Wikipedia

Stargate(film)

This article is about the original 1994 film. For the Stargate franchise and other uses, seeStargate (disambiguation).

Stargateis a 1994science fictionaction-adventure film[7]directed and co-written byRoland Emmerich.The film is the first entry in theStargatemedia franchiseand starsKurt Russell,James Spader,Jaye Davidson,Alexis Cruz,Mili Avital,andViveca Lindfors.The plot centers on the titular "Stargate",an ancient ring-shaped device that creates awormhole,enabling travel to a similar device elsewhere in the universe. The central plot explores the theory ofextraterrestrialbeingshaving an influence upon human civilization.

Stargate
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRoland Emmerich
Written by
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyKarl Walter Lindenlaub
Edited by
  • Michael J. Duthie
  • Derek Brechin
Music byDavid Arnold
Production
companies
Distributed by
Release date
  • October 28, 1994(1994-10-28)(United States)[1]
Running time
121 minutes[2]
Countries
LanguageEnglish[2]
Budget$55 million[5]
Box office$196.6 million[5][6]

Stargatewas released on October 28, 1994[1]byMetro-Goldwyn-Mayerin the United States, while it was released byAMLFin France. The film received mixed reviews, with its atmosphere, story, characters, and graphic content both praised and criticized. The film grossed $196.6 million worldwide against a production budget of $55 million.

Plot

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In 1928 atGiza,Egypt,archaeologist Professor Paul Langford, accompanied by his daughter Catherine, unearths cover stones (also calledpyramidionorcapstone) engraved withEgyptian hieroglyphsand other markings. Beneath he discovers a large metallic ring of unknown purpose.

In 1994, the now elderly Catherine invitesEgyptologistandlinguistDaniel Jackson, Ph.D.to translate the hieroglyphs. The stones are now part of aU.S. Air Forceclassifiedproject overseen bySpecial OperationsColonelJack O'Neil.Jackson determines that the hieroglyphs refer to a "stargate" which uses starconstellationsas spatial coordinates. He is then shown the Stargate, the ring device from Giza. They use his coordinates to align the Stargate's rotating inner track with V-shaped markings (or "chevrons") along its outside. When all seven chevrons are locked in, awormholeopens, connecting the Stargate with a distant planet. Jackson joins O'Neil and his team (Reilly, Porro, Freeman, Brown, Ferretti, and Kawalsky) as they pass through the wormhole.

They emerge inside apyramidon the arid desert planet ofAbydos.Jackson attempts to locate the symbols required for the return journey through the Stargate but fails. O'Neil orders Kawalsky to set up camp. Jackson sees a mastage, a large animal with a harness, which drags him off when he approaches it to investigate. O'Neil, Kawalsky and Brown follow and they discover a tribe of humans working to mine a strange mineral, which Brown identifies as the same material the Stargate is made of. O'Neil radios the others to secure basecamp. Following them back to their city, Jackson realizes that the people speak a variant ofAncient Egyptianand is able to communicate with them. He learns that the tribe sees him and his comrades asemissariesof their godRadue to an amulet given to him by Catherine. The tribe's chieftain Kasuf presents Jackson with his daughterSha'urias a gift, and although Jackson initially refuses her, he later becomes romantically attached to her. O'Neil befriends Kasuf's teenaged son Skaara and his friends. That night, Ra's ship lands atop the pyramid structure, and his soldiers capture Ferretti and Freeman while killing Porro and Reilly.

Through hidden markings and discussions with the tribe, Jackson learns that Ra is an alien being who came to Earth during the Ancient Egyptian period to possess human bodies to extend his own life. Ra enslaved these humans and used the Stargate to bring some of them to Abydos to mine the mineral that is used in the alien technology. Humans on Earth revolted, overthrew Ra's overseers, and buried the Stargate to prevent its use. During this investigation, Jackson comes across acartouchecontaining six of the seven symbols needed to configure the Stargate for the return to Earth, but the seventh has been broken off and has worn away.

