and being part of asatanic cult.[394]Napolis wascommittedto a mental institution, and pled guilty to stalking. She was released onprobationwith a condition that she have no contact with either Spielberg or Hewitt.[395][396]
Spielberg was diagnosed withdyslexiaat age 60.[397]
In 2013, Spielberg purchased the 282-foot (86 m) mega-yachtThe Seven Seasfor US$182 million. He has put it up for sale and has made it available forcharter.At US$1.2 million per month, it is one of the most expensive charters on the market. The Canadian steel mogulBarry Zekelmanbought it for US$150 millions and rechristened the shipMan of Steel.[398]Thereafter, Spielberg ordered a new 358-foot (109 m)Seven Seas.[399]
In 2022, at age 75, Spielberg was diagnosed withCOVID-19but recovered.[400]
In December 2022, Spielberg was a guest onDesert Island Discsfor BBC Radio 4, choosing for his luxury item an H-8 Bolex Camera.[401]
Political views
Spielberg has usually supportedUS Democratic Partycandidates. He has donated over $800,000 to the Democratic party and its nominees. He has been a close friend of former presidentBill Clintonand worked with the president for the USA Millennium celebrations. He directed an 18-minute film for the project, scored byJohn Williamsand entitledThe American Journey.It was shown at America's Millennium Gala on December 31, 1999, in theNational Mallat theReflecting Poolat the base of theLincoln Memorialin Washington, D.C.[402]Spielberg endorsedHillary Clintonin the2016 presidential election;he donated $1 million toPriorities USA Action.[403]
Spielberg resigned as a member of the national advisory board of theBoy Scouts of Americain 2001 because he disagreed with the organization'santi-homosexuality stance.[404][405]In 2007, theArab Leaguevoted to boycott Spielberg's movies after he donated $1 million for relief efforts in Israel during the2006 Lebanon War.[406][407]On February 20, 2007, Spielberg,Jeffrey Katzenberg,andDavid Geffeninvited Democrats to a fundraiser forBarack Obama.[408]
In February 2008, Spielberg resigned as advisor to the2008 Summer Olympicsin response to the Chinese government's inaction over theWar in Darfur.[409]Spielberg said in a statement, "I find that my conscience will not allow me to continue business as usual [...] Sudan's government bears the bulk of the responsibility for these on-going crimes, but the international community, and particularly China, should be doing more."[410]TheInternational Olympic Committee(IOC) respected Spielberg's decision but IOC presidentJacques Roggeexpressed disappointment: "[Spielberg] certainly would have brought a lot to the opening ceremony in terms of creativity."[411]Chinese state media called Spielberg's comments "unfair".[412]
In September 2008, Spielberg and his wife offered their support tosame-sex marriage in Californiaby issuing a statement following their donation of $100,000 to the "No onProposition 8"campaign fund, a figure equal to the amount of moneyBrad Pittdonated to the same campaign less than a week prior.[413]In 2018, Spielberg and his wife donated $500,000 to theMarch for Our Livesstudent demonstration in favor of gun control in the United States.[414]
In December 2023, after theHamas-led attack on Israel,theShoah Foundation,which was founded by Spielberg, said that it had gathered over 100 video testimonies of those who experienced the attacks on that day to add them to the collection of "Holocaust survivor and witness testimony."[415]Speaking of the attacks he said, "I never imagined I would see such unspeakable barbarity against Jews in my lifetime" and that the Shoah Foundation project will ensure "that their stories would be recorded and shared in the effort to preserve history and to work toward a world without antisemitism or hate of any kind."[416]
Filmography
Prolific in film since the 1960s, Spielberg has directed 36 feature films, and co-produced many works.
