Saint Petersburg,[c]formerly known asPetrogradand laterLeningrad,[d]is thesecond-largest city in RussiaafterMoscow.It is situated on theRiver Neva,at the head of theGulf of Finlandon theBaltic Sea.The city had a population of 5,601,911 residents as of 2021,[4]with more than 6.4 million people living in themetropolitan area.Saint Petersburg is thefourth-most populous cityin Europe, themost populous cityon the Baltic Sea, and the world'snorthernmost cityof more than 1 million residents. As the former capital ofImperial Russia,and ahistorically strategic port,it is governed as afederal city.
Saint Petersburg
Санкт-Петербург | |
|---|---|
      Clockwise from top:theWinter Palace;Peter and Paul Cathedral;theGeneral Staff Building;theMoykaRiver from thePevchesky Bridgeto theRed Bridge;Saint Isaac's Cathedral;andPalace Bridge | |
| Anthem: "Anthem of Saint Petersburg" | |
 | |
 Location of Saint Petersburg in European Russia | |
| Coordinates:59°56′15″N30°18′31″E/ 59.93750°N 30.30861°E | |
| Country |  Russia |
| Federal district | Northwestern |
| Economic region | Northwestern |
| Founded | 27 May 1703[1] |
| City raions | See list |
| Government | |
| • Body | Legislative Assembly |
| •Governor | Alexander Beglov[2](UR) |
| Area | |
| 1,439 km2(556 sq mi) | |
| Elevation | 3 m (10 ft) |
| Population | |
 5,601,911 | |
| • Rank | 4thin Europe 2ndin Russia |
| • Density | 3,992.81/km2(10,341.3/sq mi) |
| •Metro | 6,421,000[3][a] |
| Demonym | Petersburgian |
| GDP | |
| •Federal city | ₽11.17trillion(US$151.61billion) (2022) |
| • Per capita | ₽1.99 million (US$27,054.88) (2022) |
| Time zone | UTC+3(MSK[6]) |
| Postal code | 190000—199406 |
| Area code | 812 |
| ISO 3166 code | RU-SPE |
| Vehicle registration | 78, 98, 178, 198 |
| OKATOID | 40 |
| OKTMOID | 40000000 |
| Official language | Russian[b] |
| Website | gov |
The city was founded byTsarPeter the Greaton 27 May 1703 on the site of acaptured Swedish fortress,and was named after the apostleSaint Peter.[8]InRussia,Saint Petersburg is historically and culturally associated with the birth of theRussian Empireand Russia's entry into modern history as a Europeangreat power.[9]It served as a capital of theTsardom of Russia,and the subsequent Russian Empire, from 1712 to 1918 (being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730).[10]After theOctober Revolutionin 1917, theBolsheviksmoved their government to Moscow.[11]The city was renamed Leningrad after Lenin's death in 1924. It was the site of thesiege of Leningradduring theSecond World War,the most lethal siege in history.[12]In June 1991, only a few months before theBelovezha Accordsand thedissolution of the USSR,voters supported restoring the city's original appellation ina city-wide referendum.[13]
As Russia's cultural centre,[14]Saint Petersburg received over 15 million tourists in 2018.[15][16]It is considered an important economic, scientific, and tourism centre of Russia and Europe. In modern times, the city has the nickname of being "the Northern Capital of Russia" and is home to notablefederal governmentbodies such as theConstitutional Court of Russiaand theHeraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation.It is also a seat for theNational Library of Russiaand a planned location for theSupreme Court of Russia,as well as the home to the headquarters of theRussian Navy,and theLeningrad Military Districtof theRussian Armed Forces.TheHistoric Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monumentsconstitute aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site.Saint Petersburg is home to theHermitage,one of the largestart museumsin the world, theLakhta Center,thetallest skyscraper in Europe,and was one of the host cities of the2018 FIFA World Cupand theUEFA Euro 2020.
Toponymy
edit
Thename dayofPeter Ifalls on 29 June, when theRussian Orthodox Churchobserves the memory ofapostlesPeterandPaul.The consecration of the small wooden church in their names (its construction began at the same time as the citadel) made them the heavenly patrons of thePeter and Paul Fortress,while Saint Peter at the same time became theeponymof the whole city. When in June 1703Peter the Greatrenamed the site after Saint Peter, he did not issue a naming act that established an official spelling; even in his own letters he used diverse spellings, such as Санктьпетерсьбурк (Sanktpetersburk), emulating GermanSankt Petersburg,and Сантпитербурх (Santpiterburkh), emulating DutchSint-Pietersburgh,as Peter was multilingual and a Hollandophile. The name was later normalized andrussifiedto Санкт-Петербург.[17][18][19]
A former spelling of the city's name in English wasSaint Petersburgh.This spelling survives in the name of astreetin theBayswaterdistrict of London, nearSt Sophia's Cathedral,named after a visit by the Tsar to London in 1814.[20]
A 14 to 15-letter-long name, composed of the threeroots,proved too cumbersome, and many shortened versions were used. The first General Governor of the cityMenshikovis maybe also the author of the first nickname of Petersburg which he called Петри (Petri). It took some years until the known Russian spelling of this name finally settled. In 1740sMikhail Lomonosovuses a derivative of Greek:Πετρόπολις(Петрополис,Petropolis) in a Russified formPetropol'(Петрополь). A comboPiterpol(Питерпол) also appears at this time.[21]In any case, eventually the usage of prefix "Sankt-"ceased except for the formal official documents, where a three-letter abbreviation" СПб "(SPb) was very widely used as well.
In the 1830sAlexander Pushkintranslated the "foreign" city name of "Saint Petersburg" to the more RussianPetrograd(Russian:Петроград,IPA:[pʲɪtrɐˈgrat])[e]in one of his poems. However, it was only on 31 August [O.S.18 August] 1914, afterthe warwith Germany had begun, that TsarNicholas IIrenamed the city Petrograd in order to expunge the German wordsSanktandBurg.[22]Since the prefix "Saint" was omitted,[23]this act also changed theeponymand the "patron" of the city from Saint Peter to Peter the Great, its founder.[19]On 26 January 1924, shortly after the death ofVladimir Lenin,it was renamed toLeningrad(Russian:Ленинград,IPA:[lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]), meaning 'Lenin City'. On 6 September 1991, the original name,Sankt-Peterburg,was returned by citywide referendum. Today, in English the city is known asSaint Petersburg.Local residents often refer to the city by its shortened nickname,Piter(Russian:Питер,IPA:[ˈpʲitʲɪr]).
After theOctober Revolutionthe nameRed Petrograd(Красный Петроград,Krasny Petrograd) was often used in newspapers and other prints until the city was renamedLeningradin January 1924.
The referendum on restoring the historic name was held on 12 June 1991, with 55% of voters supporting "Saint Petersburg"and 43% supporting"Leningrad".[13]The turnout was 65%[citation needed].Renaming the cityPetrogradwas not an option. This change officially took effect on 6 September 1991.[24]Meanwhile, the oblast whose administrative center is also in Saint Petersburg is still namedLeningrad.
Having passed the role of capital to Petersburg, Moscow never relinquished the title of "capital", being calledpervoprestolnaya('first throned') for 200 years. An equivalent name for Petersburg, the "Northern Capital", has re-entered usage today since several federal institutions were recently moved from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. Solemn descriptive names like "the city of three revolutions" and "the cradle of theOctober revolution"used in the Soviet era are reminders of the pivotal events in national history that occurred here.Petropolisis a translation of a city name to Greek, and is also a kind of descriptive name:Πέτρ-is a Greek root for 'stone', so the "city from stone" emphasizes the material that had been forcibly made obligatory for construction from the first years of the city[21](a modern Greek translation is Αγία Πετρούπολη,Agia Petroupoli).[25][failed verification]
Saint Petersburg has been traditionally called the "Window to Europe" and the "Window to the West" by the Russians.[26][27]The city is thenorthernmost metropolis with more than 1 million peoplein the world, and is also often described as the "Veniceof the North "or the" Russian Venice "due to its many water corridors, as the city is built on swamp and water. Furthermore, it has strongly Western European-inspired architecture and culture, which is combined with the city's Russian heritage.[28][29][30]Another nickname of Saint Petersburg is "The City of the White Nights" because of a natural phenomenon which arises due to the closeness to thepolar regionand ensures that in summer the night skies of the city do not get completely dark for a month.[31][32]The city is also often called the "NorthernPalmyra",due to its extravagant architecture.[33]
History
editImperial era (1703–1917)
edit
Swedish colonists builtNyenskans,a fortress at the mouth of theNevaRiver in 1611, which was later calledIngermanland.The small town of Nyen grew up around the fort. Before the 17th century, this area was inhabited byFinnicIzhoriansandVotians.TheIngrian Finnsmoved to the region from the provinces ofKareliaandSavoniaduring the Swedish rule. There was also someEstonian,Karelian,RussianandGermanpopulation in the area.[34][35]
At the end of the 17th century, Peter the Great, who was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, wanted Russia to gain a seaport to trade with the rest of Europe.[36]He needed a better seaport than the country's main one at the time,Arkhangelsk,which was on theWhite Seain the far north and closed to shipping during the winter.
On 12 May [O.S.1 May] 1703, during theGreat Northern War,Peter the Greatcaptured Nyenskans and soon replaced the fortress.[37]On 27 May [O.S.16 May] 1703,[38]closer to theestuary(5 km (3 mi) inland from thegulf), onZayachy (Hare) Island,he laid down thePeter and Paul Fortress,which became the first brick and stone building of the new city.[39]
The city was built byconscripted peasantsfrom all over Russia; in some years several Swedishprisoners of warwere also involved under the supervision ofAlexander Menshikov.[40]Tens of thousands of serfs died while building the city.[41]Later, the city became the centre of theSaint Petersburg Governorate.Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712, nine years before theTreaty of Nystadof 1721 ended the war. He referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital (or seat of government) as early as 1704.[36]While the city was being built, Peter lived in a three-room log cabin with his wife Catherine and their children.[citation needed]
During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the right bank of the Neva, near the Peter and Paul Fortress. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan. By 1716 theSwiss ItalianDomenico Trezzinihad elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be onVasilyevsky Islandand shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed but is evident in the layout of the streets. In 1716, Peter the Great appointed FrenchmanJean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blondas thechief architectof Saint Petersburg.[42]
The style ofPetrine Baroque,developed by Trezzini and other architects and exemplified by such buildings as theMenshikov Palace,Kunstkamera,Peter and Paul Cathedral,Twelve Collegia,became prominent in the city architecture of the early 18th century. In 1724 theAcademy of Sciences,Universityand Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great.
