Steny Hamilton Hoyer(/ˈstɛniˈhɔɪər/STEN-eeHOY-ər;born June 14, 1939) is an American politician and retired attorney who has served as theU.S. representativeforMaryland's 5th congressional districtsince 1981. He also served asHouse Majority Leaderfrom 2007 to 2011 and again from 2019 to 2023. Hoyer first attained office through a special election on May 19, 1981. As of 2023, he is in his 22nd House term. His district includes a large swath of rural and suburban territory southeast ofWashington, D.C.Hoyer is the dean of theMaryland congressional delegationand the mostsenior Democrat in the House.[2]
Steny Hoyer | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 2019 | |
| House Majority Leader | |
| In office January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2023 | |
| Speaker | Nancy Pelosi |
| Whip | Jim Clyburn |
| Preceded by | Kevin McCarthy |
| Succeeded by | Steve Scalise |
| In office January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2011 | |
| Speaker | Nancy Pelosi |
| Whip | Jim Clyburn |
| Preceded by | John Boehner |
| Succeeded by | Eric Cantor |
| House Minority Whip | |
| In office January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2019 | |
| Leader | Nancy Pelosi |
| Preceded by | Eric Cantor |
| Succeeded by | Steve Scalise |
| In office January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007 | |
| Leader | Nancy Pelosi |
| Preceded by | Nancy Pelosi |
| Succeeded by | Roy Blunt |
| Chair of the House Democratic Caucus | |
| In office June 21, 1989 – January 3, 1995 | |
| Leader | Tom Foley |
| Preceded by | William H. Gray III |
| Succeeded by | Vic Fazio |
| Vice Chair of the House Democratic Caucus | |
| In office January 3, 1989 – June 21, 1989 | |
| Leader | Jim Wright |
| Preceded by | Mary Rose Oakar |
| Succeeded by | Vic Fazio |
| Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromMaryland's5thdistrict | |
| Assumed office May 19, 1981 | |
| Preceded by | Gladys Spellman |
| President of the Maryland Senate | |
| In office January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1978 | |
| Preceded by | William S. James |
| Succeeded by | James Clark Jr. |
| Member of theMaryland Senate from the 26th district | |
| In office January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1978 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Mike Donovan |
| Member of theMaryland Senate from the 4C district | |
| In office January 1967 – January 1975 | |
| Preceded by | constituency established |
| Succeeded by | constituency abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Steny Hamilton Hoyer June 14, 1939 New York City, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) |
Judith Pickett
(m.1961; died 1997)Elaine Kamarck (m.2023) |
| Children | 3 |
| Residence(s) | Mechanicsville, Maryland,U.S. |
| Education | University of Maryland, College Park(BA) Georgetown University(JD) |
| Profession |
|
| Signature |  |
| Website | House website |
From 2003 to 2023, Hoyer was the second-ranking Democrat in the House of Representatives behindNancy Pelosi.He is a two-timeHouse majority leader,having served in the post from 2007 to 2011 underSpeakerPelosi.[3][4]During two periods of Republican House control (2003–2007 and 2011–2019), Hoyer served asHouse minority whip,both times under Minority Leader Pelosi. Following the2018 midterm electionsin which the Democrats took control of the House, Hoyer was reelected majority leader in 2019 for the116th Congress;he remained the number two House Democrat behind Speaker Pelosi. He announced on November 17, 2022, that he, along with Pelosi, would not seek a leadership position in the 118th Congress, though he would remain a member of the House.[5][6]
Early life and education
editHoyer was born inNew York Citybut grew up inMitchellville, Maryland,the son of Jean (née Baldwin) and Steen Theilgaard Høyer. His father was Danish and a native ofCopenhagen;"Steny" is a variant of his father's name, "Steen".[7]His mother was an American with Scottish, German, and English ancestry and a descendant ofJohn Hart,a signer of theUS Declaration of Independence.[8]
Steny Hoyer graduated fromSuitland High SchoolinSuitland, Maryland.In 1963, Hoyer received his B.A. degreemagna cum laudeand graduatedOmicron Delta Kappafrom theUniversity of Maryland, College Park.He was a member of theSigma Chifraternity.[9]He earned hisJ.D.degree fromGeorgetown University Law Centerin 1966.[9]