Awards and honors
Spielberg has won three Academy Awards. He received nine nominations for Best Director, and won twice (forSchindler's ListandSaving Private Ryan).[417][418]His third was in Best Picture, forSchindler's List.[151]He is the only director to receive a Best Director nomination from the academy in 6 different decades. In 1987, he was awarded theIrving G. Thalberg Memorial Awardfor his work as a creative producer.[419]Drawing from his own experiences inScouting,Spielberg helped theBoy Scouts of Americadevelop a merit badge in cinematography to promote filmmaking as a marketable skill; the badge was launched at the 1989National Scout Jamboree.[420]In 1989, Spielberg was presented with theDistinguished Eagle Scout Award.[421]Spielberg received theAFI Life Achievement Awardin 1995.[422]
In 1998, he was awarded theOrder of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.The award was presented to him by PresidentRoman Herzogin recognition ofSchindler's Listand work with theShoah Foundation.[423]Spielberg was awarded theMedal for Distinguished Public Servicein 1999, in recognition forSaving Private Ryan.[424]For the same film, he also received an award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures by theDirectors Guild of America.[424]The next year, he received theLifetime Achievement Awardfrom the Directors Guild of America.[425]
Spielberg was given a star on theHollywood Walk of Famein 2003, located on 6801 Hollywood Boulevard.[426]Additionally, he was awarded the Blessed are the Peacemakers Award from theCatholic Theological Unionin 2003.[427]On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was awarded theGold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Awardat the Summer Gala of theChicago International Film Festival,[428]and was awarded aKennedy Centerhonor on December 3.[429]The tribute to Spielberg featured a biographical short film narrated byLiam Neeson,and a performance of the finale toLeonard Bernstein'sCandide,conducted by John Williams.[430]
TheScience Fiction Hall of Fameinducted Spielberg in 2005, the first year it considered non-literary contributors.[431][432]He was a recipient of theVisual Effects SocietyLifetime Achievement Award in February 2008; it is awarded for "significant and lasting contributions to the art and science of the visual effects industry."[433]In 2009, Spielberg was awarded theCecil B. DeMille Awardby theHollywood Foreign Press Associationfor "outstanding contributions to the world of entertainment".[425]
In 2001, he was awarded anhonorary knighthood,KBE,byQueen Elizabeth IIfor services to the British film industry.[434][435]Premiereranked him first place in the list of 100 Most Powerful People in Movies in 2003.[436]In 2004, he was awarded France's highest civil honor, theLegion of Honourby PresidentJacques Chirac.[437]In June 2008, Spielberg receivedArizona State University's Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence.[438]In October 2009, Spielberg received thePhiladelphia Liberty Medal;the prize was presented by former US PresidentBill Clinton.[439][440]In October 2011, he was made a Commander of theOrder of the Belgian Crown,one of Belgium's highest honors.[441] On November 19, 2013, Spielberg was honored by theNational Archives and Records Administrationwith a Records of Achievement Award. Spielberg was given twofacsimilesof the13th Amendment;the first which passed in 1861 but was not ratified, and the second signed byAbraham Lincolnin 1865 to abolish slavery. The amendment and the process of passing it were the subject of his filmLincoln.[442]On November 24, 2015, Spielberg was awarded thePresidential Medal of FreedomfromPresidentBarack Obamaat theWhite House.[443]
In July 2016, Spielberg was awarded a goldBlue Peter badgeby the BBC children's television programBlue Peter.[444]He has honorary degrees from theUniversity of Southern California,1994;[445]Brown University,1999;[446]Yale University,2002;[426]Boston University,2009;[447]andHarvard University,2016.[448]
| Year | Title | Academy Awards | BAFTA Awards | Golden Globe Awards | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominations | Wins | Nominations | Wins | Nominations | Wins | ||
| 1975 | Jaws | 4 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| 1977 | Close Encounters of the Third Kind | 9 | 2 | 9 | 1 | 4 | |
| 1979 | 1941 | 3 | 5 | ||||
| 1981 | Raiders of the Lost Ark | 9 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 1 | |
| 1982 | E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial | 9 | 4 | 12 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
| 1984 | Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | ||
| 1985 | The Color Purple | 11 | 1 | 5 | 1 | ||
| 1987 | Empire of the Sun | 6 | 6 | 3 | 2 | ||
| 1989 | Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | ||
| 1991 | Hook | 5 | 1 | ||||
| 1993 | Jurassic Park | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | ||
| Schindler's List | 12 | 7 | 13 | 7 | 6 | 3 | |
| 1997 | The Lost World: Jurassic Park | 1 | |||||
| Amistad | 4 | 4 | |||||
| 1998 | Saving Private Ryan | 11 | 5 | 10 | 2 | 5 | 2 |
| 2001 | A.I. Artificial Intelligence | 2 | 1 | 3 | |||
| 2002 | Minority Report | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Catch Me If You Can | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 2005 | War of the Worlds | 3 | |||||
| Munich | 5 | 2 | |||||
| 2008 | Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull | 1 | |||||