When Jackson, O'Neil, Brown, and Kawalsky return to the pyramid, there is a firefight against Ra's soldiers. Brown is killed and Kawalsky is injured. Jackson and O'Neil are captured and brought before Ra and his guards, who are revealed to be humanoids when they retract their armored head-pieces. A firefight ensues and Jackson is killed; O'Neil is incapacitated and is incarcerated with the others. Ra places Jackson's body in asarcophagus-like device that regenerates him. Ra then shows Jackson a nuclear bomb which O'Neil had secretly brought with him. He says he intends to send it back through the Stargate to Earth, along with a shipment of the mineral, which will increase its explosive power a hundred-fold. Ra then orders the human tribe to watch as he prepares to force Jackson to execute the others to demonstrate his power, but Skaara and his friends create a diversion that allows Jackson, O'Neil, Kawalsky, and Ferretti to escape, while Freeman is killed. They flee to nearby caves to hide from Ra. Skaara and his friends celebrate, and Skaara draws a sign of victory on a wall, which Jackson recognizes as the final Stargate symbol needed for the return to Earth.

O'Neil and his remaining men aid Skaara in overthrowing the remaining overseers and then launch an attack on Ra, who sends out fighter ships tostrafethe humans while he orders his ship to depart. The humans outside run out of ammunition and are forced to surrender to the fighter ships' pilots, but the rest of the tribe, seeing that their false gods are really humanoid, rebel against the guards and overthrow them. Sha'uri is killed, but Jackson takes her body and sneaks aboard Ra's ship using a teleportation system, leaving O'Neil to fight Ra's guard captain, Anubis. Jackson places Sha'uri in the regeneration device, and she recovers, but Ra discovers them and attempts to kill Jackson. O'Neil activates the teleportation system, killing Anubis and allowing Jackson and Sha'uri to escape the ship. O'Neil and Jackson teleport the bomb to Ra's ship, destroying the ship and killing Ra. With the humans freed, the remaining team—O'Neil, Kawalsky, and Ferretti—return to Earth while Jackson chooses to stay behind with Sha'uri and the others.

Cast

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  • Kurt RussellasColonel Jonathan J. "Jack" O'Neil,a careerU.S. Air ForceSpecial Operationsofficer, who suffers a period of suicidal depression after his son accidentally shoots and kills himself with O'Neil's own pistol. When his commission is reactivated, he willingly enters the Stargate, fully aware that he will likely not survive to return to Earth. In real life, Kurt Russell served in theCalifornia Air National Guardand belonged to the146th Tactical Airlift Wing,then based in Van Nuys[8]
  • James SpaderasDr. Daniel Jackson,an archaeologist and linguist whose theory that thepharaohsof theFourth Dynastydid not build theGreat Pyramid of Gizais not very widely accepted. Actor James Spader was intrigued by the script because he found it "awful", but, after meeting director Roland Emmerich, got excited about it for he "realized that making this picture was going to be such an adventure that out of that would come an adventure on screen."[9]
  • Jaye DavidsonasRa,a powerfulalienin human form. After voyaging across theuniverse,searching for a new host that could sustain his dying body, Ra took the form of a curious adolescent boy and enslaved the people of his planet (Earth). Using aStargate,he transported people from Earth to another planet until the humans on Earth rebelled and buried their Stargate. Reluctant to continue acting after his debut inThe Crying Game,Davidson took the role after his request for $1 million in pay was accepted.[10]Stargatewas the final major film for Davidson, who subsequently retired from acting. Kairon John plays the masked Ra and Dax Biagas plays the young Ra.
  • Viveca LindforsasDr. Catherine Langford,the civilian leader of the Stargate project who was present when the Stargate was uncovered in Giza in 1928, where her father gave her theamuletdepicting theEye of Ra.Stargatewas Lindfors' penultimate film.[8]Kelly Vint Castroportrays the young Catherine.
  • Alexis CruzasSkaara,the son of Kasuf and brother of Sha'uri. Skaara and his friends aid O'Neil and his men to fight Ra.
  • Mili AvitalasSha'uri,the daughter of Kasuf. Kasuf offers Sha'uri to Daniel Jackson in marriage as a gift.
  • Leon RippyasMajor GeneralW. O. West, the commanding officer of the facility housing the Stargate device
  • John DiehlasLt. Colonel Charles Kawalsky,O'Neil's second-in-command
  • Carlos Lauchu asAnubis,the captain of Ra's personal guard
  • Djimon HounsouasHorus,a personal guard of Ra
  • Erick AvariasKasuf,the local leader of the people living in a city near the Stargate, and the father of Sha'uri and Skaara
  • French StewartasLt. Louis Ferretti,a member of O'Neil's team
  • Christopher John Fields as Lt. Freeman, a member of O'Neil's team
  • Derek Webster as Senior Airman Brown, a member of O'Neil's team
  • Jack Moore as Senior Airman Reilly, a member of O'Neil's team
  • Steve Giannelli as Lt. Porro, a member of O'Neil's team
  • Rae Allenas Dr. Barbara Shore, a researcher studying the Stargate
  • Richard Kindas Dr. Gary Meyers, a researcher studying the Stargate

