Wikipedia

Sulu

This article is about the Philippine province. For other uses, seeSulu (disambiguation).

Sulu([sʊˈlu]), officially theProvince of Sulu(Tausūg:Wilāya sin Lupa' Sūg;Tagalog:Lalawigan ng Sulu), is aprovince of the Philippinesin theSulu Archipelago.

Sulu
  • Lupa' Sūg
Province
(from top: left to right) Sulu Provincial Capitol Building in Jolo, scenery in Hadji Panglima Tahil, sunrise in Lugus and Tulay Mosque in Jolo.
Flag of Sulu
Flag
Official seal of Sulu
Seal
Location in the Philippines
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates:6°N121°E/ 6°N 121°E/6; 121
CountryPhilippines
RegionUndetermined
FoundedSeptember 1, 1914
Capital
Largest MunicipalityJolo
Government
• TypeSangguniang Panlalawigan
•GovernorAbdusakur M. Tan(Lakas)
•Vice GovernorAbdusakur A. Tan II (Lakas)
• LegislatureSulu Provincial Board
Area
[1][2]
• Total
1,600.40 km2(617.92 sq mi)
• Rank66th out of 81
Highest elevation
(Mount Tumatangis)
811 m (2,661 ft)
Population
(2020 census)[3]
• Total
1,000,108
• Rank28th out of 81
• Density620/km2(1,600/sq mi)
• Rank10th out of 81
DemonymsSuluan
Tausug
Divisions
•Independent cities0
•Component cities0
•Municipalities
19
•Barangays410
•DistrictsLegislative districts of Sulu
Time zoneUTC+8(PHT)
ZIP code
7400–7416
IDD : area code +63 (0)68
ISO 3166 codePH-SLU
Spoken languages
Income classification2nd class

It was part of theBangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao(BARMM), until theSupreme Court of the Philippineson September 9, 2024 declared its inclusion to be unconstitutional because of the province's simple majority vote against it during the2019 Bangsamoro autonomy plebiscite.[4]

Its capital isJoloon theisland of the same name.[5]Maimbung,the royal capital of theSultanate of Sulu,is also located in the province. Sulu is along the southern border of theSulu Seaand the northern boundary of theCelebes Sea.

Out of all 82provinces in the Philippines,it is the poorest, as evidenced by it having the highest poverty rate.[citation needed]According to thePhilippine Statistics Authority,poverty incidence in Sulu had reduced in 2021 with 51 percent compared to 75.3 percent in 2018. According to the PSA, this reduction in poverty incidence is an improvement for the province.[6]

History

edit

Early history

edit
Further information:Sultanate of SuluandSpanish–Moro conflict

Prior to the arrival of Islam in Sulu, the province used to adhere to local animist religions; this later changed to Hindu and Buddhist belief systems. Throughout this time, the Kingdom ofLupah Sughad been established centuries before Islam arrived.

The advent ofIslamaround 1138 through merchants and traders had a distinct influence onSoutheast Asia.The coming ofArabs,Persiansand otherMuslimspaved the way for the arrival of religious missionaries, traders, scholars and travelers to Sulu andMindanaoin the 12th century.

Painting of Sulu home & coconut plantation

A landmark born of the social process was the founding of theSultanate of Sulu.Year 1380 CE, The Sunni Sufi ScholarKarim-ul Makhdumcame to Sulu and introducedIslamto the Philippines. In 1450 CE, Johore-born Arab adventurerSayyid Abubakar Abirincame to Sulu and lived withRajah Baguinda Ali.The Sunni Sufi Teacher and Sayyid Abubakar eventually married Ali's daughter, Dayang-dayang Paramisuli, and inherited Rajah Baguinda's polity (which was aprincipalitybefore), which he turned into theSultanateof Sulu and become its firstSultan.To consolidate his rule, Sayyid Abubakar united the local political units under the umbrella of the Sultanate. A Sultanate that followed the Ash'ari Aqeeda, Shafi'i Madh'hab andSufism.He brought Sulu,Zamboanga Peninsula,Palawan,andBasilanunder its aegis.

