Wikipedia

Stephen E. Ambrose

Stephen Edward Ambrose(January 10, 1936 – October 13, 2002) was an American historian, academic, and author, most noted for his books onWorld War IIand his biographies of U.S. presidentsDwight D. EisenhowerandRichard Nixon.He was a longtime professor of history at theUniversity of New Orleansand the author of many bestselling volumes of Americanpopular history.

Stephen E. Ambrose
Ambrose in August 2001
Ambrose in August 2001
BornStephen Edward Ambrose
(1936-01-10)January 10, 1936
Lovington,Illinois, U.S.
DiedOctober 13, 2002(2002-10-13)(aged 66)
Bay St. Louis,Mississippi, U.S.
Occupation
  • Historian
  • author
EducationUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison(BA,PhD)
Louisiana State University(MA)
Spouse
Judith Dorlester
​
​
(m.1957; died 1965)​
Moira Buckley
​
(m.1967)​
Children5, includingHugh Ambrose[1]

In 2002, several instances of plagiarism were discovered in his books. In 2010, after his death, Ambrose was found to have fabricated interviews and events in his biographies of Eisenhower.

Early life and education

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Ambrose was born January 10, 1936,[2]inLovington, Illinois,[3]to Rosepha Trippe Ambrose and Stephen Hedges Ambrose. His father was a physician who served in theU.S. NavyduringWorld War II.Ambrose was raised inWhitewater, Wisconsin,[4]where he graduated fromWhitewater High School.His family also owned a farm inLovington, Illinois,and vacation property inMarinette County, Wisconsin.[5][6]He attended college at theUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison,where he was a member ofChi Psifraternity and played on the University of Wisconsin football team for three years.[7]

Ambrose planned to major in pre-medicine, but changed his major to history after hearing the first lecture in a U.S. history class entitled "Representative Americans" in his sophomore year. The course was taught byWilliam B. Hesseltine,whom Ambrose credits with fundamentally shaping his writing and igniting his interest in history.[8]While at Wisconsin, Ambrose was a member of the Navy and ArmyROTC.He graduated with a B.A. in 1957. Ambrose received a master's degree in history fromLouisiana State Universityin 1958, studying underT. Harry Williams.[8]Ambrose then went on to earn a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1963, under William B. Hesseltine.[8][9]

Career

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Academic positions

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Ambrose was a history professor from 1960 until his retirement in 1995. From 1971 onward, he was a member of the University of New Orleans faculty, where he was named the Boyd Professor of History in 1989, an honor given only to faculty who attain "national or international distinction for outstanding teaching, research, or other creative achievement".[9][10]During the 1969–1970 academic year, he was theErnest J. King Professor of Maritime Historyat theNaval War College.While teaching atKansas State Universityas the Dwight D. Eisenhower Professor of War and Peace during the 1970–1971 academic year, Ambrose participated in heckling of Richard Nixon during a speech the president gave on the KSU campus. Given pressure from the KSU administration and having job offers elsewhere, upon finishing out the year Ambrose offered to leave and the offer was accepted.[11][12]His opposition to the Vietnam War[13]stood in contrast to his research on "presidents and the military at a time when such topics were increasingly regarded by his colleagues as old fashioned and conservative."[14]Ambrose also taught atLouisiana State University(assistant professor of history; 1960–1964) andJohns Hopkins University(associate professor of history; 1964–1969). He held visiting posts atRutgers University,theUniversity of California, Berkeley,and a number of European schools, includingUniversity College Dublin,where he taught as the Mary Ball Washington Professor of American History.[8][15]

He founded the Eisenhower Center at the University of New Orleans in 1989 with, "The mission of the Eisenhower Center is the study of the causes, conduct, and consequences of American national security policy and the use of force as an instrument of policy in the twentieth century."[16]He served as its director until 1994.[17]The center's first efforts, which Ambrose initiated, involved the collection of oral histories from World War II veterans about their experiences, particularly any participation in D-Day. By the time of publication of Ambrose'sD-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II,in 1994, the center had collected more than 1,200 oral histories.[18]Ambrose donated $150,000 to the Center in 1998 to foster additional efforts to collect oral histories from World War II veterans.[19]