Production

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Hieroglyphic script on the coverstone and its chalkboard translation

(including original translation and later modification by Daniel Jackson)

r
n
p		rnpt
Z1Z1Z1		I8
V20		r
q		bHwW15N1
N25		pwr
a		C1mit
n		N8

timeyearmillion sky Ra sun god

mxmtS20Aa18n
f		q
r		sT19A24Q6
A55		f
n		D&ttA
r		G21HHra
N23

sealed + buriedcoffinforever to eternityfor all time

ssbAbO32n
Z1Z1Z1		sbAsbA
ra		Z1Z1Z1
f

hisdoor to heavenstargate

literal translation of the text:

years million in sky this Ra as Aten (=sun disk)
sealed buried enduringly and repeatedly
door his to stars

Jackson's final translation:

million years into the sky is Ra Sun God
sealed and buried for all time
his Stargate

Development

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The film in its original cut and in the director's cut plays out inchronological order.When Devlin and Emmerich edited the film in the director's cut to tighten the narrative, they decided to add a scene at the very beginning of the film to show who the human host ofRawas before the aliens took him. Only Davidson's upper torso was filmed.[8]The first scene was a combination of model shots and a set inYuma, ArizonawhereRambo IIIhad been filmed. The scene of the excavation of the Stargate was also filmed in three days in Arizona. A golden look was achieved by filming near sunset.[11]To keep within the budget, the producers put stick figures with cloth in the distant desert to appear as humans. The original Stargate was painted black, but it looked like a giant tire so it was repainted silver at the last moment.[8]

Daniel Jackson's lecture on his theories was filmed in a hotel in Los Angeles.[11]The scene was originally much longer and delved more into the theories that aliens had built the Egyptian pyramids, but it was trimmed for time concerns for the release.[8]The scenes with O'Neil at his house were the first ones filmed with Kurt Russell; his hair was cut short afterwards. Russell requested his hair color to be brightened a little for the film.[11]The fictional facility housing the Stargate was the largest set for the film, the formerSpruce GooseDome located inLong Beach, California.[12][11]EgyptologistStuart Tyson Smithjoined the production to make all Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and spoken language as accurate as possible.[8]

Filming

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The mask of thepharaohin the opening credits was made out of fiberglass and modeled in the workshop. The sequence used amotion-control camerato give better depth of field.[11]The score ofStargatewas composerDavid Arnold's first work on an American feature film. When Devlin and Emmerich first flew to London to meet with Arnold, they had not yet heard the score; hearing it, they felt "he had elevated the film to a whole other level".[8]Arnold later interviewed the actors duringprincipal photography,using the information to improve his score.[8]

Visual effects

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Jeff Kleiser and Kleiser-Walczak Construction Co.'s visual effects team of 40 people created the look of the Stargate. They used self-written image-creation and compositing software, as well as commercial digital packages to create the Stargate, the morphing helmets worn by Ra and the Horus guards, and the cityscape of Nagada. The morphing helmets were not true 3D but 2D elements, as Kleiser explained: "You shoot the character without the headdress, you shoot the character with a headdress. And then you have to go in and, and create all these little sections that you would then wipe off to reveal—and it had to match up, the two things had to match up. I think the cameras were moving as well."[13]