Spanish colonial era

edit
SultanHarun Ar-Rashidin 1886, Sultan of Sulu from 1886–1894

The navigational error that landedFerdinand MagellaninLimasawabrought awareness of Europe to the Philippines and opened the door toSpanish colonial incursion.TheSpaniardsintroducedChristianityand a political system of church-state dichotomy, which encountered fierce resistance in the devastatingMoro warsfrom 1578 to 1899. The Sultanate of Sulu formally recognised Spanish sovereignty inTawi-Tawiand Sulu in middle of the 19th century, but these areas remained partially ruled by the Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations, garrisons, and pockets of civilian settlements, until they had to abandon the region as a consequence of their defeat in theSpanish–American War.

American era

edit
Further information:Moro ProvinceandDepartment of Mindanao and Sulu

After Spain ceded the Philippines to theUnited States,American forces came toJoloand ended the 23 years of Spanish military occupation (1876 to 1899). On August 20, SultanJamalul Kiram IIand Brig. Gen.John C. Batessigned the Bates Agreement that continued the gradual emasculation of the Sultanate started by Spain (Treaty of 1878) until March 1915 when the Sultan abdicated his temporal powers in the Carpenter Agreement. The Agreement eliminated opposition to the civilian government of Gov. Clinton Solidum.

Sulu in 1918, which covered the current province ofTawi-Tawi
Sultan Jamalul Kiram II and Suite, published byBain News Service

TheDepartment of Mindanao and Suluunder Gov. Carpenter was created byPhilippine Commission Act 2309(1914) and ended on February 5, 1920, by Act of Philippine Legislature No. 2878. The Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes was organized and briefly headed byTeofisto Guingona Sr.With the enactment by theUS Congressof theJones Law(Philippine Autonomy Law) in 1916, ultimate Philippine independence was guaranteed and the Filipinization of public administration began. Sulu, however, had an appointed American governor until 1935, and the Governor General in Manila had a say in Sulu affairs.

At any rate, the essence of local governance forged byRajah Baguindacontinued to permeate the ethos of Sulu politics despite centuries of colonial presence. History points to a local government in Sulu that antedates other similar systems in the country.

The province hosted theDaru Jambangan(Palace of Flowers) which was the royal palace of the Sultan of Sulu since historical times. The palace, located inMaimbungwas made of wood, and was destroyed in 1932 by a huge storm.

Japanese occupation

edit

During the brief Japanese occupation years, Sulu was bombed by the Japanese and was conquered afterwards. The Japanese were eventually expelled by the Americans and the natives of Sulu, and the Americans started to push for the independence of the Philippines as 'one country'. This prompted various leaders from Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago to campaign against being lumped with the Catholic natives of Luzon and the Visayas. Despite the campaign against the 'one Philippines model', the United States granted independence to the Philippines, effectively giving control of Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago to the Filipino government inManila.

It was during this period that the fighting 21 of Sulu rose with Lt. Abdulrahim Imao and Sayyid Captain Kalingalan Caluang who distinguished himself through extraordinary valor and leadership, earning widespread recognition and commendation. The Fighting 21 of Sulu was narrated by Ernesto M. Espaldon in his book. Among Sayyid Captain Kalingalan Caluang's notable accolades was the prestigious Bronze Star Medal, awarded on February 4, 1944, under Executive Order №9419 by the Commanding General of the 41st Infantry Division, for his meritorious achievements in the Sulu Archipelago, Philippine Islands. His exceptional acts of leadership, strategic resourcefulness, and decisive initiative during pivotal moments were highly praised. Despite facing harsh conditions and relentless enemy engagement, Captain Caluang demonstrated unwavering courage, sound judgment, and a steadfast commitment to duty.[7]

Daru Jambangan (Palace of Flowers) inMaimbungbefore it was destroyed by a typhoon. The palace was the seat of theSultanate of Sulu's reigning monarch for generations.

Philippine independence

edit

At the beginning of Philippine independence era, the reconstruction of the Daru Jambangan continued to be of huge importance to the people of Sulu as only a few arches and posts remain from the once grand palace complex. Many members of the royal family advocated for the reconstruction of the palace, however, the government of the Philippines made no official position or fund for the matter. During that time, the Mindanao sentiment to become a free country on its own was also felt in Sulu.

