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Hughes TH-55 Osage

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TheHughes TH-55 Osageis a piston-powered light traininghelicopterproduced for theUnited States Army.It was also produced as theModel 269family of light utilityhelicopters,some of which were marketed as theModel 300.TheModel 300Cwas produced and further developed bySchweizerafter 1983.

TH-55 Osage
Hughes 269
A Schweizer 300C with theSwedish Air Force Museum
General information
TypeLightutilityandtrainerhelicopter
ManufacturerHughes Helicopters
Primary userUnited States Army
Number built2,800[1]
History
Manufactured1961–1983
First flight2 October 1956
VariantsSchweizer S300

Development

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In 1955,Hughes Tool Company's Aircraft Divisioncarried out a market survey which showed that there was a demand for a low-cost, lightweight two-seat helicopter. The division began building theModel 269in September 1955. It was initially designed with a fully glazed cockpit with seating for two pilots, or a pilot and passenger. It also had an open-framework fuselage and a three-blade articulated rotor. The prototype flew on 2 October 1956,[2]but it wasn't until 1960 that the decision was made to develop the helicopter for production. The original truss-work tailboom was replaced with a tubular tailboom and the cockpit was restructured and refined prior to being put into production, resulting in theModel 269A.With this model, Hughes successfully captured a large portion of the civilian helicopter market[2]with an aircraft that would prove itself popular in agriculture, police work and other duties.

Design

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The Hughes 269 was designed with a fully articulated, three-blade mainrotordesigned byDrago Jovanovich,and a two-bladetail rotorthat would remain as distinctive characteristics of all its variants. It also has shock absorber-damped, skid-type landing gear. The flight controls are directly linked to the swashplate of thehelicopterso there are nohydraulicsystems in the 269. There are generally two sets of controls, although this was optional on the civil 269A. For three-seat aircraft, the middle collective control stick is removable and a seat cushion can be put in its place for the third passenger.

Operational history

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TH-55A Osage helicopter parked on the flightline atMarine Corps Air Station El Toro,California in 1966.

In 1958, prior to full-time production, Hughes provided five preproduction Model 269A examples to the U.S. Army for evaluation as a light observation helicopter to replace the agingOH-13 SiouxandOH-23 Raven.Designated as theYHO-2HU[3][4]the helicopter was eventually turned down. On 9 April 1959, the 269A received certification from the FAA. Hughes continued to concentrate on civil production, and deliveries of the Model 269A began in 1961. By mid-1963 about 20 aircraft were being produced a month and by the spring of 1964, 314 had been built.

While the U.S. Army had not found the Model 269A adequate for combat missions, in 1964 it adopted a modified version of the 269A as its training helicopter to replace theTH-23and designated it theTH-55A Osage.[4]792 TH-55 helicopters would be delivered by 1969, and it would remain in service as the U.S. Army's primary helicopter trainer until it was replaced in 1988 by theUH-1 Huey.At the time of its replacement, over 60,000 U.S. Army pilots had trained on TH-55 making it the U.S. Army's longest serving training helicopter.[3]In addition to the U.S. Army, Hughes delivered TH-55/269/300s to other military customers.[3]

In 1964, Hughes introduced the slightly larger three-seat Model 269B which it marketed as theHughes 300.That same year, the Hughes 269 set an endurance record of 101 hours. To set the record, two pilots took turns piloting the aircraft and hovered in ground-effect for fueling. To ensure no cheating, eggs were attached to the bottom of the skid gear to register any record-ending landing.[2]

Schweizer 300C

The Hughes 300 was followed in 1969 by the improvedHughes 300C(sometimes 269C), which first flew on 6 March 1969 and received FAA certification in May 1970. This new model introduced a more powerful 190 hp (140 kW) Lycoming HIO-360-D1A engine and an increased-diameter rotor, giving a payload increase of 45%, plus overall performance improvements.[3]It was this model thatSchweizerbegan building under license from Hughes in 1983.[5]In 1986, Schweizer acquired all rights to the helicopter fromMcDonnell Douglas,who had purchased Hughes Helicopters in 1984, and renamed itMcDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems.For a few years after, Schweizer acquired theFAAType Certificate known as theSchweizer-Hughes 300.While Schweizer made over 250 minor improvements, the basic design remained unchanged.