Footprints in the sand were often digitally removed. The creation of the wormhole, which was fully digital, was one of the biggest challenges in the making of the film. The ripples had to be digitally composited to appear accurate and realistic. Scanning lasers were lined up parallel to the gate to illustrate the amount of body that passed the surface of the Stargate plane. Afterwards, the parts of the body that had or had not yet gone through the gate (depending on the side of filming) were obliterated with a digital matte, a process that removes unwanted components from an individual frame or sequence of frames.[14]The funnel of water that precedes the Stargate opening was filmed by discharging an air cannon into a water tank, as Jeff Kleiser explained: "We didn't know how much air pressure to set the cannon on but it went from 1 to 500 lb, so we said 'Let's try 100—start the camera rolling and hit the thing.' It evacuated all the water out of the tank and onto the camera and everybody. It turned out that 1 lb was about the right amount."[13]

The use of computers generating a big 3D storyboard allowed Emmerich to try out different shooting angles before settling on one angle.[14]

Music

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Main article:Stargate (soundtrack)

Thefilm's scorewas composed byDavid Arnold,played by theSinfonia of Londonand conducted by Nicholas Dodd.[15]It was the second motion picture score that Arnold had composed and his first major one. At the time of production, Arnold had recently started to work in a local video store in London. Once hired, he spent several months in a hotel room working on the soundtrack, spending more time rewriting the music and improving it, during delays due to film companies trying to get the rights to distribution.[16]According to Arnold, "when I first read the script for Stargate, I knew what approach to take, which was to be as big and bold as possible," saying: "Every time there was an amazing sight, the characters would stand back and say, 'Oh my God!' But James would just smile and walk towards it. That was the basis for the Stargate score, moving forward with a sense of majesty instead of being frightened by what's around the corner."[17]

Release

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Theatrical

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Stargatewas released in the United States and Canada on October 28, 1994.[1]

Home media

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In 1995, the film was released onVHSand as aDolby Digital-encoded laserdisc spanning two discs (three sides).[18]The firstDVDrelease was on June 18, 1997. The DVD format was re-released in October 1999 under the titleStargate Special Edition,and again in 2003 on VHS and a 2-disc DVD set with remastered theatrical and extended editions.[19]The film was released onBlu-rayformat on August 29, 2006.[20][21]

Lawsuit

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In 1996, Omar Zuhdi, a high school teacher, filed a lawsuit against the makers and originators of the original movie, claiming that they stole the plot and story of his 1984 film scriptEgyptscape,as the basis of the filmStargate(and thus theStargatefranchise).[22]

Director's cut

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Thedirector's cuthad several scenes which were cut from the theatrical release. This version begins with a short scene showing the abduction of the human that is possessed by Ra. The second added scene took place immediately after the excavation of the Stargate in 1928 and showed apetrifiedAnubisguard underneath a broken cover stone. With this scene, the producers had tried to introduce the idea that beings had attempted to come through the Stargate after its burial but the scene was ultimately cut for time concerns.[8]

Reception

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Box office

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The film received a warm reception from the public, grossing $71,567,262 at theUnited Statesbox office and $125 million internationally for a worldwide total of $196,567,262.[6][5]At the time, the film set a record for the highest-grossing opening weekend for a film released in the month of October.[23]It would hold this record for four years until 1998 whenAntztook it.[24]

In its first run,Stargatemade more money than film industry insiders predicted, considering the lukewarm reviews.[25][26]Some regard it as Emmerich's breakthrough film.[27]Stargategrossed over $16,651,000 in the United States during its opening week in October 1994. It was the 35th-highest-grossing film opening in the U.S. in October.[28]From November 4–6, the film grossed around $12,368,700, declining 25%.[29]It topped the box office for two weeks until it was dethroned byInterview with the Vampire.[30]The film would continue this decline until the end of November, when the film garnered $4,777,198, or an 8.2% rise. The week before that the film garnered around $4,413,420, a 45.6% decline. In its last week playing theatrically, the film garnered around $1,170,500 in the U.S.[31]

Critical response

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Main article:Stargate fandom

OnRotten Tomatoes,the film has an approval rating of 53% based on 51 reviews, and an average rating of 5.4/10. The site's critics consensus states: "Stargatehas splashy visuals and James Spader to recommend it, but corny characterization and a clunky script makes this a portal to ho-hum. "[32]OnMetacritic,the film has a weighted average score of 42 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[33]AtMovie Review Query Engine(MRQE), which assigns anormalized ratingto mainstream critics, the film holds a score of 64 out of 100 based on 95 reviews.[34]Audiences polled byCinemaScoregave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[35]