In 1948,Hadji Kamlon,a World War II veteran, started an uprising on Luuk, Sulu. He surrendered in 1949 but started another uprising in 1952. He then surrendered on July 31, 1952, to Secretary of Defense Ramon Magsaysay. However, he started a third uprising a week later. He surrendered again on November 9, 1952, but would start another uprising in early 1953. He would then surrender on August 11, 1953, after an encounter with Philippines Government troops. He violated the terms of his surrender a week later. Two years later, on September 24, 1955, he would then surrender after an encounter with government troops in Tandu Panuan, Luuk.

In 1973, the municipalities of South Ubian, Tandubas, Simunul, Sitangkai, Balimbing (Panglima Sugala), Bungao, Cagayan de Sulu (Mapun), and Turtle Island were transferred from the jurisdiction of Sulu to the newly formed province of Tawi-Tawi pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 302 of September 11, 1973.[8]

The Marcos Administration

edit

DuringMarcos era,Sulu was one of the provinces that fought back against Ferdinand Marcos as his regime tortured, killed, and exterminated hundreds of Moros. When news broke out regarding the planned invasion of easternSabah,Marcos ordered the military to massacre Tausug warriors, which led to the brutal 1968Jabidah massacre,the worst human rights violation against the natives of Sulu.

News about the Jabidah Massacre led to the rise of numerous separatist movements in Mindanao, including Sulu, eventually leading to groups engaging in armed conflict with the Philippine government.[9][10]One of the most destructive clashes, the1974 Battle of Jolo,[11]was so destructive that it was estimated to have rendered 40,000 people homeless in Jolo, the capital of Sulu.[12]

The Sultan of Sulu, members of the royal family, and the leaders of Sulu were in favor of thePeople Power RevolutioninManilathat successfully toppled the dictatorship and restoreddemocracyin the country.

Contemporary

edit

In 1989, the province of Sulu became part of theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanaoor ARMM. A peace pact between theMoro National Liberation Frontor MNLF and the Philippine government was also made. The founder and leader of the MNLF,Nur Misuari,who was a native of Sulu and adhered to the Sultanate of Sulu, became the governor of the entire ARMM from 1996 to 2001.

In 2016, a small replica of Daru Jambangan was built in the neighboring town ofTalipaoand became a centerpiece for a 'vacation park'. The replica was about 25% of the actual size of the real Daru Jambangan during its heyday. A campaign to restore the Daru Jambangan in its original location in Maimbung is still ongoing. TheNational Commission for Culture and the Artsand theNational Museum of the Philippineswere tasked to faithfully restore or reconstruct the Daru Jambangan in Maimbung.[13]

In 2019, theBangsamoro autonomy plebisciteled to the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL) creating theBangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao(BARMM) to replace the ARMM. The initiative lost by a 54.3% margin in Sulu, but was carried nonetheless because the votes of the entire ARMM were counted as one.[14]However in September 2024, theSupreme Courtruled that Sulu should have not been made part of Bangsamoro.[15]The status of which administrative region Sulu belongs to is unclear although theCommission on Electionsen banchad the consensus that Sulu should revert back to theZamboanga Peninsula,the region it belonged to prior its inclusion in the ARMM back in 1989.[16][17][18]It was also proposed that Sulu become a "pilot province" under theOffice of the President.[19]Sulu's exclusion was challenged but Supreme Court ruled in finality its decision on November 26, 2024.[20]

Geography

edit
Joloand its adjacent islets seen from space

The province covers an area of 1,600.40 square kilometres (617.92 sq mi).[2]Sulu's main island,Jolo,has an area of 868.5 square kilometres (335.3 sq mi),[21]making it the 16th largest island of the Philippine Archipelago by area.