Between Hughes and Schweizer, and including foreign-licensed production civil and military training aircraft, nearly 3,000 copies of the Model 269/300 have been built and flown over the last 50 years. That would have been the end of the story, but Schweizer continued to develop the model 300 by adding a turbine and redesigning the body to create the model 330m, and then further developed the dynamic components to take greater advantage of the power of the turbine engine; this led to the development of the Model 333.

Variants

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Hughes 269
Two prototype aircraft powered by a 180 hp Lycoming O-360-A engine and had a truss tailboom. First flown on 2 October 1956.
269A
Replacing the prototype's truss tailboom with a simple aluminum tube as the tailboom, the 269A came with the option for several models of Lycoming O-360 engines: the carbureted O-360-C2D, restricted to 165 hp (123 kW) in the 269A, or the carbureted HO-360-B1A/B1B or fuel-injected HIO-360-B1A/B1B, all rated for 180 hp (134 kW) in the 269A.[6][note 1]Customers also had the option for dual controls, and a 19 gal (72 liter) auxiliary tank. The maximum weight was 1,550 lb (703 kg); later this could be increased to 1,600 lb (726 kg) if certain modifications were performed.[6]
YHO-2
Five 269A aircraft were evaluated by the U.S. Army for an observation helicopter in 1957-58, originally designatedXH-42.The Army did not order the YHO-2 due to lack of funds.
269A-1 "Model 200"
The 269A-1, which Hughes marketed as theModel 200,was an improved version of the 269A certified by the FAA on 23 August 1963. Powered by the 180 hp (134 kW) fuel-injected Lycoming HIO-360-B1A or -B1B, and with its maximum weight increased to 1,670 lb (757 kg), the Model 200 also had the option for either a 30 gal (114 liter) or 25 gal (95 liter) main fuel tank.[6]Hughes sold two versions of the Model 200: the ordinaryModel 200 Utilityand theModel 200 Deluxewith added custom interior decor and electrically operatedtrimfor thecyclic control.[10][11]
TH-55A
Military version of the 269A-1 (Model 200) built for the U.S. Army as its standardprimary traininghelicopter[10]and named after theOsageNative American tribe; student pilots nicknamed it the "Mattel Messerschmitt".[12]Although basically the same as the Model 200, the TH-55A was fitted with military radio and instrumentation. 792 TH-55As were purchased by the Army between 1964 and 1967. An experimental TH-55A was fitted with anAllison 250-C18turboshaftengine, and another would be fitted with a 185 hp (138 kW)Wankel RC 2-60 rotary engine.
TH-55J
38 license-produced versions of the TH-55A, built byKawasakifor theJapanese Ground Self-Defense Force.
269B "Model 300"
Featuring a three-seat cockpit, the 269B was powered by a 190 hp (141 kW) Lycoming HIO-360-A1A engine and was marketed as theHughes Model 300.Optional floats were also available on the 300, the first time available on any 269-variant.
280U
single-seat, utility version of the 269B with an electric clutch and trim system. The 280U could be fitted with spraying equipment for agricultural applications.
300AG
269B designed specifically for agricultural spraying with a 30 gal (114 liter) chemical tank on each side of the fuselage, and a 35 feet (10.67 m) spray boom.
300B
269B with a Quiet Tail Rotor installed to reduce exterior noise levels to that of a light airplane. The QTR was installed on all production models starting in June 1967 and offered as a kit for previously built aircraft.
1989 Model 269C
269C "Model 300C"
The 300C was powered by a 190 hp (141 kW) Lycoming HIO-360-D1A and had a larger diameter main rotor - 26 ft 10 in (8.18 m) compared to 25 ft 4 in (7.72 m). The larger rotor and engine giving it a 45% performance increase over previous 269-models. Hughes and Schweizer both marketed the 269C as theModel 300C.
NH-300C
License-built 269C by Italian aircraft manufacturing firm BredaNardi.
300C Sky Knight
Police patrol version of the Model 300C.
TH-300C
Military training version.