In 1725, Peter died at age fifty-two. His endeavors to modernize Russia had been opposed by theRussian nobility.There were several attempts on his life and a treason case involving his son.[43]In 1728,Peter II of Russiamoved his seat back to Moscow. But four years later, in 1732, under EmpressAnna of Russia,Saint Petersburg was again designated as the capital of theRussian Empire.It remained the seat of theRomanov dynastyand the Imperial Court of theRussian tsars,as well as the seat of the Russian government, for another 186 years until thecommunist revolution of 1917.
In 1736–1737 the city suffered from catastrophic fires. To rebuild the damaged boroughs, a committee underBurkhard Christoph von Münnichcommissioned a new plan in 1737. The city was divided into five boroughs, and the city centre was moved to the Admiralty borough, on the east bank between the Neva andFontanka.
It developed along three radial streets, which meet at theAdmiralty buildingand are now known asNevsky Prospect(which is considered the main street of the city),Gorokhovaya StreetandVoznesensky Avenue.Baroque architecturebecame dominant in the city during the first sixty years, culminating in the Elizabethan Baroque, represented most notably by ItalianBartolomeo Rastrelliwith such buildings as theWinter Palace.In the 1760s, Baroque architecture was succeeded byneoclassical architecture.
Established in 1762, the Commission of Stone Buildings of Moscow and Saint Petersburg ruled that no structure in the city could be higher than the Winter Palace and prohibited spacing between buildings. During the reign ofCatherine the Greatin the 1760s–1780s, the banks of the Neva were lined withgraniteembankments.
However, it was not until 1850 that the first permanent bridge across the Neva,Annunciation Bridge,was allowed to open. Before that, onlypontoon bridgeswere allowed.Obvodny Canal(dug in 1769–1833) became the southern limit of the city.
The most prominent neoclassical andEmpire-stylearchitects in Saint Petersburg included:
- Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe(Imperial Academy of Arts,Small Hermitage,Gostiny Dvor,New Holland Arch,Catholic Church of St. Catherine)
- Antonio Rinaldi(Marble Palace)
- Yury Felten(Old Hermitage,Chesme Church)
- Giacomo Quarenghi(Academy of Sciences,Hermitage Theatre,Yusupov Palace)
- Andrey Voronikhin(Mining Institute,Kazan Cathedral)
- Andreyan Zakharov(Admiralty building)
- Jean-François Thomas de Thomon(Spit of Vasilievsky Island)
- Carlo Rossi(Yelagin Palace,Mikhailovsky Palace,Alexandrine Theatre,Senate and Synod Buildings,General staff Building,design of many streets and squares)
- Vasily Stasov(Moscow Triumphal Gate,Trinity Cathedral)
- Auguste de Montferrand(Saint Isaac's Cathedral,Alexander Column)
In 1810,Alexander Iestablished the first engineeringhigher education,theSaint Petersburg Main military engineering Schoolin Saint Petersburg. Many monuments commemorate the Russian victory overNapoleonic Francein thePatriotic War of 1812,including theAlexander Columnby Montferrand, erected in 1834, and theNarva Triumphal Arch.
In 1825, the suppressedDecembrist revoltagainstNicholas Itook place on theSenate Squarein the city, a day after Nicholas assumed the throne.
By the 1840s, neoclassical architecture had given way to various romanticist styles, which dominated until the 1890s, represented by such architects asAndrei Stackenschneider(Mariinsky Palace,Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace,Nicholas Palace,New Michael Palace) andKonstantin Thon(Moskovsky railway station).
With theemancipation of the serfsundertaken byAlexander IIin 1861 and anIndustrial Revolution,the influx of former peasants into the capital increased greatly. Poor boroughs spontaneously developed on the outskirts of the city. Saint Petersburg surpassed Moscow in population and industrial growth; it became one of the largest industrial cities in Europe, with a major naval base (inKronstadt), the Neva River, and a seaport on the Baltic.
The names of SaintsPeterandPaul,bestowed upon theoriginal city's citadeland itscathedral(from 1725 – aburial vaultof Russian emperors) coincidentally were the names of the first two assassinated Russian emperors,Peter III(1762, supposedly killed in a conspiracy led by his wife,Catherine the Great) andPaul I(1801,Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubovand other conspirators who brought to powerAlexander I,the son of their victim). The third emperor's assassination took place in Saint Petersburg in 1881 whenAlexander IIwas murdered byterrorists(see theChurch of the Savior on Spilled Blood).
TheRevolution of 1905began in Saint Petersburg and spread rapidly into the provinces.
On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the cityPetrograd,[22]meaning "Peter's City", to remove the German wordsSanktandBurg.
Revolution and Soviet era (1917–1941)
editIn March 1917, during theFebruary RevolutionNicholas II abdicated for himself and on behalf of his son, ending the Russian monarchy and over three hundred years ofRomanovdynastic rule.
On 7 November [O.S.25 October] 1917, theBolsheviks,led byVladimir Lenin,stormed theWinter Palacein an event known thereafter as theOctober Revolution,which led to the end of the social-democraticprovisional government,the transfer of all political power to theSoviets,and the rise of theCommunist Party.[44]After that the city acquired a new descriptive name, "the city of three revolutions",[45]referring to the three major developments in the political history of Russia of the early 20th century.
In September and October 1917, German troopsinvadedtheWest Estonian archipelagoand threatened Petrograd with bombardment and invasion. On 12 March 1918, Lenin transferred the government ofSoviet Russiato Moscow, to keep it away from the state border. During theRussian Civil War,in mid-1919Russian anti-communist forceswith the help ofEstoniansattempted to capture the city, butLeon Trotskymobilized the army and forced them to retreat back toEstonia.
On 26 January 1924, five days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamedLeningrad.Later many streets and othertoponymswere renamed accordingly, with names in honour of communist figures replacing historic names given centuries before. The city has over 230 places associated with the life and activities of Lenin. Some of them were turned into museums,[46]including thecruiserAurora– a symbol of the October Revolution and the oldest ship in theRussian Navy.
In the 1920s and 1930s, the poor outskirts were reconstructed intoregularly planned boroughs.Constructivist architectureflourished around that time. Housing became a government-providedamenity;many "bourgeois" apartments were so large that numerous families were assigned to what were called "communal" apartments (kommunalkas). By the 1930s, 68% of the population lived in such housing under very poor conditions. In 1935, a new general plan was outlined, whereby the city should expand to the south. Constructivism was rejected in favour of a more pompousStalinist architecture.Moving the city centre further from the border with Finland,Stalinadopted a plan to build a new city hall with a huge adjacent square at the southern end ofMoskovsky Prospekt,designated as the new main street of Leningrad. After theWinter (Soviet-Finnish) warin 1939–1940, the Soviet–Finnish border moved northwards. Nevsky Prospekt with Palace Square maintained the functions and the role of a city centre.
In December 1931, Leningrad was administratively separated fromLeningrad Oblast.At that time it included the Leningrad Suburban District, some parts of which were transferred back to Leningrad Oblast in 1936 and turned intoVsevolozhsky District,Krasnoselsky District,Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944).[47]
During the Soviet era, many historic architectural monuments of the previous centuries were destroyed by the new regime for ideological reasons. While that mainly concerned churches and cathedrals, some other buildings were also demolished.[48][49][50]
On 1 December 1934,Sergey Kirov,the Bolshevik leader of Leningrad, was assassinated under suspicious circumstances, which became the pretext for theGreat Purge.[51]In Leningrad, approximately 40,000 were executed during Stalin's purges.[52]
World War II (1941–1945)
edit
During World War II,German forcesbesieged Leningrad following the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941.[53]The siege lasted 872 days, or almost two and a half years,[53]from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944.[54]
TheSiege of Leningradproved one of the longest, most destructive, andmost lethal siegesof a major city inmodern history.It isolated the city from food supplies except those provided through theRoad of LifeacrossLake Ladoga,which could not make it through until the lake froze. More than one million civilians were killed, mainly from starvation. There were incidents of cannibalism, with around 2,000 residents arrested for eating other people.[55]Many others escaped or were evacuated, so the city became largely depopulated.
On 1 May 1945Joseph Stalin,in his Supreme Commander Order No. 20, named Leningrad, alongsideStalingrad,Sevastopol,andOdesa,hero citiesof the war. A law acknowledging the honorary title of "Hero City" passed on 8 May 1965 (the 20th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War), during theBrezhnev era.ThePresidium of the Supreme Sovietof the USSR awarded Leningrad as a Hero City theOrder of Leninand theGold Star medal"for the heroic resistance of the city and tenacity of the survivors of the Siege". TheHero-City Obeliskbearing theGold Star signwas installed in April 1985.
Post-war Soviet era (1945–1991)
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In October 1946 some territories along the northern coast of theGulf of Finland,which had been annexed into the USSR from Finland in 1940 under thepeace treatyfollowing theWinter War,were transferred from Leningrad Oblast to Leningrad and divided intoSestroretsky DistrictandKurortny District.These included the town ofTerijoki(renamedZelenogorskin 1948).[47]Leningrad and many of its suburbs were rebuilt over the post-war decades, partially according to pre-war plans. The 1948 general plan for Leningrad featured radialurban developmentin the north as well as in the south. In 1953, Pavlovsky District in Leningrad Oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory, including Pavlovsk, merged with Leningrad. In 1954, the settlementsLevashovo,PargolovoandPesochnymerged with Leningrad.[47]
Leningrad gave its name to theLeningrad Affair(1949–1952), a notable event in the postwar political struggle in theUSSR.It was a product of rivalry between Stalin's potential successors where one side was represented by the leaders of the cityCommunist Partyorganization – the second most significant one in the country after Moscow. The entire elite leadership of Leningrad was destroyed, including the former mayorKuznetsov,the acting mayor Pyotr Sergeevich Popkov, and all their deputies; overall 23 leaders were sentenced to the death penalty, 181 to prison or exile (rehabilitated in 1954). About 2,000 ranking officials across the USSR were expelled from the party and the Komsomol and removed from leadership positions.[56]
TheLeningrad Metroundergroundrapid transit system,designed before the war, opened in 1955 with its first eight stations decorated withmarbleandbronze.However, after Stalin's death in 1953, the perceived ornamental excesses of the Stalinist architecture were abandoned. From the 1960s to the 1980s many new residential boroughs were built on the outskirts; while thefunctionalistapartment blocks were nearly identical to each other, many families moved there fromkommunalkasin the city centre to live in separate apartments.
