Steam shovel

Asteam shovelis a largesteam-poweredexcavating machinedesigned for lifting and moving material such asrockandsoil.It is the earliest type ofpower shovelorexcavator.Steam shovels played a major role in public works in the 19th and early 20th century, being key to the construction of railroads and thePanama Canal.The development of simpler, cheaperdiesel,gasolineandelectricshovelscaused steam shovels to fall out of favor in the 1930s.

AMarion Power Shovel Companysteam shovel excavating thePanama Canalin 1908.

History

Origins and development

Otis excavator. 1841

Grimshaw of Boulton & Watt devised the first steam-powered excavator in 1796.In 1833William Bruntonpatented another steam-powered excavator which he provided further details on in 1836.The steam shovel was invented byWilliam Otis,who received apatentfor his design in 1839. The first machines were known as 'partial-swing', since the boom could not rotate through 360 degrees. They were built on arailway chassis,on which theboilerandmovement engineswere mounted. The shovel arm and driving engines were mounted at one end of the chassis, which accounts for the limited swing.Bogieswith flanged wheels were fitted, and power was taken to the wheels by a chain drive to the axles. Temporary rail tracks were laid by workers where the shovel was expected to work, and repositioned as required.

Steam shovels became more popular in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Originally configured withchain hoists,the advent ofsteel cablein the 1870s allowed for easier rigging to the winches.

Later machines were supplied withcaterpillar tracks,obviating the need for rails.

The full-swing, 360° revolving shovel was developed inEnglandin 1884, and became the preferred format for these machines.

Growth and uses

A steam shovel excavating for theSan Diego and Arizona Railwayline, circa 1919.

Expanding railway networks (in the US and the UK) fostered a demand for steam shovels. The extensive mileage of railways, and corresponding volume of material to be moved, forced the technological leap. As a result, steam shovels became commonplace.

American manufacturers included theMarion Steam Shovel Companyfounded in 1884, theBucyrus Companyand the Erie Shovel Company, now owned by Caterpillar.

The booming cities in North America used shovels to dig foundations and basements for the earlyskyscrapers.

One hundred and two steam shovels worked in the decade-long dig of thePanama Canalacross theIsthmus of Panama.Of these, seventy-seven were built by Bucyrus;the remainder were Marion shovels. These machines 'moved mountains' in their labors. The shovel crews would race to see who could move the most dirt.

Steam shovels assisted mining operations: theiron minesof Minnesota, the copper mines of Chile and Montana, placer mines of theKlondike– all had earth-moving equipment. With the burgeoning open-pit mines – first inBingham Canyon,Utah – shovels became prominent. The shovels removed hillsides. As a result, steam shovels were used globally from Australia to Russia to coal mines in China. Shovels were used for construction, road and quarry work.

Steam shovels became widely used in the 1920s in the road-building programs in North America. Thousands of miles of State Highways were built in this era, together with factories and many docks, ports, buildings, and grain elevators.

Successors

During the 1930s steam shovels were supplanted by simpler, cheaperdiesel-poweredexcavating shovels that were the forerunners of those in use today. Open-pit mines were electrified at this time. Only after theSecond World War,with the advent of robust high-pressure hydraulic hoses, did the more versatile hydraulic excavators take pre-eminence over the cable-hoisting winch shovels.

Many steam shovels remained at work on the railways of developing nations until diesel engines supplanted them. Most have since been scrapped.

Large, multi-ton mining shovels still use the cable-lift shovel arrangement. In the 1950s and 1960s, Marion Shovel built massive stripping shovels for coal operations in the Eastern US. Shovels of note were the Marion 360, the Marion 5900, and the largest shovel ever built,Marion 6360The Captain– with a 180-cubic-yard (140 m³) bucket – while Bucyrus constructed one of the most famous monsters: theBig Brutus,the largest still in existence. TheGEM of Egypt(GEM standing for "Giant Excavating Machine" and Egypt referring to the Egypt Valley inBelmont County,eastern Ohio where it was first employed), which operated from 1967 to 1988, was of comparable size. It has since been dismantled.Although these big machines are still calledsteam shovels,they are more correctly known aspower shovelssince they use electricity to power their winches.

Operation

100-ton steam shovel mounted onrailroad tracks,cc. 1919

A derelict steam shovel inAlaska;major components visible include thesteam boiler,water tank,winch,main engine, boom, dipper stick, crowd engine, wheels, andexcavator bucket.

A steam shovel consists of:

• a bucket, usually with a toothed edge, to dig into the earth
• a "dipper" or "dipper stick" connecting the bucket to the boom
• a "boom" mounted on the rotating platform, supporting the dipper and its control wires
• a boiler
• a water tank and coal bunker
• steam engines and winches
• operator's controls
• a platform on which everything is mounted
• wheels (or sometimescaterpillar tracksor railroad wheels)
• a house (on the platform) to contain and protect 'the works'

The shovel has several individual operations: it can raise or luff the boom, extend the dipper stick with the boom or crowd engine, and raise or lower the dipper stick. Some shovels can rotate the platform on which the bulk of the machine is mounted on a turntable above its truck, similar to a modern excavator, while others, particularly those with longer bodies, have a turntable at the base of the boom, and rotate the boom.

When digging at a rock face, the operator simultaneously raises and extends the dipper stick to fill the bucket with material. When the bucket is full, the shovel is rotated to load a railway car or motor truck. The locking pin on the bucket flap is released and the load drops away. The operator lowers the dipper stick, the bucket mouth self-closes, the pin relocks automatically and the process repeats.

Steam shovels usually had at least a three-man crew: engineer, fireman and ground man. There was much jockeying to do to move shovels: rails and timber blocks to move; cables and block purchases to attach; chains and slings to rig; and so on. On soft ground, shovels used timber mats to help steady and level the ground. The early models were not self-propelled, rather they would use the boom to manoeuvre themselves.