Writings

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Ambrose's earliest works concerned theAmerican Civil War.He wrote biographies of the generalsEmory UptonandHenry Halleck,the first of which was based on his dissertation.[20]

Early in his career, Ambrose was mentored byWorld War IIhistorianForrest Pogue.[21][22]In 1964, Ambrose took a position atJohns Hopkinsas the Associate Editor of theEisenhower Papers,a project aimed at organizing, cataloging and publishing Eisenhower's principal papers. From this work and discussions with Eisenhower emerged an article critical ofCornelius Ryan'sThe Last Battle,which had depicted Eisenhower as politically naîve, when at the end of World War II he allowed Soviet forces to take Berlin, thus shaping theCold Warthat followed.[23]Ambrose expanded this into a book,Eisenhower and Berlin, 1945: The Decision to Halt at the Elbe(1967).[24]Ambrose was aided in the book's writing by comments and notes provided by Eisenhower, who read a draft of the book.[24]

In 1964, Ambrose was commissioned to write the official biography of the former president and five-star generalDwight D. Eisenhower.[24]This resulted in a book on Eisenhower's war years,The Supreme Commander(1970), and a two-volume full biography (published in 1983 and 1984), which are considered "the standard" on the subject.[25]Regarding the first volume, Gordon Harrison, writing forThe New York Times,proclaimed, "It is Mr. Ambrose's special triumph that he has been able to fight through the memoranda, the directives, plans, reports, and official self-serving pieties of the World War II establishment to uncover the idiosyncratic people at its center."[26]Ambrose also wrote a three-volume biography ofRichard Nixon.Although Ambrose was a strong critic of Nixon, the biography was considered fair and just regardingNixon's presidency.[27][28]

A visit to a reunion ofEasy Companyveterans in 1988 prompted Ambrose to collect their stories, turning them intoBand of Brothers, E Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne: From Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest(1992).D-Day(1994), built upon additional oral histories, presented the battle from the view points of individual soldiers and became his first best seller. A reviewer for theJournal of Military HistorycommendedD-Dayas the "most comprehensive discussion" of the sea, air, and land operations that coalesced on that day.[29]Christopher Lehmann-Haupt,writing forThe New York Times,proclaimed that "Reading this history, you can understand why for so many of its participants, despite all the death surrounding them, life revealed itself in that moment at that place."[30]Ambrose'sCitizen Soldiers,which describes battles fought in northwest Europe from D-Day through the end of the war in Europe, utilized, again, extensive oral histories.Citizen Soldiersbecame a best seller, appearing on theNew York Timesbest sellers lists for both hardcover and paperback editions in the same week. During the same week, in September 1998,D-DayandUndaunted Courage,Ambrose's 1996 book onMeriwether Lewisand the Corps of Discovery, appeared on the best seller list, also.[31]He also wroteThe Victors(1998), a distillation of material from other books detailing Eisenhower's wartime experiences and connections to the common soldier, andThe Wild Blue,that looks at World War II aviation largely through the experiences ofGeorge McGovern,who commanded aB-24crew that flew numerous missions over Germany. His other major works includeUndaunted Courageabout theLewis and Clark ExpeditionandNothing Like It in the Worldabout the construction of thePacific Railroad.His final book,This Vast Land,a historical novel about the Lewis & Clark expedition written for young readers, was published posthumously in 2003.

Ambrose's most popular single work wasUndaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West(1996), which stayed on theNew York Timesbest seller list for a combined, hardcover and paperback, 126 weeks.[32]Ambrose consolidated research on theCorps of Discovery's expedition conducted in the previous thirty years and "synthesized it skillfully to enrich our understanding and appreciation of this grand epic", according toAlvin M. Josephy, Jr.,who reviewed the book forThe New York Times.[33]Ken Burns,who produced and directed aPBSdocumentary on Lewis & Clark declared that Ambrose "takes one of the great, but also one of the most superficially considered, stories in American history and breathes fresh life into it."[34]

In addition to 27 self-authored books, Ambrose co-authored, edited, and contributed to many more and was a frequent contributor to magazines such asAmerican Heritage.[35]He, also, reviewed the works of other historians in theJournal of Southern History,Military Affairs,American Historical Review,The Journal of American History,andForeign Affairs.He served as a contributing editor toMHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History,also.[36]

Television, film, and other activities

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Ambrose featured in the 1973-74ITVtelevision series,The World at War,which detailed the history of World War II.