Contemporary era (1991–present)
edit
On 12 June 1991,simultaneously with thefirst Russian SFSR presidential elections,the city authorities arranged for the mayoral elections and a referendum upon the city's name, when the original nameSaint Petersburgwas restored. The turnout was 65%; 66.13% of the total count of votes went toAnatoly Sobchak,who became the first directly electedmayor of the city.
Meanwhile, economic conditions started to deteriorate as the country tried to adapt to major changes. For the first time since the 1940s, foodrationingwas introduced, and the city received humanitarianfood aidfrom abroad.[24]This dramatic time was depicted in photographic series of Russian photographerAlexey Titarenko.[57][58]Economic conditions began to improve only at the beginning of the 21st century.[59]In 1995, a northern section of theKirovsko-Vyborgskaya Lineof theSaint Petersburg Metrowas cut off by underground flooding, creating a major obstacle to the city development for almost ten years. On 13 June 1996, Saint Petersburg, alongside Leningrad Oblast andTver Oblast,signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.[60]This agreement was abolished on 4 April 2002.[61]
In 1996,Vladimir YakovlevdefeatedAnatoly Sobchakin the elections for the head of thecity administration.The title of the city head was changed from "mayor" to "governor". In 2000, Yakovlev won re-election. His second term expired in 2004; the long-awaited restoration of the broken subway connection was expected to finish by that time. But in 2003 Yakovlev suddenly resigned, leaving the governor's office toValentina Matviyenko.
The law on election of the City Governor was changed, breaking the tradition of democratic election by universal suffrage that started in 1991. In 2006, thecity legislaturere-approved Matviyenko as governor. Residential building had intensified again;real-estate pricesinflated greatly, which caused many new problems for the preservation of the historical part of the city.
Although the central part of the city has aUNESCOdesignation (there are about 8,000 architectural monuments in Petersburg), the preservation of its historical and architectural environment became controversial.[62]After 2005, the demolition of older buildings in the historical centre was permitted.[63]In 2006,Gazpromannounced an ambitious project to erect a 403 m (1,322 ft) skyscraper (theOkhta Center) opposite toSmolny,which[according to whom?]could result in the loss of the unique line of Petersburg landscape.[citation needed]Urgent protests by citizens and prominent public figures of Russia against this project were not considered by GovernorValentina Matviyenkoand the city authorities until December 2010, when after the statement of PresidentDmitry Medvedev,the city decided to find a more appropriate location for this project. In the same year, the new location for the project was relocated toLakhta,a historical area northwest of the city centre, and the new project would be namedLakhta Center.Construction was approved by Gazprom and the city administration and commenced in 2012. The 462 m (1,516 ft) high Lakhta Center has become the firsttallest skyscraper in RussiaandEuropeoutside of Moscow.
Geography
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The area of Saint Petersburg city proper is 605.8 km2(233.9 square miles). The area of the federal subject is 1,439 km2(556 sq mi), which contains Saint Petersburg proper (consisting of eighty-one municipalokrugs), nine municipal towns (Kolpino,Krasnoye Selo,Kronstadt,Lomonosov,Pavlovsk,Petergof,Pushkin,Sestroretsk,Zelenogorsk), and twenty-one municipal settlements.
Petersburg is on the middletaigalowlands along the shores of theNeva Bayof theGulf of Finland,and islands of the river delta. The largest areVasilyevsky Island(besides theartificial islandbetween Obvodny canal andFontanka,andKotlinin theNeva Bay),Petrogradsky,DekabristovandKrestovsky.The latter together withYelaginandKamenny Islandare covered mostly by parks. TheKarelian Isthmus,North of the city, is a popularresort area.In the south, Saint Petersburg crosses theBaltic-Ladoga Klintand meets theIzhora Plateau.
The elevation of Saint Petersburg ranges from the sea level to its highest point of 175.9 m (577 ft) at the Orekhovaya Hill in theDuderhof Heightsin the south. Part of the city's territory west ofLiteyny Prospektis no higher than 4 m (13 ft)above sea level,and has suffered from numerous floods.Floods in Saint Petersburgare triggered by a long wave in theBaltic Sea,caused by meteorological conditions, winds and shallowness of theNeva Bay.The five most disastrous floods occurred in 1824 (4.21 m or 13 ft 10 in above sea level, during which over 300 buildings were destroyed[f]); 1924 (3.8 m, 12 ft 6 in); 1777 (3.21 m, 10 ft 6 in); 1955 (2.93 m, 9 ft 7 in); and 1975 (2.81 m, 9 ft 3 in). To prevent floods, theSaint Petersburg Damhas been constructed.[64]
Since the 18th century, the city's terrain has been raised artificially, at some places by more than 4 m (13 ft), making mergers of several islands, and changing the hydrology of the city. Besides the Neva and its tributaries, other important rivers of the federal subject of Saint Petersburg areSestra,OkhtaandIzhora.The largest lake is Sestroretsky Razliv in the north, followed byLakhtinsky Razliv,Suzdal Lakes, and other smaller lakes.
Due to its northerly location at c. 60° Nlatitudetheday lengthin Petersburg varies across seasons, ranging from 5 hours 53 minutes to 18 hours 50 minutes. A period from mid-May to mid-July during which twilight may last all night is calledthewhite nights.
Saint Petersburg is about 165 km (103 miles) from the border with Finland, connected to it via theM10 highway(E18), along which there is also a connection to the historic city ofVyborg.
Climate
editUnder theKöppen climate classification,Saint Petersburg is classified asDfb,ahumid continental climate.The distinct moderating influence ofBaltic Seacyclones results in mild to hot, humid, and short summers and long, moderately cold wet winters. The climate of Saint Petersburg is close to that ofHelsinki,although slightly more continental (i.e. colder in winter and warmer in summer) because of its more eastern location, while slightly less continental than that ofMoscow.
The average maximum temperature in July is 23 °C (73 °F), and the average minimum temperature in February is −8.5 °C (16.7 °F); an extreme temperature of 37.1 °C (98.8 °F) occurred during the2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave.A winter minimum of −35.9 °C (−32.6 °F) was recorded in 1883. The average annual temperature is 5.8 °C (42.4 °F). The Neva River within the city limits usually freezes up in November–December and break-up occurs in April. From December to March there are 118 days on average with snow cover, which reaches an average snow depth of 19 cm (7.5 in) by February.[65]The frost-free period in the city lasts on average for about 135 days. Despite St. Petersburg's northern location, its winters are warmer thanMoscow'sdue to theGulf of Finlandand someGulf Streaminfluence from Scandinavian winds that can bring temperature slightly above freezing. The city also has a slightly warmer climate than its suburbs. Weather conditions are quite variable all year round.[66][67]
Average annualprecipitationvaries across the city, averaging 660 mm (26 in) per year and reaching maximum in late summer. Due to the cool climate, soil moisture is almost always high because of lowerevapotranspiration.Air humidityis 78% on average, and there are, on average, 165overcastdays per year.
| Climate data forSaint Petersburg(1991–2020, extremes 1743–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
10.2 (50.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.9 (96.6) |
35.3 (95.5) |
37.1 (98.8) |
30.4 (86.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
12.3 (54.1) |
10.9 (51.6) |
37.1 (98.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
2.3 (36.1) |
9.5 (49.1) |
16.3 (61.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
15.9 (60.6) |
8.7 (47.7) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
5.2 (41.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
6.3 (43.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.2 (19.0) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
1.7 (35.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.4 (48.9) |
4.1 (39.4) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
3.3 (37.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −35.9 (−32.6) |
−35.2 (−31.4) |
−29.9 (−21.8) |
−21.8 (−7.2) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−34.4 (−29.9) |
−35.9 (−32.6) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 46 (1.8) |
36 (1.4) |
36 (1.4) |
37 (1.5) |
47 (1.9) |
69 (2.7) |
84 (3.3) |
87 (3.4) |
57 (2.2) |
64 (2.5) |
56 (2.2) |
51 (2.0) |
670 (26.4) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 15 (5.9) |
19 (7.5) |
14 (5.5) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (1.2) |
9 (3.5) |
19 (7.5) |
| Average rainy days | 9 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 20 | 20 | 16 | 10 | 173 |
| Average snowy days | 25 | 23 | 16 | 8 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 5 | 16 | 23 | 117 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 86 | 84 | 79 | 69 | 65 | 69 | 71 | 76 | 80 | 83 | 86 | 87 | 78 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 18.9 | 45.5 | 120.5 | 177.9 | 255.6 | 254.3 | 267.7 | 228.1 | 134.8 | 61.8 | 23.0 | 8.1 | 1,596.2 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[65] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:NOAA[68] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit
Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia. As of the2021 Census,[4]the federal subject's population is 5,601,911 or 3.9% of the total population of Russia; up from 4,879,566 (3.4%) recorded in the2010 Census,[69]and up from 5,023,506 recorded in the1989 Census.[70]Over 6.4 million people reside in themetropolitan area.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 1,264,920 | — |
| 1926 | 1,590,770 | +0.79% |
| 1939 | 3,191,304 | +5.50% |
| 1959 | 3,321,196 | +0.20% |
| 1970 | 3,949,501 | +1.59% |
| 1979 | 4,588,183 | +1.68% |
| 1989 | 5,023,506 | +0.91% |
| 2002 | 4,661,219 | −0.57% |
| 2010 | 4,879,566 | +0.57% |
| 2021 | 5,601,911 | +1.26% |
| Source: Census data | ||
Vital statistics for 2022:[71][72]
- Births: 50,663 (9.4 per 1,000)
- Deaths: 65,137 (12.1 per 1,000)
Total fertility rate (2022):[73]
1.28 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[74]