Steam shovel manufacturers

A railroad shovel byBucyrus;the boom rotates independently of the cab housing

North American manufacturers:

• Ball Engine Co.
• Bucyrus
• Erie
• Marion Steam Shovel Dredge Company
• Moore Speedcrane(laterManitowoc Cranes)
• Northwest Shovels
• Thew Automatic Shovel Co.
• Vulcan Iron Works

O&Ksteam shovel inKitee, Finland

European manufacturers:

• Demag(Germany)
• Fiorentini(Italy)
• Lubecker
• Menck
• Newton & Chambers(UK)
• Orenstein and Koppel GmbH(Germany)
• Ruston & Hornsby(UK)

Power shovel/dragline manufacturers

• Bucyrus International
• Insley Manufacturing Co.
• Komatsu
• Lima Locomotive Works
• Link Belt
• Marion Power Shovel
• P&H Mining Equipment
• Priestman Bros(UK)
• Ransomes & Rapier(UK)
• Ruston-Bucyrus(UK)

Preservation

Ruston-Bucyrus No. 4 (built 1931)

Most steam shovels have been scrapped, although a few reside in industrial museums and private collections.

The Le Roy Marion

Main article:Marion Steam Shovel (Le Roy, New York)

The world's largest intact steam shovel is a Marion machine, dating from either 1906 or 1911, located inLe Roy, New York.It was listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 2008.

Ruston Proctor Steam Navvy No 306

Dating from 1909, this machine – Ruston's called it a 'crane navvy'– is the oldest surviving steamnavvyin the world.It was originally used at achalk pitatArlesey,inBedfordshire,England. After the pit was closed, the steam navvy was simply abandoned and 'lost' as the pit became flooded with water. By the mid-1970s, the area had become a local beauty spot, known asThe Blue Lagoon(from chemicals from the quarry colouring the water), and after long periods of drought, the top of the rusty navvy could be seen protruding from the water.Ruston & Hornsbyexpert Ray Hooley heard of its existence, and organised the difficult task of rescuing it from the water-filled pit.Hooley arranged for its complete restoration to working order by apprentices at theRuston-Bucyrusworks. Subsequently it passed into the care of theMuseum of Lincolnshire Life. The museum was unable to make full use of the machine, and, not being stored under cover, its condition deteriorated. In 2011, Ray Hooley donated the machine to the Vintage Excavator Trust atThrelkeldQuarry and Mining Museum in Cumbria. It was moved to the quarry in 2011,and (as of 2013) full restoration is once again under way.

1923 Bucyrus Model 50-B

1923 Bucyrus Model 50-B at the Nederland Mining Museum

Twenty-fiveBucyrusModel 50-B steam shovels were sent to thePanama Canalto build bridges, roads, and drains and remove the huge quantities of soil and rock cut from the canal bed. All the shovels but one were scrapped at Panama. The survivor was shipped back to California and then brought to Denver. In the early 1950s, it was transported to Rollinsville by Roy and Russell Durand, who operated it at the Lump Gulch Placer, six miles south ofNederland, Colorado,until 1978. This steam shovel is one of two (the other at the Western Minnesota Steam Thresher's Reunion in Rollag, MN) remaining operational Bucyrus Model 50-Bs,and is preserved at theNederland Mining Museum.Roots of Motive Power in Willits, CA has also acquired a 50-B and operates it for the public once a year at their Steam Festival in early September.

This is one of two steam shovels sitting abandoned off I 5 in Zamora, CA, north of Sacramento. The sign on the back identifies it as having been manufactured by Northwest, and spraypainted on the top back of the cab is the name Carl J Woods.More Information

Northwest Model

Two shovels sit abandoned inZamora, California,north of Sacramento beside I 5.

In fiction

• The classic children's bookMike Mulligan and His Steam Shovelfeatures a steam shovel as a main character.
• A steam shovel, clearly illustrated with a boiler and smoke rings, also known as a "Snort", features towards the climax of the children's bookAre You My Mother?by P. D. Eastman. The little bird is returned to its nest by the steam shovel.
• In theThomas & FriendsTV series, a steam shovel namedNedappears as a minor character. A rail-mounted steam shovel namedMarionalso appears in Thomas & Friends, beginning with the movieTale of the Brave.
• In the Australian children's TV seriesMr. Squiggle,Bill the Steam Shovel provides comic relief and produces steam from his "nose" when he laughs.
• In theClive CusslernovelThe Saboteurs,steam shovels play a key part of the storyline in the sabotage of the building of the Panama Canal.
• InLackadaisy,Rocky turns one into a makeshiftSiege Engineby settingSandbagson the control levers, then climbing into the bucket with a sack ofDynamite.
• In the 1932Laurel and Hardyfilm 'Their First Mistake', whilst on the telephone to Ollie, Stan mentions that he has two tickets for the 'Cement Worker's Bazaar' and if they attend they may win a steam shovel.

See also

• Excavator
• Steam crane
• Crane (railroad)
• Dredge

References

• Marsh Jr., Robert (1920).Steam Shovel Mining.New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Construction Service Co. (1911).Handbook of Steam Shovel Work.The Bucyrus Company.
• Hermann, E.A. (1894).Steam Shovels and Shovel Work.New York: Engineering News Publishing Corp.

External links

• Photo of the Le Roy Marion shovel at work
• The Long Journey of a Steam Shovel–the story of a preservedRuston-Bucyrussteam shovel in Spain
• Digging with steam poweronYouTube–Video of a working steam shovel and a clamshell-fitted steam crane
• Bucyrus Official Website
• Steam shovel photo register,including many working shovels.
• Copper Range Steam Shovel X-2