He served as the historical consultant for the movieSaving Private Ryan.[37]Tom Hanks,who starred in the movie, said he "pored overD-Day"andBand of Brothersin researching his role.[38]Hanks also credited Ambrose's books with providing extensive detail, particularly regarding D-Day landings.[39]

TheHBOmini-series,Band of Brothers(2001), for which he was an executive producer, helped sustain the fresh interest in World War II that had been stimulated by the 50th anniversary ofD-Dayin 1994 and the 60th anniversary in 2004.[37]Ambrose served as executive producer forPrice for Peace,a documentary concerning the war in the Pacific theater during World War II, and forMoments of Truth,a TV documentary containing interviews with World War II veterans.[40]

In addition, Ambrose served as a commentator forLewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery,a documentary byKen Burns.[37]He provided commentary in 20 made-for-TV documentaries, covering diverse topics, such as World War II, Lewis & Clark, and America's prominence in the 20th century.[40]He also appeared as a guest on numerous TV programs or stations, includingThe Charlie Rose Show,C-Spanprogramming,[41]CNNprogramming,NBC'sToday Show,CNBC'sHardball,[36]and various programming onThe History Channeland theNational Geographic Channel.[37]Ambrose's association withNational Geographicstemmed, in part, from his designation as an Explorer-in-Residence by the Society.[37]

In addition to his academic work and publishing, Ambrose operated a historical tour business, acting as a tour guide to European locales of World War II.[20]Also, he served on the board of directors for American Rivers and was a member of the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Council.[42]

National World War II Museum

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Ambrose's work for the Eisenhower Center, specifically his work with D-Day veterans, inspired him to co-found the National D-Day Museum in New Orleans with another historian and UNO professorGordon H. "Nick" Mueller.Ambrose initiated fundraising by donating $500,000.[43]"He dreamt of a museum that reflected his deep regard for our nation's citizen soldiers, the workers on the Home Front and the sacrifices and hardships they endured to achieve victory."[44]He secured large contributions from the federal government, state of Louisiana, Tom Hanks, Steven Spielberg, and many smaller donations from former students, who answered a plea made by Ambrose in theNew Orleans Times-Picayune.[45]In 2003, Congress designated the museum as "America'sNational World War II Museum,"acknowledging an expanded scope and mission for the museum." The Stephen E. Ambrose Memorial Fund continues to support the development of the museum's Center for Study of the American Spirit, its educational programs and oral history and publication initiatives. "[44]

Awards

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In 1997, Ambrose received theSt. Louis Literary Awardfrom theSaint Louis UniversityLibrary Associates.[46][47]In 1998, he received theNational Humanities Medal.[4]In 1998, he was awarded theSamuel Eliot Morison Prizefor lifetime achievement given by theSociety for Military History.[48]In 1998, he received the Golden Plate Award of theAmerican Academy of Achievement.[49]In 2000, Ambrose received theDepartment of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service,the highest honorary award theDepartment of Defenseoffers to civilians.[37]In 2001, he was awarded theTheodore RooseveltMedal for Distinguished Service from theTheodore Roosevelt Association.[50]Ambrose won anEmmyas one of the producers for the mini-seriesBand of Brothers.[37]Ambrose also received theGeorge MarshallAward, theAbraham LincolnLiterary Award, theBob HopeAward from the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, and theWill RogersMemorial Award.[37]

Upon Ambrose's death, U.S.Sen.Mary Landrieuof Louisiana offered a resolution in the Senate, which received unanimous consent, saluting the "excellence of Stephen Ambrose at capturing the greatness of the American spirit in words."[51]