Early political career
editFrom 1962 to 1966, Hoyer was a member of the staff of U.S. SenatorDaniel Brewster;also on Brewster's staff at that time wasNancy Pelosi.[10]
In 1966, Hoyer won a newly created seat in theMaryland State Senate,representingPrince George's County–based Senate district 4C.[11]The district, created in the aftermath ofReynolds v. Sims,was renumbered as the 26th in 1975,[9][12]the same year that Hoyer was electedpresident of the Maryland State Senate,the youngest in state history.[13]
From 1969 to 1971, Hoyer served as the first vice president of theYoung Democrats of America.[14]
In 1978, Hoyer sought the Democratic nomination forlieutenant governor of Marylandas the running mate of then acting GovernorBlair Lee III,but lost toSamuel Bogley,37%–34%.[15]The same year, Hoyer was appointed to the Maryland Board of Higher Education, a position he held until 1981.[9]
U.S. House of Representatives
edit
Elections
editFifth district CongresswomanGladys Spellmanfell into a coma shortly before the 1980 election. She was reelected, but it soon became apparent that she would never regain consciousness, and Congress declared her seat vacant by resolution in February 1981. Hoyer narrowly won a crowded seven-way Democraticprimary,beating Spellman's husband, Reuben, by only 1,600 votes. He defeated a better-fundedRepublican,BowieMayor[16]Audrey Scott, in the May 19special election.56%–44%, earning himself the nickname "boy wonder".[17][18][19]In the 1982 general election, Hoyer was reelected to a full term with 80% of the vote.[20]He has faced only one relatively close contest since then, when he defeated futureGovernor of MarylandLarry Hoganwith 53% of the vote in 1992.[21]His second-lowest margin of victory was his 1996 race against Republican State DelegateJohn Morgan,when he received 57% of the vote.[22]Hoyer has been reelected 14 times with no substantive opposition and is the longest-serving House member ever from Maryland.[13]
Tenure
editDomestic issues
editHoyer supports and has led theMake It In Americaplan linking the domestic manufacturing industry and overall U.S. economic success.[23]
Hoyer ispro-choiceonabortion rights.[24]He voted against thePartial-Birth Abortion Ban Actin 2003. (However, at the height of national polarization after theSupreme Court'sintention to overturnRoe v. Wadeleaked,Hoyer controversially endorsed a pro-life incumbent House member over his pro-choiceprimarychallenger.[25]) Hoyer supportsaffirmative actionandLGBT rights.He is rated "F" by theNRA Political Victory Fund,indicating that he tends to vote in favor ofgun control.[26][27][28]
In 2008, Hoyer said he opposed providing immunity to telecom companies, but then negotiated a bill, which SenatorsPatrick LeahyandRuss Feingoldcalled a "capitulation", that would provide immunity to any telecom company[29]that had been told by theGeorge W. Bushadministration that its actions were legal.[30][31][32]"No matter how they spin it, this is still immunity", saidKevin Bankston,a senior lawyer for theElectronic Frontier Foundation,aprivacy rightsgroup that sued over Bush's wiretapping program. "It's not compromise, it's pure theater."[33]
In June 2010, Hoyer brought up the idea that Congress could temporarily extend middle-class tax cuts set to expire at the end of the year, suggesting that making them permanent would cost too much. President Obama wanted to extend them permanently for people making less than $200,000 a year and families making less than $250,000.[34]
Hoyer voted against the impeachment of PresidentBill Clintonin 1999. In 2019 and 2021, Hoyer voted to impeach PresidentDonald Trump.[35]
In February 2021, Hoyer made a speech in Congress that has been viewed online more than two million times, criticizing a Facebook post by U.S. RepresentativeMarjorie Taylor Greene.The post featured a gun-toting Greene next to three members of the "Squad" —RepresentativesIlhan Omar,Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,andRashida Tlaib—with the caption "Democrats' Worst Nightmare". In his speech, Hoyer compared Greene's words with those of RepresentativeSteve King,who was removed from the Judiciary and Agriculture Committees in 2019 after comments he made toThe New York Timesquestioning why white supremacy was considered offensive. Hoyer said that, in both posts, Greene had promoted baseless conspiracy theories far more offensive and incendiary than the comment that led Republicans to strip King of his committee roles. He asked his colleagues on both sides of the aisle to "do the decent thing" and strip Greene of her committee roles. The vote succeeded, with 11 Republicans joining Democrats to pass the motion to remove.[36]