Sulu is a part of theSulu Archipelago,which stretches from the tip of theZamboanga Peninsulaon the north to the island ofBorneoin the south. The main island and its islets are situated between the island-provinces ofBasilanto the northeast, andTawi-Tawito the southwest. Sulu is bordered by two seas; theSulu Seato the north, and theCelebes Seato its south. Sulu has over 157 islets, some of which remain unnamed.[1]

The islands are organized into four groups:[1]

  • Jolo group
  • Pangutaran group
  • Tongkil-Banguingui (Samales) group
  • Siasi-Tapul group

Administrative divisions

edit

Sulu comprises 19municipalitiesthat are organized intotwo legislative districtsand further subdivided into 410barangays.

Political map

Demographics

edit
Population census of Sulu
YearPop.±% p.a.
190373,914—
1918127,977+3.73%
1939201,348+2.18%
1948182,295−1.10%
1960248,304+2.61%
1970315,421+2.42%
1975240,001−5.33%
1980360,588+8.48%
1990469,971+2.69%
1995536,201+2.50%
2000619,668+3.15%
2007849,670+4.45%
2010718,290−5.93%
2015824,731+2.67%
20201,000,108+3.86%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[23][25][26]

The population of Sulu in the 2020 census was 1,000,108 people,[3]with a density of 620 inhabitants per square kilometre or 1,600 inhabitants per square mile.

Although consisting of a mixed community ofMuslims,theTausugsdominate the Sulu Archipelago. The Tausug were among the first inhabitants of the Philippines to embraceIslamas a religion and a way of life. They are referred to as 'people of the current', reflective of their close ties to the sea.

Religion

edit
Tulay Mosque in Jolo

Sulu inhabitants are predominantly Muslim, constituting about 99%[27]of the provincial population in 2015.

A majority of Sulu's Muslim population practiceSunni Islamof theShafi'itradition, as taught by Arab, Persian, Indian Muslim, Chinese Muslim and Malaccan missionaries from the 14th Century onwards.

Relatively newer Islamic sects, mostly brought by returning veterans of the Afghan wars and missionaries from Pakistan's stricterSufitraditions, referred to as theTableegh,have been active in propagating what they believe to be a "purer" Islamic way of life and worship. A very small number who have since married intoIranianorIraqifamilies have converted toShiite Islam.

The majority of Sulu Christians areCatholics.[1]They are under the jurisdiction ofArchdiocese of Zamboangathrough its suffraganApostolic Vicariate of Jolo.Non-Catholic Christians includeEvangelicals,Jesus Miracle Crusade,Episcopalian,Iglesia ni Cristo(INC),Mormons,Seventh-day Adventists,Jehovah's Witnesses,and a number of other Protestant denominations. Only the most recent Chinese immigrants adhere toBuddhismorTaoism,while most of the older Chinese families have acculturated and have either converted to Christianity or Islam while retaining many of their Chinese beliefs.

Languages

edit

TheTausug languageis thelingua francaof Sulu. The other local language is the indigenousSama,which is widely used in varied tones and accents. This variety led to the development of Sinama dialects. The major ones are Sinama Sibutu (spoken mainly in the Sibutu-Sitangkai Region), Sinama Simunul (concentrated in Simunul-Manuk-Mangkaw Islands), Sinama Kapoan (spoken in the South Ubian-Tandubas and Sapa-Sapa Regions) and Sinama Banguingui (concentrated in Buan Island and spoken by Banguingui people).

TheBajau-Samalanguage is also spoken, as are the official languages ofFilipinoandEnglish.Many locals and barter traders can speakSabah Malay,whileChavacanois also spoken by Christian and Muslim locals who maintain contacts and trade with the mainlandZamboanga Peninsulaand Basilan.

  • Tausug
  • Pangutaran Sama
  • Balangingih Sama
  • Yakan
  • Southern Sama
  • Central Sama
  • Mapun
  • Ibatag
  • Central Subanen
  • Western Subanon
  • Kolibugan Subanen

Government

edit

Governors after People Power Revolution 1986:

Vice Governors after People Power Revolution 1986:

  • 1986 - 1989,
  • 1989 - 1992: Kimar Tulawie
  • 1992 - 1995:
  • 1995 - 1998,
  • 1998 - 2001: Munib Estino
  • 2001 - 2004: Abdel Anni
  • 2004 - 2007:Nur-Ana Sahidulla
  • 2007 - 2010: Nur-Ana Sahidulla
  • 2010 - 2013: Benjamin Loong
  • 2013 - 2016: Abdusakur Tan
  • 2016 - 2019: Nurunisah Tan
  • 2019 - present: Abdusakur Tan II