Operators

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Algeria
Brazil
Colombia
Costa Rica
Greece
Haiti
Honduras
A TH-55 Osage on display at theHubschraubermuseum Bückeburg museum,Germany
India
Japan
Peru
Philippines
Sierra Leone
Spain
Sweden
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
United States

Specifications (Hughes 300)

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3-view line drawing of the Hughes TH-55A Osage

Data fromJane's All the World's Aircraft 1974-75[34]and Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum[2]

General characteristics

  • Crew:2
  • Length:28 ft 10.75 in (8.81 m)
  • Height:8 ft 2.75 in (2.51 m) overall
  • Empty weight:958 lb (435 kg)
  • Gross weight:1,550 lb (703 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight:1,670 lb (757 kg) certificated
1,850 lb (839 kg) maximum weight with restricted operations
  • Fuel capacity:30 US gal (25 imp gal; 110 L) in external mounted tank with provision for a 10 US gal (8.3 imp gal; 38 L) auxiliary tank.
  • Powerplant:1 ×Lycoming HIO-360-A1A4-cylinder air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine., 180 hp (130 kW)
(HIO-360-B1A in TH-55A)
  • Main rotor diameter:25 ft 3.5 in (7.71 m)
  • Main rotor area:503 sq ft (46.7 m2)
  • Blade section:NACA 0015[35]

Performance

  • Maximum speed:87 mph (140 km/h, 76 kn)
  • Cruise speed:80 mph (130 km/h, 70 kn) maximum
66 mph (57 kn; 106 km/h) economical.
  • Never exceed speed:87 mph (140 km/h, 76 kn)
  • Maximum water contact speed (on floats):20 mph (17 kn; 32 km/h)
  • Maximum water taxi speed (on floats):10 mph (9 kn; 16 km/h)
  • Range:300 mi (480 km, 260 nmi) with maximum fuel and no reserve.
  • Endurance:3 hours 30 minutes with maximum fuel.
  • Service ceiling:13,000 ft (4,000 m)
  • Hover ceiling IGE:7,700 ft (2,300 m)
  • Hover ceiling OGE:5,800 ft (1,800 m)
  • Rate of climb:1,140 ft/min (5.8 m/s)
  • Disk loading:3.3 lb/sq ft (16 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass:0.107 hp/lb (0.176 kW/kg)

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

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  1. ^Even though Francillon claims that the -C2D was a lower-compression engine intended for 80/87 octane fuel,[7]the FAA's type certificate data sheet 4H12 for the Hughes 269A specifies the same 91/96 octane fuel for all these engine versions,[6]and type certificate data sheets E-286 and 1E10 for the Lycoming O-360 and IO-360 families give the same compression ratio of 8.5 for the O-360-C2D, HO-360-B1A, HO-360-B1B,[8]HIO-360-B1A, and HIO-360-B1B.[9]