Most of the negativity focused on what was criticized as overuse of special effects, thinness of plot, and excessive use ofclichés.Roger Ebertwent so far as to say, "The movieEd Wood,about the worst director of all time, was made to prepare us forStargate".Ebert awarded the film one out of four stars and, even over 10 years later,Stargateremained on his list of most-hated films.[36][37]Mike DiBella fromAllmoviesaid, "There simply isn't enough spectacle inStargateto make up for its many flaws. "[38]The film peaked at number one on theBillboardchartTop Video Rentalson April 29, 1995.[39]

The positive reviews stated that it was an "instant camp classic" and praised the film for its special effects and entertainment value,[40]with Chris Hicks of theDeseret Newscalling it "Star WarsmeetsBen Hur".[41]Scott McKenzie from DVDactive said, "It's a shame because the world created around theStargateis compelling and detailed. It's almost enough to make me want to watch theTV series,but not quite. "[42]

In January 1995, Emmerich and Devlin were sued by anEgyptologystudent who claimed that he had written the story and given them the idea. The suit was later settled out of court.[43][44]

Accolades

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In 1995,Stargatewas considered for various film awards worldwide. It won six of the ten awards it was nominated for.[45]

Award Category Recipients Result
Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Stargate Won
Saturn Award for Best Costume Design Joseph A. Porro Nominated
Saturn Award for Best Special Effects Jeffrey A. Okun andPatrick Tatopoulos Nominated
BMI Film & TV Awards BMI Film Music Award David Arnold Won
Fantasporto International Fantasy Film Award for Best Film Roland Emmerich Nominated
Germany's Golden Screen Awards Golden Screen Stargate Won
Hugo Award Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation Stargate Nominated
Sci-Fi Universe Magazine: Universe Reader's Choice Awards Best Science Fiction Film Stargate Won
Best Special Effects in a Genre Motion Picture Jeffrey A. Okun Won
Best Supporting Actress in a Genre Motion Picture Mili Avital Won

Other media

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Cancelled film sequels

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Devlin and Emmerich always envisionedStargateas the first part of atrilogyof films, but Parts 2 and 3 were never developed.[46][47]At Comic-Con 2006, twelve years after the original film was released, Devlin stated that he was in early discussions with rights-holders MGM about finally bringing the final two parts to the screen.[48]

According to Devlin, the second film is intended to be set around twelve years after the original, with Jackson making a discovery that leads him back to Earth and to the uncovering of a new Stargate. The second entry would supposedly use a different mythology from the Egyptian one which formed the background to the original film, with the third installment tying these together to reveal that "all mythologies are actually tied together with a common thread that we haven't recognized before."[49]Devlin stated that he hoped to enlist original stars Kurt Russell (Col. Jack O'Neil) and James Spader (Dr. Daniel Jackson) for the sequels. The actors reportedly expressed an interest in participating in the project.[50]

The film trilogy would not directly tie into the seriesStargate SG-1.According to Devlin, the relationship between the movie and the series is "we would just continue the mythology of the movie and finish that out. I think the series could still live on at the end of the third sequel. So we're going to try to not tread on their stories."[49]Plans for sequels to the original film are unrelated to the development ofstraight-to-DVDfilms made as sequels toStargate SG-1.According to Devlin, he and Emmerich had always planned to do three films with the potential for more, but MGM preferred to play out the television series first.[51]

Novel series

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Using some of Emmerich's notes,Bill McCaywrote a series of five novels, continuing the story the original creators had envisioned, which involved the Earth-humans, the locals and the successors of Ra.

Television spin-offs

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Main article:Stargate

The CD-ROM programmeSecrets of Stargate,released after the film, showed how the special effects were made, and included behind-the-scenes of the film and the showing of interviews with the cast and the production members.[14]Dean Devlin eventually gaveMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer(MGM) the rights over the film,[46]and author Bill McCay wrote aseries of five novelsbased on Emmerich's notes, continuing the story the original creators had envisioned. In 1996, MGM hiredBrad WrightandJonathan Glassnerto create aspin-offtelevision series.Stargate SG-1premiered on the American subscription channelShowtimeon July 27, 1997 and ended its ten-season run in 2007.Stargate SG-1itself spawned the non-canon animated television seriesStargate Infinity(2002–03), and the live-action television seriesStargate Atlantis(2004–09) andStargate Universe(2009–11).