Total – 72.51 years (male – 68.23, female – 76.30)
Ethnic composition of Saint Petersburg
| Ethnicity | Year | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1939[75] | 1959[76] | 1970[77] | 1979[78] | 1989[79] | 2002[80] | 2010[80] | 2021[81] | |||||||||
| Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population1 | % | |
| Russians | 2,775,979 | 86.9 | 2,951,254 | 88.9 | 3,514,296 | 89.0 | 4,097,629 | 89.7 | 4,448,884 | 89.1 | 3,949,623 | 92.0 | 3,908,753 | 92.5 | 4,275,058 | 90.6 |
| Ukrainians | 54,660 | 1.7 | 68,308 | 2.1 | 97,109 | 2.5 | 117,412 | 2.6 | 150,982 | 3.0 | 87,119 | 2.0 | 64,446 | 1.5 | 29,353 | 0.6 |
| Tatars | 31,506 | 1.0 | 27,178 | 0.8 | 32,851 | 0.8 | 39,403 | 0.9 | 43,997 | 0.9 | 35,553 | 0.8 | 30,857 | 0.7 | 20,286 | 0.4 |
| Azerbaijanis | 385 | - | 855 | - | 1,576 | - | 3,171 | 0.1 | 11,804 | 0.2 | 16,613 | 0.4 | 17,717 | 0.4 | 16,406 | 0.3 |
| Belarusians | 32,353 | 1.0 | 47,004 | 1.4 | 63,799 | 1.6 | 81,575 | 1.8 | 93,564 | 1.9 | 54,484 | 1.3 | 38,136 | 0.9 | 15,545 | 0.3 |
| Armenians | 4,615 | 0.1 | 4,897 | 0.1 | 6,628 | 0.2 | 7,995 | 0.2 | 12,070 | 0.2 | 19,164 | 0.4 | 19,971 | 0.5 | 14,737 | 0.3 |
| Uzbeks | 238 | - | - | - | 1,678 | - | 1,883 | - | 7,927 | 0.2 | 2,987 | 0.1 | 20,345 | 0.5 | 12,181 | 0.3 |
| Tajiks | 61 | - | - | - | 361 | - | 473 | - | 1,917 | - | 2,449 | 0.1 | 12,072 | 0.3 | 9,573 | 0.2 |
| Jews | 201,542 | 6.3 | 168,641 | 5.1 | 162,525 | 4.1 | 142,779 | 3.1 | 106,469 | 2.1 | 36,570 | 0.9 | 24,132 | 0.6 | 9,205 | 0.2 |
| Others | 89,965 | 2.8 | 53,059 | 1.6 | 68,678 | 1.7 | 76,228 | 1.7 | 113,135 | 2.3 | 88,661 | 2.1 | 90,310 | 2.1 | 277,297 | 6.7 |
| Total | 3,191,304 | 100 | 3,321,196 | 100 | 3,949,501 | 100 | 4,588,183 | 100 | 5,023,506 | 100 | 4,661,219 | 100 | 4,879,566 | 100 | 5,601,911 | 100 |
| 1884,678 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. | ||||||||||||||||
During the 20th century, the city experienced dramatic population changes. From 2.4 million residents in 1916, its population dropped to less than 740,000 by 1920 during theRussian Revolution of 1917andRussian Civil War.The minorities of Germans, Poles, Finns, Estonians and Latvians were almost completelytransferredfrom Leningrad during the 1930s.[82]From 1941 to the end of 1943, population dropped from 3 million to less than 600,000, as people died in battles, starved to death or were evacuated during theSiege of Leningrad.Some evacuees returned after the siege, but most influx was due to migration from other parts of the Soviet Union. The city absorbed about 3 million people in the 1950s and grew to over 5 million in the 1980s. From 1991 to 2006 the city's population decreased to 4.6 million, while the suburban population increased due to privatization of land and massive move to suburbs. Based on the 2010 census results the population is over 4.8 million.[83][84]For the first half of 2007, the birth rate was 9.1 per 1000[85]and remained lower than thedeath rate(until 2012[86]); people over 65 constitute more than twenty percent of the population; and the median age is about 40 years.[87]Since 2012 thebirth ratebecame higher than thedeath rate.[86]But in 2020 theCOVID-19 pandemiccaused a drop in birth rate, and the city population decreased to 5,395,000 people.[88]
Religion
edit
According to various opinion polls, more than half of the residents of Saint Petersburg "believe inGod"(up to 67% according toVTsIOMdata for 2002).
Among the believers, the overwhelming majority of the residents of the city areOrthodox(57.5%), followed by small minority communities ofMuslims(0.7%),Protestants(0.6%), andCatholics(0.5%), andBuddhists(0.1%).[89]
In total, roughly 59% of the population of the city isChristian,of which over 90% are Orthodox.[89]Non-Abrahamic religions and other faiths are represented by only 1.2% of the total population.[89]
There are 268 communities of confessions and religious associations in the city: theRussian Orthodox Church(130 associations),Pentecostalism(23 associations), theLutheranism(19 associations),Baptism(13 associations), as well asOld Believers,Roman Catholic Church,Armenian Apostolic Church,Georgian Orthodox Church,Seventh-day Adventist Church,Judaism,Buddhist, Muslim,Bahá'íand others.[89]
229 religious buildings in the city are owned or run by religious associations. Among them are architectural monuments of federal significance. The oldest cathedral in the city is thePeter and Paul Cathedral,built between 1712 and 1733, and the largest is theKazan Cathedral,completed in 1811.
Government
edit
Saint Petersburg is afederal subjectof Russia (afederal city).[92]The political life of Saint Petersburg is regulated by theCharter of Saint Petersburgadopted by the city legislature in 1998.[93]The superior executive body is theSaint Petersburg City Administration,led by thecity governor(mayor before 1996). Saint Petersburg has asingle-chamberlegislature, theSaint Petersburg Legislative Assembly,which is the city'sregional parliament.
According to thefederal lawpassed in 2004, heads of federal subjects, including the governor of Saint Petersburg, were nominated by thePresident of Russiaand approved by local legislatures. Should the legislature disapprove the nominee, the President could dissolve it. The former governor,Valentina Matviyenko,was approved according to the new system in December 2006. She was the only woman governor in all of Russia until her resignation on 22 August 2011. Matviyenko stood for elections as member of the Regional Council of Saint Petersburg and won comprehensively with allegations of rigging and ballot stuffing by the opposition. Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevhas already backed her for the position ofSpeakerto theFederation Counciland her election qualifies her for that job. After her resignation,Georgy Poltavchenkowas appointed as the new acting governor the same day. In 2012, following passage of a new federal law,[94]restoring direct elections of heads of federal subjects, the city charter was again amended to provide for direct elections of governor.[95]On 3 October 2018, Poltavchenko resigned, andAlexander Beglovwas appointed acting governor.[96]
Saint Petersburg is also the unofficial,de factoadministrative centre ofLeningrad Oblast(a separate federal subject), and of theNorthwestern Federal District.[97]Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast share a number of local departments of federal executive agencies and courts, such as court of arbitration, police,FSB,postal service, drug enforcement administration, penitentiary service, federal registration service, and other federal services.
TheConstitutional Court of Russiamoved to Saint Petersburg from Moscow in May 2008. The relocation of theSupreme Court of Russiafrom Moscow to Saint Petersburg has been planned since 2014.
Administrative divisions
edit| Saint Petersburg is divided into 18 administrative districts: |  | |
| Within the boundaries of the districts, there are 111intra-city municipalities,81 municipal districts, nine cities (Zelenogorsk,Kolpino,Krasnoe Selo,Kronstadt,Lomonosov,Pavlovsk,Petergof,PushkinandSestroretsk) and 21 villages.[98] | ||
Economy
edit
Saint Petersburg is a major trade gateway, serving as the financial and industrial centre of Russia, with specializations in oil and gas trade; shipbuilding yards;aerospace industry;technology, including radio, electronics, software, and computers; machine building, heavy machinery and transport, including tanks and othermilitary equipment;mining;instrumentmanufacture; ferrous and nonferrousmetallurgy(production of aluminium alloys); chemicals,pharmaceuticals,andmedical equipment;publishing and printing; food and catering; wholesale and retail; textile andapparelindustries; and many other businesses. It was also home to Lessner, one of Russia's two pioneering automobile manufacturers (along withRusso-Baltic); it was founded by machine tool and boilermaker G.A. Lessner in 1904, with designs by Boris Loutsky, and it survived until 1910.[99]
Ten per cent of the world's powerturbinesare made there at theLMZ,which built over two thousand turbines forpower plantsacross the world.[citation needed]Major local industries areAdmiralty Shipyard,Baltic Shipyard,LOMO,Kirov Plant,Elektrosila,Izhorskiye Zavody;also registered in Saint Petersburg areSovkomflot,Petersburg Fuel CompanyandSIBURamong other major Russian and international companies.
ThePort of Saint Petersburghas three large cargoterminals,Bolshoi Port Saint Petersburg,Kronstadt,andLomonosov terminal.[citation needed]Internationalcruise linershave been served at the passenger port at Morskoy Vokzal on the south-west ofVasilyevsky Island.In 2008, the first two berths opened at theNew Passenger Porton the west of the island.[100]The new passenger terminal is part of the city's "Marine Facade" development project[101]and was due to have seven berths in operation by 2010.[needs update]
A complex system of riverports on both banks of theNeva Riverare interconnected with the system of seaports, thus making Saint Petersburg the main link between theBaltic Seaand the rest of Russia through theVolga–Baltic Waterway.
TheSaint Petersburg Mint(Monetny Dvor), founded in 1724, is one of the largestmintsin the world, it mintsRussian coins,medals and badges. Saint Petersburg is also home to the oldest and largest Russian foundry, Monumentskulptura, which made thousands of sculptures and statues that now grace the public parks of Saint Petersburg and many other cities.[citation needed]Monuments andbronze statuesof the Tsars, as well as other important historic figures and dignitaries, and other world-famous monuments, such as the sculptures byPeter Clodt von Jürgensburg,Paolo Troubetzkoy,Mark Antokolsky,and others, were made there.[citation needed]
In 2007,Toyotaopened aCamryplant after investing 5 billion rubles (approx. 200 mln dollars) in Shushary[citation needed],one of the southern suburbs of Saint Petersburg.Opel,Hyundaiand Nissan have also signed deals with theRussian governmentto build their automotive plants in Saint Petersburg.[citation needed]The automotive and auto-parts industry is on the rise there during the last decade.[which?]
Saint Petersburg has a large brewery and distillery industry. Known as Russia's "beer capital" due to the supply and quality of local water, its five large breweries account for over 30% of the country's domestic beer production. They include Europe's second-largest breweryBaltika,Vena (both operated by BBH),Heineken Brewery,Stepan Razin(both byHeineken) andTinkoff brewery(SUN-InBev).