Foreign issues
editHoyer supports civilian nuclear cooperation with India.[37]
Hoyer initially supported theIraq Warand was recognized by the DLC for his vocal leadership on this issue. After the war became publicly unpopular, he said he favored a "responsible redeployment".[38]But he repeatedly supported legislation to continue funding the war without deadlines for troop withdrawal, most recently in return for increased funding of domestic projects.[39]
Hoyer is a supporter of Israel, and has often been allied withAmerican Israel Public Affairs Committee(AIPAC). In September 2007, he criticized RepresentativeJim Moranfor suggesting that AIPAC "has pushed [the Iraq] war from the beginning", calling the comment "factually inaccurate".[40]In January 2017, he voted for a House resolution condemningUN Security Council Resolution 2334,which calledIsraeli settlement buildingin the occupiedPalestinian territoriesa flagrant violation of international law and a major obstacle to peace.[41]
Hoyer supported President Trump's decision torecognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital.[42]In 2023, he voted with an overwhelming bipartisan majority to provide Israel with whatever support is necessary in the "barbaric war" in Gaza started by Hamas and other terrorists following the2023 Hamas attack on Israelon October 7.[43][44]
Hoyer has said that a nuclear Iran is "unacceptable" and that the use of force remains an option.[45]
In January 2019, Hoyer opposed Trump's planned withdrawal ofU.S. troops from SyriaandAfghanistanas "impulsive, irresponsible, and dangerous".[46]He supports former PresidentObama's call for authorizing limited but decisive military action in response to the Assad regime's alleged use of chemical weapons.
Hoyer is a former chair of theCommission on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
Legislation
editOn February 28, 2014, Hoyer introduced the billto amend the National Law Enforcement Museum Act to extend the termination date (H.R. 4120; 113th Congress).[47]The bill would extend until November 9, 2016, the authority of the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, a nonprofit organization, to construct a museum on federal lands in theDistrict of Columbiahonoring law enforcement officers.[48]
Fundraising
editHoyer is a prolific fundraiser for House Democrats. He has been the top giver to fellow party members in the House. In the 2008 election cycle, he contributed more than $1 million to the party and individual candidates as of July 14, 2008.[49]
Party leadership
edit
Hoyer served as chair of theDemocratic Caucus,the fourth-ranking position among House Democrats, from 1989 to 1994; a former co-chair of the Democratic Steering Committee; and as the chief candidate recruiter for House Democrats from 1995 to 2000. He also served as Deputy MajorityWhipfrom 1987 to 1989.[9]
WhenDavid E. Boniorresigned as minority whip in early 2002, Hoyer ran in the race to succeed him but lost toNancy Pelosi.After the 2002 midterm elections, Pelosi ran to succeedDick Gephardtas minority leader, leaving the minority whip post open again.[50]On November 14, 2002, Hoyer's colleagues in the Democratic Caucus unanimously elected him minority whip, the second-highest-ranking position among House Democrats.[13]
Pelosi became theSpeaker of the Housein January 2007. Hoyer was elected by his colleagues to be House Majority Leader for the 110th Congress, defeatingJohn MurthaofPennsylvaniaby a vote of 149–86 within thecaucus,despite Pelosi's endorsement of Murtha.[3][51]Hoyer was the first Marylander to become Majority Leader[52]and became the highest-ranking federal lawmaker in Maryland history.[13]In this post, Hoyer was the House Democrats' floor leader and ranked second in the leadership, after the Speaker.