Personal life, final years, and death

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External videos
Memorial Service for Ambrose at the National D-Day Museum, October 19, 2002,C-SPAN

He married his first wife, Judith Dorlester, in 1957, and they had two children, Stephenie and Barry. Judith died in 1965, when Ambrose was 29. Ambrose married his second wife, Moira Buckley (1939–2009), in 1967 and adopted her three children, Andrew, Grace, andHugh.Moira was an active assistant in his writing and academic projects. After retiring, he maintained homes inHelena, Montana,andBay St. Louis, Mississippi.[20][52]A longtime smoker, he was diagnosed withlung cancerin April 2002. His health deteriorated rapidly, and seven months after the diagnosis, he died at the age of 66.George McGovern,the primary focus of Ambrose'sWild Bluesaid, "He probably reached more readers than any other historian in our national history."[4]

Legacy

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Ambrose donated $500,000, half the amount needed, to the University of Wisconsin, to endow a chair in the name of William B. Hesseltine, Ambrose's mentor. The chair's position would focus on the teaching ofAmerican military history.When the chair became fully endowed, after Ambrose's death, it was renamed the Ambrose-Hesseltine Chair.[53]

The Ambrose Professor of History title was established at theUniversity of New Orleansafter his death. The position is reserved for amilitary historian.[54]

Each year theRutgers UniversityLiving History Society awards the Stephen E. Ambrose Oral History Award to "an author or artist who has made significant use of oral history." Past winners includeTom Brokaw,Steven Spielberg,Studs Terkel,Michael Beschloss,andKen Burns.[55]

Criticism

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Plagiarism

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In 2002, Ambrose was accused of plagiarizing several passages in his bookThe Wild Blue.[56][57]Fred Barnesreported inThe Weekly Standardthat Ambrose had taken passages fromWings of Morning: The Story of the Last American Bomber Shot Down over Germany in World War II,byThomas Childers,a history professor at theUniversity of Pennsylvania.[58]Ambrose had footnoted sources, but had not enclosed in quotation marks numerous passages from Childers's book.[57][59]

Ambrose asserted that only a few sentences in all his numerous books were the work of other authors. He offered this defense:

I tell stories. I don't discuss my documents. I discuss the story. It almost gets to the point where, how much is the reader going to take? I am not writing a Ph.D. dissertation. I wish I had put the quotation marks in, but I didn't. I am not out there stealing other people's writings. If I am writing up a passage and it is a story I want to tell and this story fits and a part of it is from other people's writing, I just type it up that way and put it in a footnote. I just want to know where the hell it came from.[57]

AForbesinvestigation of his work found cases of plagiarism involving passages in at least six books, with a similar pattern going back to his doctoral dissertation.[60]TheHistory News Networklists seven of Ambrose's more than 69 works—The Wild Blue,Undaunted Courage,Nothing Like It In the World,Nixon: Ruin and Recovery,Citizen Soldiers,The Supreme Commander,andCrazy Horse and Custer—contained content from twelve authors without appropriate attribution from Ambrose.[59]

Factual errors and disputed characterizations

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Pacific Railroad

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A front-page article published inThe Sacramento Beeon January 1, 2001, entitled "Area Historians Rail Against Inaccuracies in Book",[61]listed more than sixty instances identified as "significant errors, misstatements, and made-up quotes" inNothing Like It in the World:The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863–1869,Ambrose'snon-academicpopular history about the construction of thePacific RailroadbetweenCouncil Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska,and theSan Francisco BayatAlameda/OaklandviaSacramento, California,which was published in August 2000. The discrepancies were documented in a detailed"fact-checking"paper compiled in December 2000 by three Western US railroad historians who are also experienced researchers, consultants, and collectors specializing in the Pacific Railroad and related topics.[59][62][63]