The city's many localdistilleriesproduce a broad range ofvodkabrands. The oldest ones isLIVIZ(founded in 1897). Among the youngest isRussian Standard Vodkaintroduced in Moscow in 1998, which opened in 2006 a new $60 million distillery in Petersburg (an area of 30,000 m2(320,000 sq ft), production rate of 22,500 bottles per hour). In 2007, this brand was exported to over 70 countries.[102]
Saint Petersburg has the second largestconstruction industryin Russia, including commercial, housing, and road construction.
In 2006, Saint Petersburg's city budget was 180 billion rubles (about 7 billion US$ at 2006 exchange rates).[103]The federal subject'sGross Regional Productas of 2016[update]was 3.7 trillionRussian rubles(or around US$70 billion), ranked 2nd in Russia, after Moscow[104]and per capita of US$13,000, ranked 12th among Russia's federal subjects,[105]contributed mostly by wholesale andretail tradeand repair services (24.7%) as well as processing industry (20.9%) and transportation and telecommunications (15.1%).[106]
Budget revenues of the city in 2009 amounted to 294.3 billion rubles (about 10.044 billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates), expenses – 336.3 billion rubles (about 11.477 billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates). The budget deficit amounted to about 42 billion rubles.[107](about 1.433 billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates)
In 2015, St. Petersburg was ranked in 4th place economically amongst all federal subjects of the Russian Federation, surpassed only by Moscow, the Tyumen and Moscow Region.[108]
Cityscape
edit
The historic architecture of Saint Petersburg's city centre, mostlyBaroqueandNeoclassicalbuildings of the 18th and 19th centuries, has been largely preserved; although a number of buildings were demolished after the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, during theSiege of Leningradand in recent years.[citation needed]The oldest of the remaining building is a wooden house built forPeter Iin 1703 on the shore of theNevanear Trinity Square. Since 1991 theHistoric Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monumentsin Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast have been listed byUNESCOas aWorld Heritage Site.
The ensemble ofPeter and Paul Fortresswith thePeter and Paul Cathedraltakes a dominant position onZayachy Islandalong the right bank of theNeva River.Each noon a cannon fires a blank shot from the fortress. TheSaint Petersburg Mosque,the largest mosque in Europe when opened in 1913, is on the right bank nearby. TheSpit of Vasilievsky Island,which splits the river into two largest armlets, theBolshaya NevaandMalaya Neva,is connected to the northern bank (Petrogradsky Island) via theExchange Bridgeand occupied by theOld Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns.The southern coast ofVasilyevsky Islandalong the Bolshaya Neva features some of the city's oldest buildings, dating from the 18th century, including theKunstkamera,Twelve Collegia,Menshikov PalaceandImperial Academy of Arts.It hosts one of two campuses ofSaint Petersburg State University.
On the southern, left bank of the Neva, connected to the spit of Vasilyevsky Island via thePalace Bridge,lie theAdmiralty building,the vastHermitage Museumcomplex stretching along thePalace Embankment,which includes the BaroqueWinter Palace,former official residence of Russian emperors, as well as the neoclassicalMarble Palace.The Winter Palace facesPalace Square,the city's main square with theAlexander Column.
Nevsky Prospekt,also on the left bank of theNeva,is the city's main avenue. It starts at the Admiralty and runs eastwards next to Palace Square. Nevsky Prospekt crosses theMoika(Green Bridge),Griboyedov Canal(Kazansky Bridge),Garden Street,theFontanka(Anichkov Bridge), meetsLiteyny Prospektand proceeds toUprising Squarenear theMoskovsky railway station,where it meetsLigovsky Prospektand turns to theAlexander Nevsky Lavra.The Passage,Catholic Church of St. Catherine,Book House(formerSinger Manufacturing CompanyBuilding in theArt Nouveaustyle),Grand Hotel Europe,Lutheran Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul,Great Gostiny Dvor,Russian National Library,Alexandrine TheatrebehindMikeshin's statue ofCatherine the Great,Kazan Cathedral,Stroganov Palace,Anichkov PalaceandBeloselsky-Belozersky Palaceare all along that avenue.
TheAlexander Nevsky Lavra,intended to house the relics ofSt. Alexander Nevsky,is an important centre ofChristian educationin Russia. It also contains theTikhvin Cemeterywith graves of many notable Petersburgers.
On the territory between the Neva and Nevsky Prospekt theChurch of the Savior on Blood,Mikhailovsky Palace housing theRussian Museum,Field of Mars,St. Michael's Castle,Summer Garden,Tauride Palace,Smolny InstituteandSmolny Conventare located.
Many notable landmarks are to the west and south of the Admiralty Building, including theTrinity Cathedral,Mariinsky Palace,Hotel Astoria,famousMariinsky Theatre,New Holland Island,Saint Isaac's Cathedral,the largest in the city, andSenate Square,with theBronze Horseman,18th-century equestrian monument toPeter the Great,which is considered among the city's most recognisable symbols.
Other symbols of Saint Petersburg include theweather vanein the shape of a small ship on top of the Admiralty's golden spire and the golden angel on top of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. The Palace Bridgedrawnat night is yet another symbol of the city.
From April to November, 22 bridges across the Neva and main canals are drawn to let ships pass in and out of the Baltic Sea according to a schedule.[109]It was not until 2004 that the first high bridge across the Neva, which does not need to be drawn,Big Obukhovsky Bridge,was opened. The most remarkable bridges of our days are Korabelny and Petrovsky cable-stayed bridges, which form the most spectacular part of the city toll road,Western High-Speed Diameter.There are hundreds of smallerbridges in Saint Petersburgspanning numerous canals and distributaries of the Neva, some of the most important of which are theMoika,Fontanka,Griboyedov Canal,Obvodny Canal,KarpovkaandSmolenka.Due to the intricate web of canals, Saint Petersburg is often calledVenice of the North.The rivers and canals in the city centre are lined with granite embankments. The embankments and bridges are separated from rivers and canals bygraniteorcast ironparapets.
Southern suburbs of the city feature former imperial residences, includingPetergof,with majestic fountain cascades and parks,Tsarskoe Selo,with the baroqueCatherine Palaceand the neoclassicalAlexander Palace,andPavlovsk,which has a domed palace ofEmperor Pauland one of Europe's largest English-style parks. Some other residences nearby and making part of the world heritage site, including a castle and park inGatchina,actually belong toLeningrad Oblastrather than Saint Petersburg. Another notable suburb isKronstadtwith its 19th-century fortifications and naval monuments, occupying theKotlin Islandin the Gulf of Finland.
Since around the end of the 20th century a great deal of active building and restoration works have been carried out in a number of the city's older districts. The authorities have recently been compelled to transfer the ownership of state-owned private residences in the city centre to private lessors. Many older buildings have been reconstructed to allow their use as apartments and penthouses.
Some of these structures, such as theSaint Petersburg Commodity and Stock Exchangehave been recognised as town-planning errors.[110]
Parks
edit
Saint Petersburg is home to many parks and gardens. Some of the most well-known are in the southern suburbs, includingPavlovsk,one of Europe's largestEnglish gardens.Sosnovkais the largest park within the city limits, occupying 240 ha. TheSummer Gardenis the oldest, dating back to the early 18th century and designed in the regular style. It is on the Neva's southern bank at the head of the Fontanka and is famous for its cast iron railing and marble sculptures.
Among other notable parks are theMaritime Victory ParkonKrestovsky Islandand the Moscow Victory Park in the south, both commemorating the victory overNazi Germanyin the Second World War, as well as theCentral Park of Culture and LeisureoccupyingYelagin Islandand theTauride Gardenaround theTauride Palace.The most common trees grown in the parks are theEnglish oak,Norway maple,green ash,silver birch,Siberian Larch,blue spruce,crack willow,limes,andpoplars.Importantdendrological collectionsdating back to the 19th century are hosted by theSaint Petersburg Botanical Gardenand the Park of the Forestry Academy.
In order to commemorate 300 years anniversary of Saint Petersburg a new park was laid out. The park is in the northwestern part of the city. The construction was started in 1995. It is planned to connect the park with the pedestrian bridge to the territory ofLakhta Center's recreation areas. In the park 300 trees of valuable sorts, 300 decorative apple trees, 70 limes. 300 other trees and bushes were planted. These trees were presented to Saint Petersburg by non-commercial and educational organizations of the city, its sister-cities, the city of Helsinki, heads of other regions of Russia, German Savings Bank and other people and organizations.[111]
-
Cameron gallery in Catherine park of Tsarskoe Selo -
Grotto pavilion in Catherine park of Tsarskoe Selo -
The Imperial Lyceumin Tsarskoye Selo -
Grand Menshikov Palace
Tall structures
editRegulations forbid the construction of tall buildings in Saint Petersburg's city centre. Until the early 2010s, threeskyscraperswere built: Leader Tower (140 m), Alexander Nevsky (124 m), and Atlantic City (105 m) – all situated far from the historical centre. The 310-metre (1,020 ft) tallSaint Petersburg TV Tower,constructed in 1962, was the tallest structure in the city.
However, a controversial project endorsed by the city authorities was announced, known as theOkhta Center,to build a 396-metre (1,299 ft)supertallskyscraper. In 2008, theWorld Monuments Fundincluded the Saint Petersburg historic skyline on the watch list of the 100 most endangered sites due to the expected construction, which threatened to alter it drastically.[112]The Okhta Center project was cancelled at the end of 2010.
In 2012, theLakhta Centerproject began in the city's outskirts, to include a 463-metre (1,519 ft) tall office skyscraper and several low-rise mixed-use buildings. The latter project caused much less controversy. Unlike the previous unbuilt project, it was not seen byUNESCOas a potential threat to the city's cultural heritage due to its remote location from the historic centre. The skyscraper was completed in 2019, and at 462.5 meters, it is currently thetallest in Russia and Europe.
Tourism
editThis section needs to beupdated.The reason given is: Needs discussion on how theRussian invasion of Ukrainehas affected tourism.(June 2023) |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Official name | Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments |
| Criteria | Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv), (vi) |
| Reference | 540bis |
| Inscription | 1990 (14thSession) |
| Extensions | 2013 |
| Area | 3,934.1 ha (15.190 sq mi) |
Saint Petersburg has a significant historical and cultural heritage.[113][114][115][116][117][118][119]
The city's 18th and 19th-century architectural ensemble and its environs is preserved in virtually unchanged form. For various reasons (including large-scale destruction during World War II and construction of modern buildings during the postwar period in the largest historical centres of Europe), Saint Petersburg has become a unique reserve of European architectural styles of the past three centuries. Saint Petersburg's loss of capital city status helped it retain many of its pre-revolutionary buildings, as modern architectural 'prestige projects' tended to be built in Moscow; this largely prevented the rise of mid-to-late-20th century architecture and helped maintain the architectural appearance of the historic city centre.