Economy

edit

Poverty Incidence of Sulu

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2000
30.19
2003
53.50
2006
40.70
2009
41.59
2012
45.82
2015
68.71
2018
82.48
2021
51.00

Source:Philippine Statistics Authority[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]

Sulu is predominantly agricultural with farming and fishing as its main livelihood activities. Its fertile soil and ideal climate can grow a variety of crops such asabaca,coconuts,Sulucoffee,[36]oranges,andlanzonesas well as exotic fruits seldom found elsewhere in the country such asdurianandmangosteen.

Fishing is the most important industry since theSulu Seais one of the richest fishing grounds in the country. The province also has an extensivepearlindustry, with apearl farmon Marungas Island. The backs ofsea turtlesare made into beautiful trays and combs. During breaks from fishing, the people build boats and weave mats. Other industries includecoffeeprocessing and fruit preservation.

The handicrafts of Sulu have both Islamic andMalayinfluences. Skilled artisans make boats, bladed weapons, bronze and brassware, pis cloth, embroidered textiles,shellcraft,traditional house carvings, and carved woodengrave markers.

The province used to be one of the most prosperous in the southern Philippines. However, due to conflicts, terrorism, and the establishment of jihadists groups followingWahhabismsuch as theAbu Sayyaf,the province's economy has suffered badly and has been reduced to its current state.

Transportation

edit

After the success of new flight ofPhilippine Airlinesinside Bangsamoro region, the government is already looking forward to open the route toCotabato City.As of to date Gove Leading Edge,[37]Cebu Pacific Cebgo andPlatinum SkiesfromZamboangaare existing operational flight utilizing the newly renovatedJolo Airport.