| 2011 | The Adventures of Tintin | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| War Horse | 6 | 5 | 2 | ||||
| 2012 | Lincoln | 12 | 2 | 10 | 1 | 7 | 1 |
| 2015 | Bridge of Spies | 6 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2016 | The BFG | 1 | |||||
| 2017 | The Post | 2 | 6 | ||||
| 2018 | Ready Player One | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 2021 | West Side Story | 7 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 3 |
| 2022 | The Fabelmans | 7 | 1 | 5 | 2 | ||
| Total | 147 | 35 | 116 | 22 | 75 | 16 | |
Legacy
A figure of theNew Hollywoodera,[449]Spielberg is widely regarded as one of the most influential and commercially successful film directors of all time. Some of his films were in the top ten highest-grossing films of the 1970s and 1980s, withJaws,E.T. the Extra-TerrestrialandJurassic Parkall becomingthe highest-grossing film ever at the timeof their respective releases.[436][450][451]In 1996,Lifemagazine named Spielberg the most influential person of his generation.[452]In 2003,Premieremagazine ranked him first place in the list of 100 Most Powerful People in Movies.[436]In 2005,Empiremagazine ranked him number one on a list of the greatest film directors of all time.[453]In 2013,Timemagazine listed him as one of the100 most influentialpeople.[454]According toForbes'magazine of Most Influential Celebrities of 2014, Spielberg was ranked at first place.[455][456][457]As of December 2022,Forbesestimates his net worth at $4billion.[458]
His work is admired by numerous acclaimed directors, includingRobert Aldrich,[459]Ingmar Bergman,[460]Werner Herzog,[461]Stanley Kubrick,[462]David Lean,[463]Sidney Lumet,[464]Roman Polanski,[465]Martin Scorsese,[466]François Truffaut[467]andJean Renoir[468]Spielberg's films have also influenced directorsJ. J. Abrams,[469]Paul Thomas Anderson,[470]Neill Blomkamp,[471]Jon M. Chu,[472][473]Arnaud Desplechin,[474]Gareth Edwards,[475]Roland Emmerich,[476]Enrique Gato,[477]Max Hechtman,[478]Don Hertzfeldt,[479]Peter Jackson,[480]Kal Ng,[481]Jordan Peele,[482]Robert Rodriguez,[483]John Sayles,[484]Ridley Scott,[485]John Singleton,[486]Kevin Smith,[487]Michael Williams,[488]andS. S. Rajamouli.[489] In 2004, film criticTom Shonesaid of Spielberg, "If you have to point to any one director of the last twenty-five years [1979–2004] in whose work the medium of film was most fully itself–where we found out what it does best when left to its own devices, it has to be that guy."[490]Jess Cagle, former editor ofEntertainment Weekly,called Spielberg "arguably (well, who would argue?) the greatest filmmaker in history."[491]Stephen Rowley, writing forSenses of Cinema,discussed Spielberg's strengths as a filmmaker, saying "there is a welcome complexity of tone and approach in these later films that defies the lazy stereotypes often bandied about his films", and that "Spielberg continues to take risks, with his body of work continuing to grow more impressive and ambitious", concluding that he has only received "limited, begrudging recognition" from critics.[492]In a 1999 "Millennium Movies" survey of British film fans run by theSky Premierchannel, Spielberg had seven films in the top 100, which made him the most popular director.[493]
Critics of Spielberg have argued that his films are commonly sentimental andmoralistic.[494][495][492]InEasy Riders, Raging Bulls,Peter Biskindwrote that Spielberg is "infantilizing the audience, reconstituting the spectator as child, then overwhelming him and her with sound and spectacle, obliterating irony, aesthetic self-consciousness, and critical reflection".[496]CriticRay Carneyand actorCrispin Gloveropined that Spielberg's works lack depth and do not take risks.[497][498]FilmmakerJean-Luc Godardopined that Spielberg was partly responsible for the lack of artistic merit in mainstream cinema, and accused Spielberg of usingSchindler's Listto profit from a tragedy.[499]In defense of Spielberg, criticRoger Ebertsaid "Has Godard or any other director living or dead done more than Spielberg, with his Holocaust Project, to honor and preserve the memories of the survivors?"[500]
Seven of his films have been inducted into theNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant":Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Raiders of the Lost Ark, E.T., Jurassic Park, Schindler's List,andSaving Private Ryan.[3]
See also
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Further reading
- Haskell, Molly(2017).Steven Spielberg: A Life in Films.Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-300-18693-2.
- Jolls, Michael (2018).The Films of Steven Spielberg.Create Space.ISBN978-1986039680.
- Morris, Nigel (2007).The Cinema of Steven Spielberg: Empire of Light.Wallflower Press.ISBN978-1-904764-88-5.
- Spielberg, Steven; Friedman, Lester D.; Notbohm, Brent (2000).Steven Spielberg: Interviews.University Press of Mississippi.ISBN978-1-57806-113-6.
External links
Mediafrom Commons
Quotationsfrom Wikiquote
Datafrom Wikidata
- Steven SpielbergatIMDb
- Steven Spielbergat theTCM Movie Database
- Steven SpielbergatAllMovie
- AppearancesonC-SPAN
- Steven Spielbergcollected news and commentary atThe New York Times
- "Steven Spielberg biography".Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame.
- Talking About Steven SpielbergatThe Interviews: An Oral History of Television
- Joseph McBride Papers, 1960–2008–Wisconsin Historical Society