Saint Petersburg is inscribed on theUNESCOWorld Heritage list as an area with 36 historical architectural complexes and around 4000 outstanding individual monuments of architecture, history and culture. New tourist programs and sightseeing tours have been developed for those wishing to see Saint Petersburg's cultural heritage.
The city has 221 museums, 2,000 libraries, more than 80 theatres, 100 concert organizations, 45 galleries and exhibition halls, 62 cinemas, and 80 other cultural establishments. Every year the city hosts around 100 festivals and various competitions of art and culture, including more than 50 international ones.[citation needed]
Despite theeconomic instability of the 1990s,not a single major theatre or museum was closed in Saint Petersburg; on the contrary many new ones opened, for example a private museum of puppets (opened in 1999) is the third museum of its kind in Russia, where collections of more than 2000 dolls are presented including 'The multinational Saint Petersburg' and Pushkin's Petersburg. The museum world of Saint Petersburg is incredibly diverse. The city is not only home to the world-famousHermitage Museumand theRussian Museumwith its rich collection ofRussian art,but also the palaces of Saint Petersburg and its suburbs, so-called small-town museums and others like the museum of famous Russian writerDostoyevsky;Museum of Musical Instruments, the museum of decorative arts and the museum of professional orientation.
Themusical lifeof Saint Petersburg is rich and diverse, with the city now playing host to a number of annual carnivals. Ballet performances occupy a special place in the cultural life of Saint Petersburg. The Petersburg School of Ballet is named as one of the best in the world. Traditions of the Russian classical school have been passed down from generation to generation among outstanding educators. The art of famous and prominent Saint Petersburg dancers likeRudolf Nureyev,Natalia Makarova,Mikhail Baryshnikovwas, and is, admired throughout the world. Contemporary Petersburg ballet is made up not only of traditional Russian classical school but also ballets by those likeBoris Eifman,who expanded the scope of strict classicalRussian balletto almost unimaginable limits. Remaining faithful to the classical basis (he was a choreographer at theVaganova Academy of Russian Ballet), he combinedclassical balletwith theavant-garde style,and then, in turn, with acrobatics, rhythmic gymnastics, dramatic expressiveness,cinema,color, light, and finally with spoken word.
TheRussian invasion of Ukrainehas impacted on tourism. The BritishForeign, Commonwealth and Development Officeadvises against travelling to Russia, including Saint Petersburg, noting there have been reports of fires and explosions in areas close to the city.[120]
Media and communications
editAll major Russian newspapers are active in Saint Petersburg. The city has a developed telecommunications system. In 2014,Rostelecom,the national operator, announced the beginning of a major modernization of the fixed-line network in the city.[121]
Culture
editMuseums
edit
Saint Petersburg is home to more than two hundred museums, many of them in historic buildings. The largest is theHermitage Museumthat features the interiors of the former imperial residence and a vast collection of art. TheRussian Museumis a large museum devoted to Russian fine art. The apartments of some famous people, includingAlexander Pushkin,Fyodor Dostoyevsky,Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov,Feodor Chaliapin,Alexander Blok,Vladimir Nabokov,Anna Akhmatova,Mikhail Zoshchenko,Joseph Brodsky,as well as some palace and park ensembles of the southern suburbs and notable architectural monuments such as St. Isaac's Cathedral, have also been turned into public museums.
TheKunstkamera,with its collection established in 1714 by Peter the Great to collect curiosities from all over the world, is sometimes considered the first museum in Russia, which has evolved into the present-dayPeter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography.TheRussian Ethnography Museum,which has been split from the Russian Museum, is devoted to the cultures of the people of Russia, theformer Soviet Unionand Russian Empire.
-
-
The State Russian Museum is the world's largest depository of Russian fine art. -
The Russian Museum of Ethnography is one of the largest ethnographic museums in the world.[123]
A number of museums provide insight into the Soviet history of Saint Petersburg, including the Museum of the Blockade, which describes theSiege of Leningradand the Museum of Political History, which explains many authoritarian features of the USSR.
Other notable museums include theCentral Naval Museum,andZoological Museum,Central Soil Museum,theRussian Railway Museum,Suvorov Museum,Museum of the Siege of Leningrad,Erarta Museum of Contemporary Art,the largest non-governmental museum of contemporary art in Russia,Saint Petersburg Museum of Historyin thePeter and Paul FortressandArtillery Museum,which includes not only artillery items, but also a huge collection of other military equipment, uniforms, and decorations. Amongst others, Saint Petersburg also hosts State Museum of the History of Religion, one of the eldest museums in Russia about religion depicting cultural representations from various parts of the globe.[124]
Music
edit
Among the city's more than fifty theatres is theMariinsky Theatre(formerly known as the Kirov Theatre), home to theMariinsky Balletcompany and opera. Leading ballet dancers, such asVaslav Nijinsky,Anna Pavlova,Rudolph Nureyev,Mikhail Baryshnikov,Galina UlanovaandNatalia Makarova,were principal stars of the Mariinsky ballet.
The first music school, theSaint Petersburg Conservatory,was founded in 1862 by the Russian pianist and composerAnton Rubinstein.The school alumni have included such notable composers asPyotr Tchaikovsky,Sergei Prokofiev,Artur Kapp,Rudolf TobiasandDmitri Shostakovich,who taught at the conservatory during the 1960s, bringing it additional fame. The renowned Russian composerNikolai Rimsky-Korsakovalso taught at the conservatory from 1871 to 1905. Among his students wereIgor Stravinsky,Alexander Glazounov,Anatoly Liadovand others. The former St. Petersburg apartment of Rimsky-Korsakov has been faithfully preserved as thecomposer's only museum.
Dmitri Shostakovich, who was born and raised in Saint Petersburg, dedicated hisSeventh Symphonyto the city, calling it the "Leningrad Symphony". He wrote the symphony while based in the city during the siege of Leningrad. It was premiered in Samara in March 1942; a few months later, it received its firstperformancein the besieged Leningrad at the Bolshoy Philharmonic Hall under the baton of conductorKarl Eliasberg.It was heard over the radio and was said to have lifted the spirits of the surviving population.[125]In 1992, the 7th Symphony was performed by the 14 surviving orchestral players of the Leningrad premiere in the same hall as half a century before.[126]TheLeningrad Philharmonic Orchestraremained one of the best knownsymphony orchestrasin the world under the leadership of conductorsYevgeny MravinskyandYuri Temirkanov.Mravinsky's term as artistic director of the Leningrad Philharmonic – a term that is possibly the longest of any conductor with any orchestra in modern times – led the orchestra from a little-known provincial ensemble to one of the world's most highly regarded orchestras, especially for the performance of Russian music.
The Imperial Choral Capella was founded and modelled after theroyal courtsof other European capitals.
Saint Petersburg has been home to the newest movements inpopular musicin the country. The early Sovietjazzbands founded here includedLeopold Teplitsky's First Concert Jazz Band (1927,)Leonid Utyosov's TheaJazz (1928, under the patronage of composerIsaak Dunayevsky) and Georgy Landsberg's Jazz Cappella (1929). The first jazz appreciation society in the Soviet Union was founded here in 1958 as J58, and later namedjazz clubKvadrat. In 1956 the popular ensemble Druzhba was founded by Aleksandr Bronevitsky andEdita Piekhato become the first popular band in the USSR during the 1950s. In the 1960s student rock-groups Argonavty, Kochevniki and others pioneered a series of unofficial andunderground rockconcerts and festivals. In 1972Boris Grebenshchikovfounded the bandAquarium,which later grew to huge popularity. Since then "Peter's rock"music stylewas formed.
In the 1970s many bands came out from the "underground" scene and eventually founded theLeningrad Rock Club,which provided a stage to bands such asDDT,Kino,Alisa,Zemlyane,Zoopark,Piknik,andSecret.The first Russian-style happening showPop Mekhanika,mi xing over 300 people and animals on stage, was directed by the multi-talentedSergey Kuryokhinin the 1980s. The Sergey Kuryokhin International Festival (SKIF) is named after him. In 2004 theKuryokhin Centerwas founded, where the SKIF and the Electro-Mechanica and Ethnomechanica festivals take place. SKIF focuses onexperimental pop musicandavant-garde music,Electro-Mechanica onelectronic music,and Ethnomechanica onworld music.
Today's Saint Petersburg boasts many notable musicians of various genres, from popular Leningrad'sSergei Shnurov,Tequilajazzz,Splean,andKorol i Shut,to rock veteransYuri Shevchuk,Vyacheslav Butusov,andMikhail Boyarsky.In the early 2000s the city saw a wave of popularity ofmetalcore,rapcore,andemocore,and there are bands such asAmatory,Kirpichi,Psychea,Stigmata,GrenouerandAnimal Jazz.
TheWhite Nights Festivalin Saint Petersburg is famous for spectacular fireworks and a massive show celebrating the end of theschool year.
The rave bandLittle Bigalso hails from Saint Petersburg. Their music video for "Skibidi"was filmed in the city, starting at Akademicheskiy Pereulok.[127]
Literature
edit
Saint Petersburg has a longstanding and world-famous tradition in literature.Dostoyevskycalled it "The most abstract and intentional city in the world", emphasizing its artificiality, but it was also a symbol of modern disorder in a changing Russia. It often appeared toRussian writersas a menacing and inhuman mechanism. The grotesque and often nightmarish image of the city is featured in Pushkin's last poems, the Petersburg stories ofGogol,the novels ofDostoyevsky,the verse ofAlexander BlokandOsip Mandelshtam,and in the symbolist novelPetersburgbyAndrey Bely.According to Lotman in his chapter, 'The Symbolism of Saint Petersburg' inUniverse and the Mind,these writers were inspired by symbolism from within the city itself. The effect of life in Saint Petersburg on the plight of the poor clerk in a society obsessed with hierarchy and status also became an important theme for authors such asPushkin,Gogol, and Dostoyevsky. Another important feature of early Saint Petersburg literature is its mythical element, which incorporatesurban legendsand popularghost stories,as the stories of Pushkin and Gogol included ghosts returning to Saint Petersburg to haunt other characters as well as other fantastical elements, creating a surreal and abstract image of Saint Petersburg.