The day after the 2010 midterm elections, in which the Democrats lost control of the House, Hoyer had a private conversation with Pelosi and said he would not challenge her for minority leader.[53]He ran for minority whip, but was challenged by outgoing Majority WhipJim Clyburn(the top House Democrats wanted to remain in the leadership, but the minority party in the House has one less position). Hoyer is moderate while Pelosi and Clyburn are more liberal, and a significant number of Hoyer's would-be supporters in the House who were moderate and conservative Democrats had been defeated for reelection.[54][55][56]TheCongressional Black Caucusbacked Clyburn, while 30 House Democrats have supported Hoyer.[57][58]Hoyer received further support from outgoing Foreign Affairs Committee ChairmanHoward L. Berman,Financial Services Committee ChairmanBarney Frank,and outgoing Energy and Commerce Committee ChairmanHenry A. Waxman[59]Pelosi intervened in the contest by supporting Hoyer as Minority Whip, while creating an "Assistant Leader" position for Clyburn, which would keep him as the third-ranking Democrat in the House behind Pelosi and Hoyer (the existing "Assistant to the Leader" post formerly held byChris Van Hollenis not officially part of the House leadership and was directly appointed by the Minority Leader).[60][61]
Hoyer and theDemocratic Congressional Campaign Committee(DCCC) have been criticized for picking their preferred candidates through an undemocratic process. In 2018, it was reported that Hoyer sought to influence the primary race inColorado's 6th congressional district.He was recorded urging progressive candidateLevi Tillemannto drop out of the race. Hoyer acknowledged that the DCCC had already identified its preferred candidate and discouraged a candid discussion about his weaknesses.[62]On November 28, 2018, Hoyer was selected to return as House Majority Leader.[5][6]
Electoral history
editPersonal life
editHoyer has three daughters from his marriage to Judy Pickett Hoyer, who died of cancer in February 1997.[1]In June 2012, after Hoyer announced his support ofsame-sex marriage,his daughter Stefany Hoyer Hemmer came out as a lesbian in an interview with theWashington Blade.[69]A widower for 26 years, Hoyer married Elaine Kamarck, a Clinton administration official and the director of the Center for Effective Public Management at theBrookings Institution,in June 2023.[70][71]
Judy Hoyer was an advocate ofearly childhood education,and child development learning centers in Maryland have been named in her honor ( "Judy Centers" ).[72]She also suffered fromepilepsy,and theEpilepsy Foundation of Americasponsors an annual public lecture in her name.[73]Steny Hoyer, too, has been an advocate for research in this area, and in 2002 the Epilepsy Foundation gave him its Congressional Leadership Award.[74]
Hoyer serves on the board of trustees forSt. Mary's College of Maryland[9]and is a member of the board of theInternational Foundation for Electoral Systems,a nonprofit that supports international elections.[75]He is also an Advisory Board Member for theCenter for the Study of Democracy.[76]
Hoyer is a member of a Baptist church.[77]
On August 13, 2024 it was reported that Hoyer suffered a mild stroke.[78]
References
edit- ^abRasmussen, Fred (February 7, 1997)."Judith Hoyer, 57, school official, congressman's wife".The Baltimore Sun.Archivedfrom the original on March 25, 2019.RetrievedMarch 25,2019.
- ^"Steny Hoyer for Congress".Hoyer for Congress.RetrievedSeptember 26,2022.
- ^abFerraro, Thomas; Cowan, Richard (November 16, 2006)."Corrected - Democrats defy Pelosi, elect Hoyer House leader".Toronto Star.Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on January 14, 2021.RetrievedJune 18,2018.
- ^Alexander Mooney (November 16, 2006)."Hoyer beats out Murtha for majority leader".CNN Political Ticker.CNN.Archivedfrom the original on March 9, 2008.RetrievedNovember 16,2006.
- ^abMcPherson, Lindsey (November 28, 2018)."Steny Hoyer Elected House Majority Leader".Roll Call.Archivedfrom the original on November 29, 2018.RetrievedNovember 29,2018.
- ^abBarker, Jeff (November 28, 2018)."Democrats select Maryland's Steny Hoyer to return as U.S. House majority leader; Pelosi nominated for speaker".The Baltimore Sun.Archivedfrom the original on November 29, 2018.RetrievedNovember 29,2018.
- ^Valdez, Jessica (August 28, 2004)."For Hoyer, a Balancing of Roles".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on January 27, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 27,2020– via majorityleader.gov.