Differences from film to television franchise

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Concept drawing of Ra's original humanoid form byPatrick Tatopoulos.[52]

SG-1creators and executive producers Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner altered the canon by introducing several new concepts during production of theSG-1andAtlantisseries. In the television series, characters were portrayed by different actors, and names were spelled differently.[53]Daniel Jackson was played by James Spader in the film and byMichael Shanksin the series. Kurt Russell's character Jonathan "Jack" O'Neil, a rather humorless Colonel, is played byRichard Dean Andersonas Jonathan "Jack" O'Neill (with two 'l's) inSG-1.[54][55]French Stewart's character was Lieutenant Louis Ferretti but inSG-1,played byBrent Stait,he is a Major. The spelling of Daniel Jackson's wife changes from "Sha'uri" to "Sha're", O'Neill's wife from Sarah to Sara. (Similarly, the name of O'Neil's son changes from "Tyler" in the film to "Charlie".)[53]

TheStargate Commandsetting was transferred from the fictional military facility located in Creek Mountain, to theCheyenne Mountain military complex.[53]The unnamed planet from the film was namedAbydosin the series and the distance from Earth changed from millions oflight-yearsaway (in an entirely differentgalaxy,"the Kalium galaxy" ) to becoming the closest planet toEarthwith a Stargate, residing in the same galaxy as Earth. Also inSG-1,Stargate travel is limited to the Stargate network in theMilky Waygalaxy (unless a tremendous amount of power is used to lengthen the subspace wormhole of a Stargate to another galaxy's Stargate).[53]Ra was the last of an unnamed race in the film, being of a humanoid species with large black eyes and a lack of facial features. InSG-1,Ra is one of many "Goa'uld System Lords",a race of parasitic eel-like creatures.[54][56]

There were also changes to the Stargate. The unique set of 39 Stargate symbols in the film was replaced with the concept of 38 symbols that are the same for each Stargate (Earth's symbols based on Earth's constellations), plus a single point of origin symbol that is unique to that individual gate.[56]While thekawoosheffect in the movie was created by filming the actual swirl of water in a glass tube, and looked like a vortex on the back of the Gate,[57]on the television series this effect was completely created incomputer graphicsby the Canadianvisual effectscompanyRainmaker.[58]

At the beginning ofSG-1season 9, the original wormhole-traversal sequence used in the film, and in the series up to that point, was substituted with a new sequence similar to the one already used onStargate Atlantis,but blue as it was in the movie andSG-1.InAtlantis,it is green, and inUniverse,it is white.[59]

Reboot

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On September 5, 2013, during an interview withDigital Spy,Emmerich said that he and MGM are planning a newStargateas a reboot with a trilogy.[60]On May 29, 2014, it was announced that MGM andWarner Bros.are partnering together for a reboot as a trilogy with Emmerich directing, Devlin producing, and Nicolas Wright and James A. Woods writing.[61][62]On November 17, 2016, Devlin toldEmpire Onlinethat the plans to make a reboot and a potential new series are stalled.[63]On April 14, 2023, it was announced that MGM were rebooting their film franchises for film and television, includingStargate.[64]

See also

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References

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  3. ^"Stargate, la porte des étoiles - country".AlloCiné.fr.RetrievedJanuary 9,2014.
  4. ^"La porte des étoiles - country".cinoche.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
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  9. ^Asher-Walsh, Rebecca (November 11, 1994)."James Spader is Slack Happy".Entertainment Weekly.
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  11. ^abcdeEmmerich, Roland(2001).Audio Commentary for Stargate(DVD).MGM Home Entertainment.
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  24. ^"Animated" Antz' crawls to top in box office debut ".
  25. ^Corliss, Richard(July 8, 1996)."The Invasion Has Begun!".Time.Archived fromthe originalon August 15, 2009.RetrievedJuly 8,2008.
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  30. ^Natale, Richard (November 14, 1994)."Love at First Bite: 'Vampire' Tears Into Box Office: Movies: Warners film looks to be the fourth largest debut ever. 'Santa Clause' sleighs into the No. 2 spot with a solid take".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedDecember 22,2010.
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