Twentieth-century writers from Saint Petersburg, such asVladimir Nabokov,Ayn Rand,Andrey Bely andYevgeny Zamyatin,along with his apprentices, TheSerapion Brothers,created entirely new styles in literature and contributed new insights to the understanding of society through their experience in this city.Anna Akhmatovabecame an important leader forRussian poetry.Her poemRequiemadumbrates the perils encountered during the Stalinist era. Another notable 20th-century writer from Saint Petersburg isJoseph Brodsky,recipient of theNobel Prize in Literature(1987). While living in the United States, his writings in English reflected on life in Saint Petersburg from the unique perspective of being both an insider and an outsider to the city in essays such as, "A Guide to a Renamed City" and the nostalgic "In a Room and a Half".[128]
Film
edit
Over 250 international and Russian movies were filmed in Saint Petersburg.[129]Well over a thousand feature films about tsars, revolution, people and stories set in Saint Petersburg have been produced worldwide but not filmed in the city. The firstfilm studioswere founded in Saint Petersburg in the 20th century and since the 1920sLenfilmhas been the largest film studio based in Saint Petersburg. The first foreign feature movie filmed entirely in Saint Petersburg was the 1997 production of Tolstoy'sAnna Karenina,starringSophie MarceauandSean Beanand made by an international team of British, American, French and Russian filmmakers.
The cult comedyIrony of Fate[130](also Ирония судьбы, или С лёгким паром!) is set in Saint Petersburg and pokes fun at Soviet city planning. The 1985 filmWhite Nightsreceived considerable Western attention for having captured genuine Leningrad street scenes at a time when filming in the Soviet Union by Western production companies was generally unheard of. Other movies includeGoldenEye(1995),Midnight in Saint Petersburg(1996),Brother(1997) andTamilromanticthriller film-Dhaam Dhoom(2008).Onegin(1999) is based on thePushkinpoem and showcases manytourist attractions.In addition, the Russian romantic comedy,Piter FM,intricately showcases the cityscape, almost as if it were a main character in the film.
Several international film festivals are held annually, such as theFestival of Festivals, Saint Petersburg,as well as the Message to Man International Documentary Film Festival, since its inauguration in 1988 during the White Nights.[131]
Dramatic theatre
editSt Petersburg has a number of dramatic theatres and drama schools. These include the Student Theatre onMokhovaya Street.Учебный театр «На Моховой»,Leteiny TheatreandYouth Theatre on the Fontanka.
Education
editAs of 2006[update]–2007, there were 1,024 kindergartens, 716public schoolsand 80vocationalschools in Saint Petersburg.[132]The largest of the public higher education institutions isSaint Petersburg State University,enrolling approximately 32,000 undergraduate students; and the largest non-governmental higher education institutions is theInstitute of International Economic Relations, Economics, and Law.Other famous universities areSaint Petersburg Polytechnic University,Herzen University,Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance,Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil EngineeringandSaint Petersburg Military engineering-technical university.However, the public universities are all federal property and do not belong to the city.
Sports
edit
Leningrad hosted part of theassociation football tournamentduring the 1980Summer Olympics.The 1994Goodwill Gameswere also held here.
In boating, the first competition here was the 1703rowingevent initiated by Peter the Great, after the victory over theSwedish fleet.The Russian Navy heldYachtingevents since the foundation of the city.Yacht clubs:[133]St. Petersburg River Yacht Club,Neva Yacht Club,the latter is the oldest yacht club in the world. In the winter, when the sea and lake surfaces are frozen and yachts and dinghies cannot be used, local people sailice boats.
Equestrianismhas been a long tradition, popular among the Tsars and aristocracy, as well as part ofmilitary training.Several historic sports arenas were built for equestrianism since the 18th century to maintain training all year round, such as the Zimny Stadion and Konnogvardeisky Manezh.
Chesstradition was highlighted by the 1914 international tournament, partially funded by the Tsar, in which the title "Grandmaster" was first formally conferred byRussian Tsar Nicholas IIto five players:Lasker,Capablanca,Alekhine,TarraschandMarshall.
The city's main football team isFC Zenit Saint Petersburg,who have been champions of theSovietandRussianleague nine times, most notably claiming the RPL title in four consecutive seasons from 2018–19 to 2021–22, along with winning theSoviet/Russian Cupfive times. The club also won the2007–08 UEFA Cupand the2008 UEFA Super Cup,spearheaded by successful player and local heroAndrey Arshavin.
Kirov Stadiumformerly existed as Zenit's home from 1950 to 1993 and again in 1995, being one of the largest stadiums in the world at the time. In 1951 a crowd of 110,000 set the single-game attendance record for Soviet football. The stadium was knocked down in 2006, with Zenit temporarily moving to thePetrovsky Stadiumbefore theKrestovsky Stadiumwas built on the same site as the Kirov Stadium. The Krestovsky Stadium opened in 2017, hosting four matches at the2017 FIFA Confederations Cup,including thefinal.The stadium then hosted seven matches at the2018 FIFA World Cup,including a semi-final and the third-placed playoff. It also hosted seven matches atUEFA Euro 2020,including a quarter-final. The stadium was going to host the2022 UEFA Champions League final,however UEFA removed St Petersburg as host in February 2022, citing the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[134]
Hockey teams in the city includeSKA Saint Petersburgin theKHL,HC VMF St. Petersburgin theVHL,and junior clubsSKA-1946andSilver Lionsin theRussian Major League.SKA Saint Petersburg is one of the most popular in the KHL, consistently being at or near the top of the league in attendance. Along with their popularity, they are one of the best teams in the KHL right now, as they have won theGagarin Cuptwice.[135]Well-known players on the team includePavel Datsyuk,Ilya Kovalchuk,Nikita Gusev,Sergei ShirokovandViktor Tikhonov.During the NHL lockout, stars Ilya Kovalchuk,Sergei BobrovskyandVladimir Tarasenkoalso played for the team. They play their home games atSKA Arena.
The city's long-time basketball team isBC Spartak Saint Petersburg,which launched the career ofAndrei Kirilenko.BC Spartak Saint Petersburg won two championships in theUSSR Premier League(1975 and 1992), twoUSSR Cups(1978 and 1987), and aRussian Cuptitle (2011). They also won theSaporta Cuptwice (1973 and 1975). Legends of the club includeAlexander BelovandVladimir Kondrashin.BC Zenit Saint Petersburgalso play in the city, being formed in 2014.
Transportation
edit
Saint Petersburg is a major transport hub. The first Russian railway was built here in 1837, and since then the city's transport infrastructure has kept pace with the city's growth. Petersburg has an extensive system of local roads and railway services, maintains a large public transport system that includes theSaint Petersburg tramand theSaint Petersburg Metro,and is home to several riverine services that convey passengers around the city efficiently and in relative comfort.
The city is connected to the rest of Russia and the wider world by several federal highways and national and international rail routes.Pulkovo Airportserves most of the air passengers departing from or arriving to the city.
Public transport
edit
Saint Petersburg has an extensive city-funded network of public transport (buses,trams,trolleybuses) and several hundred routes served bymarshrutkas.In 2022marshrutkashave been mostly phased out in favor of publicly owned buses.[136]Trams in Saint Petersburgused to be the main means of transport; in the 1980s this was the largest tram network globally, but many tracks were dismantled in the 2000s.[citation needed]
Buses carry up to three million passengers daily, serving over 250 urban and a number of suburban bus routes.Saint Petersburg Metrounderground rapid transit system was opened in 1955; it now has 5 lines with 72 stations, connecting all five railway terminals, and carrying 2.3 million passengers daily.[137]Metro stations are often elaborately decorated with materials such as marble and bronze.
As of 2018, the Saint Petersburg Metro will include new stations: Prospekt Slavy, Dunayskaya, Shushary, Begovaya, and Novokrestovskaya, the latter built specifically to offer convenient access to the stadium during the2018 FIFA World Cupgames and games played by FC Zenit.[138]
| Saint Petersburg Metro map |
|---|
 |
Roads
editTraffic jamsare common in the city due to daily commuter traffic volumes, intercity traffic and excessive winter snow. The construction offreewayssuch as theSaint Petersburg Ring Road,completed in 2011, and theWestern High-Speed Diameter,completed in 2017, helped reduce the traffic in the city. TheM11 Neva,also known as the Moscow-Saint Petersburg Motorway, is afederal highway,and connects Saint Petersburg to Moscow by a freeway.
Saint Petersburg is an importanttransport corridorlinkingScandinaviato Russia and Eastern Europe. The city is a node of theinternational European routesE18towardsHelsinki,E20towardsTallinn,E95towardsPskov,KyivandOdesaandE105towardsPetrozavodsk,MurmanskandKirkenes(north) and towards Moscow andKharkiv(south).
Waterways
edit
The city is also served by passenger and cargo seaports[clarification needed]in theNeva Bayof theGulf of Finland,Baltic Sea,the river port higher up the Neva and tens of smaller passenger stations on both banks of the Neva river. It is a terminus of both theVolga–BalticandWhite Sea–Balticwaterways.[citation needed]
The first high bridge that does not need to be drawn, the 2,824-metre-long (9,265 ft)Big Obukhovsky Bridgeopened in 2004. Meteorhydrofoilslink the city centre to the coastal towns ofKronstadtandShlisselburgfrom May through October.[139]In the warmer months many smaller boats and water-taxis navigate the city's canals.
The shipping companySt. Peter Lineoperates two ferries that sail fromHelsinkito Saint Petersburg and fromStockholmto Saint Petersburg.[140]
Rail
edit
The city is the final destination for a web of intercity and suburban railways, served by five different railway terminals (Baltiysky,Finlyandsky,Ladozhsky,MoskovskyandVitebsky),[g][141]as well as dozens of non-terminalrailway stationswithin the federal subject. Saint Petersburg has international railway connections toHelsinki,Finland, Berlin, Germany, and many former republics of the USSR. TheHelsinki railway,built in 1870 and 443 kilometres (275 mi) long, had until 2022 trains running five times a day, in a journey lasting about three and a half hours with theAllegrotrain.