Notable people

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^abcde"Brief Profile".Province of Sulu, Philippines.Archived fromthe originalon February 26, 2011.RetrievedApril 18,2016.Various government agencies report varying land areas for Sulu. According to the National Mapping and Resources Information Authority, Sulu has a total land area of 160,040 hectares. On the other hand, based on the Philippine Statistics Authority (NSO) 2000 Demographic and Socio-Economic profile, the province has a land area of 1,754.6.
  2. ^abProvince of Sulu:Brief ProfileArchivedFebruary 26, 2011, at theWayback Machine(There seems to be major discrepancies among authoritative sources: 343,699 ha (NSCB 2007), 175,460 ha (NSCB 2000), 167,377 ha (NAMRIA))
  3. ^abcCensus of Population (2020).Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region.Philippine Statistics Authority.RetrievedJuly 8,2021.
  4. ^"SC Upholds Validity of Bangsamoro Organic Law; Declares Sulu not Part of Bangsamoro Region".Supreme Court of the Philippines.September 9, 2024.RetrievedSeptember 9,2024.
  5. ^"Jolo Branch Museum".National Museum.Archived fromthe originalon August 2, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 22,2020.
  6. ^Manoguid, Bart (February 15, 2023)."SAAD Sulu creates significant progress in agri-development, pines for consistent social protection initiatives - Special Area for Agricultural Development".RetrievedOctober 13,2024.
  7. ^Espaldon, E. M. (1997). With the Bravest: The Untold Story of the Sulu Freedom Fighters of World War II. Pilipinas: Espaldon-Virata Foundation.
  8. ^"Presidential Decree No. 302, s. 1973 | GOVPH".Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.RetrievedSeptember 14,2021.
  9. ^Majul, Cesar A. (1985).The Contemporary Muslim Movement in the Philippines.Mizan Press. p. 45.
  10. ^Yegar, Moshe (2002).Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand and Western Burma/Myanmar.Le xing ton Books. pp.267–268.
  11. ^"ARMM gov: Martial Law killings a 'painful part of our history as Moros'".The Philippine Star.September 24, 2018.Archivedfrom the original on September 24, 2018.RetrievedOctober 6,2019.
  12. ^Cal, Ben (September 11, 2013)."MNLF's first try to raise flag was 39 years ago".Manila Bulletin.Philippine News Agency.RetrievedNovember 20,2014.
  13. ^"Talipao, Sulu: Sleeping Like a Sultan at the Royal Palace Replica -".November 12, 2014.
  14. ^"Comelec ratifies Bangsamoro Organic Law".BusinessMirror.RetrievedJanuary 27,2019.
  15. ^Ferreras, Vince (September 9, 2024)."SC: Bangsamoro law constitutional but Sulu not part of BARMM".GMA News.RetrievedSeptember 9,2024.
  16. ^"Comelec mulls including Sulu in Zamboanga Peninsula".SunStar.SunStar Publishing Inc. September 14, 2024.RetrievedSeptember 14,2024."The consensus is to make Sulu part of Region IX since it is the province's original region," said the poll chief. He, however, stressed that such adecision is not yet final.
  17. ^Depasupil, William (September 13, 2024)."Comelec to place Sulu in Region 9".The Manila Times.RetrievedSeptember 13,2024.Theleaningof the Commission en banc is to include itfor this [2025] electionin Region 9,
  18. ^Umel, Richel; Dela Cruz, Sheila Mae (September 13, 2024)."BARMM execs seek help to deal with Sulu's exit".INQUIRER.net.RetrievedSeptember 13,2024.Another [issue] is to which administrative region Sulu will belong to. The nearest to it is the Zamboanga Peninsula (Region 9), to which Lamitan City in Basilan, which is not part of the BARMM, belongs.
  19. ^"Sakur wants Sulu to be a" pilot province under the Office of the President "".MindaNews.September 30, 2024.RetrievedSeptember 30,2024.
  20. ^Arguilas, Carolyn (November 27, 2024)."SC rules with finality: Sulu is out of BARMM".RetrievedDecember 1,2024.
  21. ^"Islands by Land Area".Island Directory Tables.United Nations Environment Programme. Archived fromthe originalon February 20, 2018.RetrievedAugust 25,2014.
  22. ^ab"Province: Sulu".PSGC Interactive.Quezon City, Philippines:Philippine Statistics Authority.RetrievedJanuary 8,2016.
  23. ^abCensus of Population (2015).Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population.Philippine Statistics Authority.RetrievedJune 20,2016.
  24. ^"PSGC Interactive; List of Provinces".Philippine Statistics Authority.Archived fromthe originalon September 12, 2016.RetrievedApril 18,2016.
  25. ^Census of Population and Housing (2010).Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities(PDF).National Statistics Office.RetrievedJune 29,2016.
  26. ^Census of Population and Housing (2010)."ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao"(PDF).Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay.National Statistics Office.RetrievedJune 29,2016.
  27. ^Philippine Statistics Authority (July 26, 2017)."Muslim Population in Mindanao (based on POPCEN 2015".Archived fromthe originalon May 4, 2019.RetrievedAugust 31,2018.
  28. ^"Poverty incidence (PI)".Philippine Statistics Authority.RetrievedDecember 28,2020.
  29. ^"Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines"(PDF).Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.
  30. ^"2009 Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines"(PDF).Philippine Statistics Authority. February 8, 2011.
  31. ^"Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015".Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  32. ^"Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015".Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  33. ^"Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015".Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  34. ^"Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018".Philippine Statistics Authority. June 4, 2020.
  35. ^"2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines"(PDF).Philippine Statistics Authority. August 15, 2022.RetrievedApril 28,2024.
  36. ^"The untold heritage of Sulu's fascinating coffee culture".cnn.Archived fromthe originalon December 21, 2018.RetrievedJuly 20,2017.
  37. ^"Home".leascor.ph.
  38. ^Espaldon, E. M. (1997). With the Bravest: The Untold Story of the Sulu Freedom Fighters of World War II. Pilipinas: Espaldon-Virata Foundation.
  39. ^Alonto, Rowena (2009). 13 Stories of Islamic Leadership vol 1 (PDF). Asian Institute of Management – Team Energy Center for Bridging Societal Divides. p. 26.
edit
Map all coordinates usingOpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulu&oldid=1272405077"