- ^"Steny Hoyer ancestry".Ancestry.Archivedfrom the original on October 19, 2015.RetrievedFebruary 20,2012.
- ^abcdef"Steny H. Hoyer, U.S. Representative (Maryland)".Maryland Manual On-Line.Maryland State Archives. January 3, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on January 27, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 27,2020.
- ^Jonathan Weisman and Lois Romano (November 16, 2006)."Pelosi Splits Democrats With Push For Murtha".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on December 1, 2017.RetrievedNovember 16,2006.
- ^"Maryland Senate, Legislative District 4, 4A, 4B, 4C".msa.maryland.gov.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MD State Senate 26 Race - Nov 05, 1974".ourcampaigns.Archivedfrom the original on November 13, 2012.RetrievedNovember 14,2011.
- ^abcd"Biography of Steny Hoyer".Archivedfrom the original on November 14, 2006.RetrievedNovember 18,2006.
- ^"YDA past officers (1932-2019)".Young Democrats of America.2019.Archivedfrom the original on December 9, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 27,2020.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MD Lt. Governor - D Primary Race - Sep 12, 1978".ourcampaigns.Archivedfrom the original on September 24, 2015.RetrievedNovember 14,2011.
- ^"Biographies - Audrey E. Scott".
- ^Shailagh Murray"Political Pragmatism Carried Hoyer to the Top"ArchivedDecember 1, 2016, at theWayback Machine.The Washington Post,page A6. Friday, November 17, 2006.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MD District 5 - Special D Primary Race - Apr 07, 1981".ourcampaigns.Archivedfrom the original on November 13, 2012.RetrievedNovember 14,2011.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MD - District 5 - Special Election Race - May 19, 1981".ourcampaigns.Archivedfrom the original on October 24, 2012.RetrievedAugust 11,2009.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MD District 5 Race - Nov 02, 1982".ourcampaigns.Archivedfrom the original on November 13, 2012.RetrievedNovember 14,2011.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MD District 5 Race - Nov 03, 1992".ourcampaigns.Archivedfrom the original on September 24, 2015.RetrievedNovember 14,2011.
- ^"Our Campaigns - Candidate - Steny H. Hoyer".ourcampaigns.Archivedfrom the original on November 6, 2012.RetrievedNovember 14,2011.
- ^"House Democrats' Make It In America Plan".The Office of Majority Leader Steny Hoyer.June 13, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on November 24, 2020.RetrievedDecember 31,2020.
- ^"Steny Hoyer on the Issues".On the Issues.Archivedfrom the original on January 15, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 12,2021.
- ^Metzger, Bryan (May 11, 2022)."Top Democrat defends backing pro-life Rep. Henry Cuellar over progressive challenger as the Supreme Court weighs overturning Roe v. Wade".Business Insider.Insider Inc.RetrievedJuly 16,2022.
- ^"NRA-PVF | Grades | Maryland".nrapvf.org.NRA-PVF. Archived from the original on November 4, 2014.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^"NRA-PVF | Grades | Maryland".nrapvf.org.NRA-PVF. Archived from the original on November 7, 2022.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^Lacombe, Matthew J. (March 9, 2021),"The Party-Group Alignment of the NRA and the GOP",Firepower,Princeton University Press, pp. 149–185,doi:10.23943/princeton/9780691207445.003.0006,ISBN9780691207445,retrievedMarch 26,2023
- ^"House Prepares to Debate New Surveillance Law".CNBC.Associated Press.June 20, 2008.Archivedfrom the original on December 6, 2018.RetrievedDecember 5,2018.
- ^Sargent, Greg (October 25, 2007)."Steny Hoyer Says Some Strong Words Against Telecom Immunity".Election Central.Talking Points Memo.Archived fromthe originalon April 7, 2008.RetrievedJune 18,2008.
- ^Fertik, Bob (June 15, 2008)."Wiretapping: Impeachment Not Immunity".Democrats.Archived fromthe originalon June 18, 2008.RetrievedJune 17,2008.
- ^Greenwald, Glenn (June 17, 2008)."Targeting Steny Hoyer for his contempt for the rule of law".Salon.Archivedfrom the original on January 13, 2021.RetrievedJune 19,2008.