References

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  1. ^FLUG REVIEW onlineaccessed 1 October 2007ArchivedApril 10, 2007, at theWayback Machine
  2. ^abcd"Military helicopters."Archived2012-06-29 at theWayback MachineEvergreen Aviation and Space Museum.Retrieved: 17 June 2012.
  3. ^abcdFrawley, 2002, p. 148.
  4. ^abGunston 1978, p. 205.
  5. ^Frawley 2003, p. 190.
  6. ^abcdFederal Aviation Administration (FAA)(29 April 2020)."Type Certificate Data Sheet No. 4H12".
  7. ^Francillon, René J. (1988).McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920: Volume II.Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 161.ISBN978-1-55750-550-7.Retrieved20 September2021.Customers could... select the low-compression O-360-C2D (for use with 80/87 octane fuel), high-compression HO-360-B1B (for use with 91/96 octane fuel), or...
  8. ^Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)(30 April 2013)."Type Certificate Data Sheet No. E-286".
  9. ^Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)(4 May 2020)."Type Certificate Data Sheet No. 1E10".
  10. ^abTaylor, John W. R., ed. (1965).Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1965–1966.New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 245.ISBN9780531039151.Retrieved22 September2021.
  11. ^Hirschberg and Daley, 7 July 2000
  12. ^"Fort Wolters Tour: The Aircraft".Archived fromthe originalon 2012-02-19.Retrieved2014-09-10.
  13. ^"World Helicopter Market 1968",Flight International,vol. 94, no. 3096, flightglobal, p. 48, 11 July 1968,archivedfrom the original on 20 May 2013,retrieved21 February2013
  14. ^"World Helicopter Market 1968 - pg. 49",Flight International,vol. 94, no. 3096, flightglobal, 11 July 1968,archivedfrom the original on 29 July 2013,retrieved21 February2013
  15. ^"World Helicopter Market 1968 - pg. 50",Flight International,vol. 94, no. 3096, flightglobal, 11 July 1968,archivedfrom the original on 8 January 2014,retrieved21 February2013
  16. ^ab"World 's Air Forces 1987 pg 49".Flight International.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-11-01.Retrieved2013-02-21.
  17. ^"Breda Nardi NH300C".Helis.Archivedfrom the original on 2018-09-20.Retrieved2018-09-20.
  18. ^Hughes 269C.,archived fromthe originalon 2007-09-15Haiti Air Force Unit History.Retrieved: 17 June 2012.
  19. ^"World 's Air Forces 1990",Flight International,Flight Global, p. 54,archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2016,retrieved21 February2013
  20. ^"Honduran Hughes-TH-55A".Demand media.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2016.Retrieved21 February2013.
  21. ^"World 's Air Forces 1987 pg 60",Flight International,flightglobal,archivedfrom the original on 5 December 2013,retrieved21 February2013
  22. ^"Indian Naval Hughes 269C".jetphotos.net.Archivedfrom the original on 11 September 2014.Retrieved21 February2013.
  23. ^"World 's Air Forces 1987 pg 66",Flight International,flightglobal,archivedfrom the original on 29 May 2013,retrieved21 February2013
  24. ^"World Air Forces 2021".FlightGlobal. 4 December 2020.Retrieved5 January2021.
  25. ^https:// paf.mil.ph/history?page=3Archived2021-01-15 at theWayback Machine[bare URL]
  26. ^"World 's Air Forces 1987 pg 81",Flight International,flightglobal,archivedfrom the original on 1 February 2014,retrieved21 February2013
  27. ^"World 's Air Forces",Flight International,flightglobal, p. 90, 1987,archivedfrom the original on 5 December 2013,retrieved21 February2013
  28. ^"World Helicopter Market 1968 - pg. 55".flightglobal. 11 July 1968.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2013.Retrieved21 February2013.
  29. ^"World 's Air Forces 2000 pg 90".flightglobal.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2016.Retrieved21 February2013.
  30. ^"Taiwan Army Hughes-TH-55C".Demand media.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2016.Retrieved21 February2013.
  31. ^"World 's Air Forces 1987 pg 95",Flight International,flightglobal,archivedfrom the original on 27 May 2015,retrieved21 February2013
  32. ^"Turkey - Major Army Equipment".Archivedfrom the original on 2013-12-02.Retrieved2013-11-27.
  33. ^"TH-55A Osage Training Helicopter".olive-drab.Archivedfrom the original on 25 January 2013.Retrieved21 February2013.
  34. ^Taylor, John W.R., ed. (1974).Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1974-75(65th annual ed.). New York: Franklin Watts Inc. pp.356–366.ISBN978-0354005029.
  35. ^Lednicer, David."The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage".m-selig.ae.illinois.edu.Retrieved16 April2019.

Bibliography

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  • Abulo, Samuel A. "The Story of the PC/INP Air Unit."The Constable & INP Journal,17 July–August 1985, pp. 27–31.
  • Apostolo, Giorgio.The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters.New York: Bonanza Books, 1984.ISBN0-517-439352.
  • Elliot, Bryn (March–April 1997). "Bears in the Air: The US Air Police Perspective".Air Enthusiast.No. 68. pp.46–51.ISSN0143-5450.
  • Elliott, Bryn (May–June 1999). "On the Beat: The First 60 Years of Britain's Air Police, Part Two".Air Enthusiast(81):64–69.ISSN0143-5450.
  • Frawley, Gerard.The International Directory of Civil Aircraft, 2003-2004.Fyshwick ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 2003.ISBN1-875671-58-7.
  • Frawley, Gerard.The International Directory of Military Aircraft.Fyshwick ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 2002.ISBN1-875671-55-2.
  • Gunston, Bill.The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Modern Military Aircraft.New York: Crescent Books, 1978.ISBN0-517-22477-1.
  • Hirschberg, Michael J. and David K. Daley.US and Russian Helicopter Development In the 20th Century.2000.
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