TheMoscow–Saint Petersburg Railwayopened in 1851, and is 651 kilometres (405 mi) long; the commute to Moscow now requires from three and a half to nine hours.[142]
In 2009,Russian Railwayslaunched a high speed service for the Moscow–Saint Petersburg route. The new train, known asSapsan,is a derivative of the popularSiemens Velarotrain; various versions of this already operate in some European countries. It set records for the fastest train in Russia on 2 May 2009, travelling at 281 kilometres per hour (175 mph)[143]and on 7 May 2009, travelling at 290 kilometres per hour (180 mph).
From 12 December 2010 until March 2022,Karelian Trains,a joint venture betweenRussian RailwaysandVR (Finnish Railways),has been runningAlstom Pendolinooperated high-speed services between Saint Petersburg'sFinlyandskyand Helsinki'sCentralrailway stations. These services are branded as "Allegro" trains. "Allegro" is known for suffering some big technical problems from time to time, which sometimes result in significant delays and even cancellation of tourists' trips.[144]The service has been suspended indefinitely in the context of theRussian invasion of Ukraineand is not expected to resume.
| Intercity and suburban rail terminals of St. Petersburg |
|---|
Air
edit
Saint Petersburg is served byPulkovo International Airport.[145]
Pulkovo airport was opened to passengers as a small aerodrome in 1931. As of 2013[update],the Pulkovo airport, which handles over 12 million passengers annually, is the 3rd busiest in Russia after Moscow'sSheremetyevoandDomodedovo.As a result, the steadily increasing passenger traffic has triggered a massive modernization of the entire airport infrastructure. A newly built Terminal 1 of the Pulkovo airport was put into operation on 4 December 2013 and integrated international flights of the former terminal Pulkovo-2. The renovated terminal Pulkovo-1 has been opened for domestic flights as an extension of Terminal 1 in 2015.[146]One of the oldest air carriers of the Russian Federation Rossiya is registered in Saint Petersburg and is the largest and the base carrier of Pulkovo Airport.[147]
There is a regular rapid-bus connection (buses 39, 39E, K39) between Pulkovo airport and theMoskovskaya metro stationas well as 24/7 taxi service.
Notable people
editInternational relations
editList of sister cities to Saint Petersburg as it appears on the official portal of the City Government, listing both sister cities and partnership ties:[148]
Non CIS/Baltic states sister cities of Saint Petersburg (from official government list)
- Adana,Turkey(since 1997)[148]
- Alexandroupoli,Greece(since 2015)
- Antwerp,Belgium(since 1958)[148]
- Bangkok,Thailand(since 1997)[148]
- Barcelona,Spain(since 1984)[148][149]
- Bethlehem,Palestine(since 2003)[150]
- Bordeaux,France(since 1991)[148][151][152]
- Cape Town,South Africa(since 2001)[148]
- Cebu,Philippines(since 2010)[148][153]
- Colombo,Sri Lanka(since 1997)[148]
- Chengdu,China(since 1998)[148]
- Daegu,South Korea(since 1997)[148][154]
- Dresden,Germany(since 1961)[148][155]
- Edinburgh,United Kingdom(since 1995)[148][156][failed verification]
- Faisalabad,Pakistan
- Gothenburg,Sweden(since 1962)[148]
- Hamburg,Germany(since 1957)[148]
- Havana,Cuba(since 2000)[148]
- Helsinki,Finland(since 1993)[148]
- Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam(since 1977)[148]
- Isfahan,Iran(since 1999)[148]
- Istanbul,Turkey(since 1990)[148][157][158]
- Kota Kinabalu,Malaysia(since 2017)[148]
- Le Havre,France(since 1965)[148][159]
- Los Angeles, United States(since 1990)[148][160]
- Lyon,France(since 1993)[148][161]
- Manchester,United Kingdom(since 1956)[162]
- Mariupol',Ukraine(since 2022)[148]
- Mikkeli,Finland(since 1996)[148]
- Montevideo,Uruguay(since 1998)[148]
- Mumbai,India(since 1963)[148][163]
- Nice,France(since 1997)[148][164]
- Osaka,Japan(since 1961)[148][165]
- Piraeus,Greece(since 1965)[148][166]
- Plovdiv,Bulgaria(since 2001)[148][167]
- Québec City,Canada(since 2002)[148]
- Rio de Janeiro,Brazil(since 1986)[148]
- Rotterdam,Netherlands(since 1966)[148]
- Santa Cruz de Tenerife,Spain[168]
- Santiago,Cuba[148]
- Shanghai,China(since 1959)[148]
- Sofia,Bulgaria
- St. Petersburg, Florida,United States
- Stockholm,Sweden(since 1992)[148]
- Tampere,Finland(since 1993)[148]
- Thessaloniki,Greece(since 2002)[148][169]
- Zagreb,Croatia(since 1968)[148][170]
Sister cities in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Baltic states
Sister cities of Saint Petersburg (not included on official government list)
- Astana,Kazakhstan(since 2008)[citation needed]
- Aqaba,Jordan(since 2003)[citation needed]
- Bethlehem,Palestine[175]
- Busan,South Korea(since 2008)[citation needed]
- Cebu City,Philippines(since 2008)[citation needed]
- Chungcheongbuk-do,South Korea(since 2008)[citation needed]
- Debrecen,Hungary(since 2002)[176]
- Florence,Italy(since 2001)[177]
- Galveston, Texas,United States[178]
- Guadalajara,Mexico(since 2008)[citation needed][179]
- Haifa,Israel(since 2008)[180]
- Hai Phong,Vietnam(since 2008)[citation needed]
- Khartoum,Sudan(since 2002)[citation needed]
- Lansing, Michigan,United States(since 1992)[181]
- Le Havre,France[182][183]
- Lviv,Ukraine(since 2006)[184]
- Mar del Plata,Argentina(since 2008)[citation needed]
- Maribor,Slovenia(since 2001)[185]
- State of Maryland,United States[186]
- Nampho,North Korea(since 2002)[citation needed]
- Osh,Kyrgyzstan(since 2004)[citation needed]
- Oslo,Norway(since 2002)[187]
- Port Vila,Vanuatu
- Porto Alegre,Brazil(since 2002)[188]
- Rishon LeZion,Israel(since 1966)
- Sousse,Tunisia(since 2008)[citation needed]
- Turin,Italy(since 2012)[189][190]
- Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia(since 2008)[citation needed]
- Westport, Connecticut,United States[191]
Former twin towns
editItalian citiesMilanandVenicewere formerly twin cities of Saint Petersburg, but suspended this link due to St. Petersburg's ban on "gay propaganda".[192]Milan suspended the relationship with Saint Petersburg on 23 November 2012[193]and Venice did so on 28 January 2013.[194]
Shortly after the beginning of theRussian invasion of Ukraine,Gdańsk,Warsaw,Aarhus,Melbourne,Kotka,Turku,RigaandTallinnterminated or suspended the cooperation, affiliation or sister city relationship with Saint Petersburg.[195][196][197][198][199][200][201][202][203][204]On 17 March 2022,Košicejoined the list of cities terminating the partnership. The cooperation began in 1995.[205]
Twinning with occupied Mariupol
editSome Russian cities are twinned with ones in occupied Ukraine, in particular, Saint Petersburg is twinned withMariupol.[206]An art symbol of the twinning was unveiled onPalace Squarein Saint Petersburg, defaced and removed.[207]
See also
edit- Fences in Saint Petersburg
- Hotels in Saint Petersburg
- List of buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg
- List of museums in Saint Petersburg
- List of notable people from Saint Petersburg
- List of Saint Petersburg Metro stations
- List of Saint Petersburg sister cities
- List of theatres in Saint Petersburg
- Outline of Saint Petersburg
- Timeline of Saint Petersburg
Notes
edit- ^Including parts ofLeningrad Oblast
- ^Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of theConstitution of Russia.
- ^/ˈpiːtərzbɜːrɡ/PEE-tərz-burg;[7]Russian:Санкт-Петербург,romanized:Sankt-Peterburg,pronounced[ˈsanktpʲɪtʲɪrˈburk],often abbreviated locally asSPb(СПб)
- ^Petrograd (1914–1924), Leningrad (1924–1991), see the§Toponymysection for details
- ^In thepre-1918 Russian orthography,these names were spelledСанктпетербургъandПетроградъwith a trailinghard sign.
- ^The level of flooding is measured nearSaint Petersburg Mining Institute,which is normally 11 cm (4.3 in) above sea level
- ^Until 2001, theVarshavsky Rail Terminalserved as a major station; it now is a railway museum.
References
editCitations
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- ^abc"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации".Federal State Statistics Service.Archivedfrom the original on 1 September 2022.Retrieved1 September2022.
- ^Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016-2022 гг.,rosstat.gov.ru
- ^"Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации(in Russian).Archivedfrom the original on 22 June 2020.Retrieved19 January2019.
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- ^Bonavia, Michael (1990).London Before I Forget.The Self-Publishing Association Ltd. p. 72.ISBN1-8542-1082-3.
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Peter, who ruled from 1682 to 1725, oversaw Russia's transformation into a major European power and founded the city of Saint Petersburg, dubbed Russia's "window to Europe".
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External links
edit
Mediafrom Commons
Newsfrom Wikinews
Quotationsfrom Wikiquote
Travel informationfrom Wikivoyage
Datafrom Wikidata
- City Tourist PortalArchived1 September 2014 at theWayback Machine
- St. Petersburg – 2018 FIFA World Cup Host CityonYouTubebyFIFA
- St PetersburgonIn Our Timeat theBBC
- St-Petersburg, Virtual Tour 360° Aerial Panorama
- Atchinson, Bob (2010)."Saint Petersburg, 1900: a photographic travelogue of the capital of Imperial Russia".Retrieved9 February2011.[self-published source]50 photographs of St. Petersburg from "Travelogues"ofBurton Holmes(Vol. 8, 1914) and other sources
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- "Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg".St. Petersburg: The Likhachov Foundation. 2004.Retrieved9 February2011.3500 entries, 9200 personalities, 3500 addresses, 2000 pictures and 40 geographical maps, 3800 bibliographical references from the original "Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg" (SPb.,Rosspen,2004)
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- Байков В.Д. Ленинградские хроники: от послевоенных 50-х до "лихих 90-х". М. Карамзин, 2017. – 486 с., илл. – in English: Leningrad Chronicles: from the postwar fifties to the "wild nineties"ISBN978-5-0007-1516-1
- Old Maps of Saint PetersburgArchived16 January 2021 at theWayback Machine,Historic CitiesArchived25 March 2022 at theWayback Machinesite