- ^Lichtblau, Eric (June 20, 2008)."Deal Reached in Congress to Rewrite Rules on Wiretapping".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on April 24, 2009.RetrievedMay 24,2010.
- ^"Hoyer: Permanent middle class tax cuts too costly".The Columbian.Vancouver, Washington.Associated Press.June 22, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on January 14, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 12,2021.
- ^Panetta, Grace (December 18, 2019)."WHIP COUNT: Here's which members of the House voted for and against impeaching Trump".Business Insider.Archivedfrom the original on December 24, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 23,2020.
- ^Batchelor, Tom (February 5, 2021)."Steny Hoyer's viral speech denouncing Marjorie Taylor Greene viewed 2 million times".Newsweek.Archivedfrom the original on September 13, 2021.RetrievedFebruary 24,2021.
- ^"Roll Call 541 | Bill Number: H. R. 5682".Office of the Clerk.U.S. House of Representatives.December 8, 2006.Archivedfrom the original on September 25, 2018.RetrievedApril 27,2018.
- ^"Rep. Steny Hoyer:: newsroom".Archived fromthe originalon July 25, 2007.
- ^Weisman, Jonathan; Kane, Paul (December 8, 2007)."Hill Close To Deal on War Funds".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on November 3, 2012.RetrievedMay 24,2010.
- ^Soraghan, Mike (September 18, 2007)."Hoyer takes aim at Moran's AIPAC comment".The Hill.Archivedfrom the original on April 28, 2018.RetrievedSeptember 19,2007.
- ^"House votes to rebuke UN on Israeli settlement resolution".The Hill.January 5, 2017.Archivedfrom the original on January 14, 2021.RetrievedFebruary 12,2019.
- ^"In US Congress, robust backing for Trump's Jerusalem move".The Times of Israel.December 6, 2017.Archivedfrom the original on August 4, 2019.RetrievedAugust 4,2019.
- ^Demir gian, Karoun (October 25, 2023)."House Declares Solidarity With Israel in First Legislation Under New Speaker".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedOctober 30,2023.
- ^Washington, U. S. Capitol Room H154; p:225-7000, DC 20515-6601 (October 25, 2023)."Roll Call 528 Roll Call 528, Bill Number: H. Res. 771, 118th Congress, 1st Session".Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives.RetrievedOctober 30,2023.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^Krieger, Hillary Leila (January 7, 2007)."Democrats: Nuclear Iran unacceptable".The Jerusalem Post.Archivedfrom the original on April 27, 2018.RetrievedJanuary 8,2007.
- ^"Don't Let Democrats Become the Party of War".Foreign Policy.February 4, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on October 3, 2020.RetrievedApril 13,2019.
- ^"H.R. 4120 - All Actions".Congress.gov.Library of Congress.Archivedfrom the original on May 2, 2014.RetrievedApril 30,2014.
- ^"CBO - H.R. 4120".Congressional Budget Office.April 17, 2014.Archivedfrom the original on May 2, 2014.RetrievedApril 28,2014.
- ^"Hoyer Is a Giver".Congressional Quarterly.July 14, 2008.Archivedfrom the original on November 15, 2008.RetrievedJuly 15,2022.
- ^"Hoyer has won contested leadership races before - FoxNews".Fox News.November 5, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on November 8, 2010.RetrievedNovember 8,2010.
- ^"CNN: Scramble is on to replace Congressional leaders".CNN.November 9, 2006.Archivedfrom the original on December 21, 2006.RetrievedNovember 9,2006.
- ^"About the Majority Leader".Office of the House Democratic Majority Leader.Archived fromthe originalon January 15, 2007.
- ^Murphy, Patricia (November 3, 2010)."Nancy Pelosi Has 'No Regrets' Following Midterm Rout".The Capitolist.Politics Daily.Archived fromthe originalon November 4, 2010.
- ^Camia, Catalina (November 8, 2010)."Democrats Hoyer, Clyburn fight for leadership post".USA Today.Archivedfrom the original on November 11, 2010.RetrievedNovember 8,2010.
- ^"Hire Hoyer".The Washington Post.Archived fromthe originalon January 12, 2012.RetrievedNovember 8,2010.