On January 11, 2001,Washington PostcolumnistLloyd Grovereported in his columnThe Reliable Sourcethat a co-worker had found a "serious historical error" in the same book that "a chastened Ambrose" promised to correct in future editions.[64]A number of journal reviews also sharply criticized the research and fact checking in the book. Reviewer Walter Nugent observed that it contained "annoying slips" such as mislabeled maps, inaccurate dates, geographical errors, and misidentifiedword origins,[65]while railroad historian Don L. Hofsommer agreed that the book "confuses facts" and that "The research might best be characterized as 'once over lightly'."[66]

The Eisenhower controversy

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In the introduction to Ambrose's biography of Eisenhower, he claims that the former president approached him after having read his previous biography of the American generalHenry Halleck, but Tim Rives, Deputy Director of theEisenhower Presidential Center,says it was Ambrose who contacted Eisenhower and suggested the project,[41][67]as shown by a letter from Ambrose found in theDwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum.[68]In his response, Eisenhower stated that "the confidence I have derived from your work by reading your two books—especially the one on Halleck—give reasons why I should be ready to help out so far as I can."[24][69]The Halleck biography "still sits on a shelf" at theEisenhower National Historic Sitein Gettysburg.[24]

After Eisenhower's death in 1969, Ambrose made repeated claims to have had a unique and extraordinarily close relationship with him over the final five years of the former President's life. In an extensive 1998 interview, before a group of high school students, Ambrose stated that he spent "a lot of time with Ike, really a lot, hundreds and hundreds of hours." Ambrose claimed he interviewed Eisenhower on a wide range of subjects, and that he had been with him "on a daily basis for a couple years" before his death "doing interviews and talking about his life."[11]The former president's diary and telephone records show that the pair met only three times, for a total of less than five hours.[24][41]Rives has stated that interview dates Ambrose cites in his 1970 book,The Supreme Commander,cannot be reconciled with Eisenhower's personal schedule, but Rives discovered, upon further investigation, a "hidden" relationship between the two men. Eisenhower enlisted Ambrose in his efforts to preserve his legacy and counteract criticisms of his presidency, particularly those charging that Eisenhower's actions at the end of World War II produced the Cold War. Ambrose wrote a review and book supporting the former general, with Eisenhower providing direction and comments during the process. Rives could not square the questionable interview dates cited by Ambrose in later works, but uncovered a relationship with Eisenhower that was "too complicated" to be described by Ambrose's critics.[24]

In his 2015 bookThe President and the Apprentice: Eisenhower and Nixon, 1952–1961,Irwin F. Gellman wrote that "while some Eisenhower scholars questioned Ambrose's research after [his] book's publication, the enormity of his falsifications was not revealed until after his death. Ambrose lied about his relationship with Eisenhower" and that "Ambrose also manufactured events that never took place".[70]HistorianDavid Greenbergstated in 2015 that Ambrose's "wanton acts of plagiarism and the posthumous revelation that he fabricated interviews with Dwight Eisenhower have rendered his work unusable".[71]

Works

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Sole author

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With others

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Edited works

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  • Institutions in Modern America: Innovation in Structure and Process,Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press (1967)
  • with James A. Barber,The Military and American Society: Essays and Readings,New York, NY: The Free Press (1972)ISBN0-375-50910-0
  • with Gunter Bischoff,Eisenhower and the German POWs: Facts Against Falsehood,Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press (1992)ISBN0-8071-1758-7
  • with Gunter Bischoff,Eisenhower: A Centenary Assessment,Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press (1995)ISBN0-8071-1942-3
  • American Heritage New History of World War II(original text by C.L. Sulzberger), New York, NY: Viking Press (1997)ISBN0-670-87474-4

References

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  1. ^"Hugh Ambrose dies at 48; author of WWII history 'The Pacific'".Los Angeles Times.May 29, 2015.
  2. ^"UPI Almanac for Friday, Jan. 10, 2020".United Press International.January 10, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on January 15, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 1,2020.... historian Stephen Ambrose in 1936
  3. ^"Biography and Video Interview of Stephen Ambrose".at Academy of Achievement. Archived fromthe originalon July 25, 2012.RetrievedJuly 30,2012.
  4. ^abcRichard Goldstein,"Stephen Ambrose, Historian Who Fueled New Interest in World War II, Dies at 66,"New York Times,October 14, 2002, accessed May 27, 2010.
  5. ^Neil H. Shively (September 19, 1996). "A Class Act: Stephen Ambrose's History Lectures Enthrall Kids and War Veterans Alike".The Capital Times.Madison, WI.
  6. ^Ambrose, Stephen E.Comrades: Brothers, Fathers, Heroes, Sons, Pals.Simon & Schuster, 2000, p. 132.
  7. ^"Historian Stephen Ambrose dies".CNN. October 14, 2002. Archived fromthe originalon April 23, 2013.RetrievedJune 17,2010.
  8. ^abcdStephen E. Ambrose bioby Stephen Ambrose.
  9. ^abChristian A. Hale,"Stephen Ambrose Dies,"Perspectives,December 2002.
  10. ^"Boyd Professors," Louisiana State System[1][permanent dead link‍].retrieved March 4, 2014
  11. ^abInterview with Stephen AmbroseArchivedDecember 12, 2010, at theWayback MachineMay 22, 1998, Academy of Achievement, Washington, D.C.
  12. ^Alan Brinkley,"The Best Man"ArchivedMay 28, 2020, at theWayback Machine,New York Times Review of Books,July 16, 1987.
  13. ^Ambrose, Stephen E. (2002).To America: Personal Reflections of an Historian.Simon and Schuster. p. 126.ISBN978-0-7432-0275-6.
  14. ^"Historian Stephen Ambrose Dead At 66".CBS News.Associated Press. October 13, 2002.
  15. ^"The Mary Ball Washington Professorship of American History".UCD School of History.Archived fromthe originalon August 7, 2020.RetrievedJuly 21,2020.
  16. ^Eisenhower Center D-Day Collection, Special Collections, University of New Orleans[2]ArchivedApril 12, 2013, at theWayback Machine
  17. ^"Eisenhower Center – University of New Orleans".Archived fromthe originalon October 6, 2016.RetrievedOctober 6,2016.
  18. ^Trevelyan, Raleigh(May 29, 1994)."Telling It Like It Was".The New York Times.
  19. ^Ambrose, Stephen (August 7, 1998). "Writer Pleas for Local D-Day Museum Support".New Orleans Times-Picayune.
  20. ^abcM. R. D. Foote,"Stephen Ambrose: Historian and author ofBand of Brothers,"The Independent,October 14, 2002, accessed May 27, 2010.
  21. ^Art Jester. Ambrose Installs New Faith in Some Old Heroes.Le xing ton Herald-Leader.November 9, 1997.
  22. ^Gwendolyn Thompkins. Ambrose to Leave Historic Legacy: UNO Prof in Colin Powell's Camp.Times-Picayune.April 30, 1995.
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  24. ^abcdefgRives, Timothy D."Ambrose and Eisenhower: A View from the Stacks in Abilene".History News Network.Archived fromthe originalon January 16, 2014.RetrievedMarch 21,2014.
  25. ^Jim Newton,"Books & Ideas: Stephen Ambrose's troubling Eisenhower record,"Los Angeles Times,May 9, 2010, accessed May 26, 2010. "His work on Eisenhower is penetrating and readable, lively, balanced and insightful. Indeed, these efforts have long stood alongside Fred Greenstein'sThe Hidden-Hand Presidencyas the standards against which other Eisenhower scholarship is judged. "
  26. ^Harrison, Gordon,"The Making of a General and How It Came About"ArchivedSeptember 13, 2014, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times,October 4, 1970.
  27. ^Neuhaus, Richard J."Nixon: The Education of a Politician 1913-1962, by Stephen E. Ambrose"(book review),Commentary magazine,August 1987. "Nixonis competently, sometimes brightly, written, and one gets the impression that Ambrose is striving, above all, to be assiduously fair. "