- ^O'Connor, Patrick (November 8, 2010)."Hoyer, Clyburn: An Impromptu Leadership Fight".The Wall Street Journal.Archivedfrom the original on October 6, 2017.RetrievedAugust 4,2017.
- ^"High Profile Dems Back Hoyer In Whip Race".Archivedfrom the original on November 9, 2010.RetrievedNovember 8,2010.
- ^Burner, Darcy (May 25, 2011)."The Progressive Case for Steny Hoyer as Minority Whip".Huffington Post.Archivedfrom the original on March 5, 2016.RetrievedFebruary 18,2020.
- ^Kane, Paul (November 10, 2010)."In race for whip, Hoyer gets liberals' support".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on October 7, 2017.RetrievedSeptember 15,2017.
- ^Rowley, James (November 13, 2010)."Pelosi Heads Off Democratic Leadership Fight, Backs Hoyer for No. 2 Post".Bloomberg.Archivedfrom the original on November 7, 2014.RetrievedMarch 11,2017.
- ^"'Assistant leader' for Clyburn ".Politico.November 13, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on November 14, 2010.RetrievedNovember 13,2010.
- ^Fang, Lee (April 26, 2018)."SECRETLY TAPED AUDIO REVEALS DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP PRESSURING PROGRESSIVE TO LEAVE RACE".The Intercept.Archivedfrom the original on April 27, 2018.RetrievedApril 26,2018.
- ^"CQ Press Library".library.cqpress.Archived fromthe originalon February 16, 2016.
- ^"MD - District 5 - Special Election Race - May 19, 1981".Our Campaigns.Archivedfrom the original on October 24, 2012.RetrievedAugust 23,2010.
- ^"Official 2012 Presidential General Election results for Representative in Congress".Maryland State Board of Elections. November 28, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on December 28, 2012.RetrievedDecember 27,2012.
- ^"Official 2014 Gubernatorial General Election results for Representative in Congress".Maryland State Board of Elections. December 2, 2014.Archivedfrom the original on September 5, 2015.RetrievedOctober 18,2015.
- ^"Official 2016 Presidential General Election results for Representative in Congress".Maryland State Board of Elections. December 9, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on May 12, 2017.RetrievedMay 26,2017.
- ^"Official 2020 Presidential General Election results for Representative in Congress".Maryland State Board of Elections. December 4, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on December 3, 2020.RetrievedOctober 18,2015.
- ^Pershing, Ben (June 6, 2012)."Steny Hoyer's daughter comes out as a lesbian".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2018.RetrievedSeptember 15,2017.
- ^Kurtz, Josh (April 16, 2023)."Is Cardin announcement imminent? Political players search for clues, prepare for '24".Maryland Matters.RetrievedApril 16,2023.
- ^"Hoyer at dem gala: 'Don't write any obituaries'".June 23, 2023.
- ^"The Judy Center website".Archivedfrom the original on March 1, 2007.RetrievedNovember 18,2006.
- ^"Epilepsy Foundation announcement of Judith Hoyer lectureship program".Epilepsy Foundation.January 28, 2002. Archived fromthe originalon October 28, 2007.RetrievedNovember 18,2006.
- ^"Epilepsy Foundation Recognizes the Honorable Steny H. Hoyer For Longstanding Support".Epilepsy Foundation.March 26, 2002. Archived fromthe originalon December 14, 2007.RetrievedNovember 18,2006.
- ^"Board".International Foundation for Electoral Systems.2018.Archivedfrom the original on July 5, 2018.RetrievedJuly 5,2018.
- ^"Advisory Board - Center for the Study of Democracy".Center for the Study of Democracy.Archived fromthe originalon April 27, 2018.RetrievedJuly 6,2017.
- ^"Wide variety of Baptists, other faiths found in 111th Congress".January 5, 2009.Archivedfrom the original on May 12, 2021.RetrievedApril 2,2022.
- ^"Maryland Rep. Steny Hoyer, former House Democratic leader, is recovering from mild stroke".AP News.August 13, 2024.RetrievedAugust 14,2024.
External links
edit
- Congressman Steny Hoyerofficial U.S. House website