  28. ^Apple, R.W., Jr.,"Beyond Damnation or Defense: The Middle Years",The New York Times,November 12, 1989. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  29. ^Minniear, Steven S.; Love, Robert W. (1996). "Review of D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II.; Over Lord: General Pete Quesada and the Triumph of Tactical Air Power in World War II.; The Year of D-Day: The 1944 Diary of Admiral Sir Bertram I. Ramsay., Robert W. Love, Jr.; D-Day 1944".The Journal of Military History.60(1): 186–188.doi:10.2307/2944480.JSTOR2944480.
  30. ^Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (June 6, 1994)."Books of The Times; Putting a Human Face On One Shattering Day".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on August 22, 2023.
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  32. ^"Best Seller",New York Times Book Review,March 23, 1997, p. BR26, and "Best Seller",New York Times Book Review,January 17, 1999, p. BR32
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  36. ^abNicholas Confessore,"Selling Private Ryan,"The American Prospect,September 24 – October 8, 2001, p. 21-27.
  37. ^abcdefghHistorian Steven Ambrose Dead at 66,National Geographic News, October 15, 2002.
  38. ^Bowden, Mark (November 2004)."Tom Hanks, The 'Men's Journal' Interview".Men's Journal.Archived fromthe originalon October 23, 2013.
  39. ^Ebert, Roger."Tom Hanks recalls 'Private Ryan' shoot - Interviews - Roger Ebert".Archived fromthe originalon October 9, 2016.RetrievedOctober 6,2016.
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  44. ^ab"About The Founder - The National WWII Museum - New Orleans".RetrievedOctober 6,2016.
  45. ^Varney, James (August 30, 1998). "$64,000 Given to Museum by Locals, Ambrose Needs $2 Million More".New Orleans Times-Picayune.
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  50. ^Theodore Roosevelt Association,The Theodore Roosevelt Distinguished Service Medal Recipients[permanent dead link‍].
  51. ^Tribute to Stephen E. Ambrose, capitolwords.org, October 16, 2002words.org/date/2002/10/16/luker#ixzz2uTBVBwBF[permanent dead link‍].Retrieved February 25, 2014.
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  53. ^Luker, Ralph E. (December 4, 2006)."Sit in My Chair".Inside Higher Ed.
  54. ^"Endowed Chairs and Professors - University of New Orleans".Archived fromthe originalon June 24, 2016.RetrievedOctober 6,2016.
  55. ^"Rutgers' Stephen Ambrose Oral History Award Goes to Michael Beschloss",Rutgers Today,May 14, 2013
  56. ^Williams, Robert Chadwell.The Historian's Toolbox: A Student's Guide to the Theory and Craft of HistoryArmonk NY: M E Sharpe Inc (2003)ISBN0-7656-1093-0pp 88-89
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  60. ^Mark Lewis,"Ambrose Problems Date Back To Ph.D. Thesis,"Forbes,May 10, 2002.
  61. ^Barrows, Matthew"Area Historians Rail Against Inaccuracies in Book".TheSacramento Bee,January 1, 2001
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  65. ^Nugent, Walter; Ambrose, Stephen E. (September 2001). "Nothing Like It in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863-1869".The Journal of American History.88(2): 657.doi:10.2307/2675159.JSTOR2675159.
  66. ^Hofsommer, Donovan L. (2002). "Nothing Like It in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863-1869, and: Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad (review)".Technology and Culture.43(1): 169–170.doi:10.1353/tech.2002.0018.S2CID110233622.
  67. ^Goldman, Russell (April 27, 2010)."Did Historian Stephen Ambrose Lie About Interviews with President Dwight D. Eisenhower?".ABC News.RetrievedMay 11,2010.
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  70. ^Gellman, Irwin F. (2015).The President and the Apprentice Eisenhower and Nixon, 1952–1961.Yale University Press.pp. 4–5.ISBN978-0-300-18105-0.
  71. ^Greenberg, David(June 24, 2015)."'Being Nixon' and 'One Man Against the World'".The New York Times.RetrievedSeptember 2,2024.
  72. ^"Eisenhower: Soldier and President".Publishers Weekly.October 1, 1990.RetrievedMarch 5,2019.

Further reading

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