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Taif

For other uses, seeTaif.

Taif(Arabic:اَلطَّائِفُ‎,romanized:Aṭ-Ṭāʾif,lit. 'The circulated or encircled',Hejazi Arabic pronunciation:[atˤˈtˤaː(j)ɪf]) is a city and governorate in theProvince of MakkahinSaudi Arabia.Located at an elevation of 1,879 m (6,165 ft) in the slopes of theHijaz Mountains,which themselves are part of theSarat Mountains,[2]the city has a population of 563,282 people in 2022, making it one of the most populous cities in the kingdom.[3]

Taif
Aṭ-Ṭāʾif(ٱلطَّائِف)
City
Taif, as seen from Al Hada
Taif, as seen fromAl Hada
Nickname(s):
Madīnat al-Wurūd([مَدِيْنَة ٱلْوُرُوْد]Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |lit= (help))
Summer capital of the Kingdom
Taif is located in Saudi Arabia
Taif
Taif
Location in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Taif is located in Middle East
Taif
Taif
Taif (Middle East)
Taif is located in West and Central Asia
Taif
Taif
Taif (West and Central Asia)
Coordinates:21°16′30.34″N40°24′22.16″E/ 21.2750944°N 40.4061556°E/21.2750944; 40.4061556
CountrySaudi Arabia
ProvinceMakkah
GovernorateTaif
Government
• MayorHRH Nahar Alsaud
Area
•City
321 km2(124 sq mi)
Elevation
1,879 m (6,165 ft)
Population
(2022 census)[1]
•City
563,282
• Rank6
• Density2,144/km2(5,554/sq mi)
•Metro
913,374 (Taif Governorate)
DemonymTaifian
Time zoneUTC+3(GMT + 3)
Postal Code
26XXX
Area code+966 12
Websitehttp:// taifcity.gov.sa

There is a belief that Taif is indirectly referred to inQuran 43:31.[4]The citywas visitedby theIslamicprophetMuhammad,sometime in the early7th century,and was inhabited by the tribe ofBanu Thaqif.It is still inhabited to this day by their descendants. As a part of theHejaz,the city has seen many transfers-of-power throughout its history, with the last being during theSaudi conquest of Hejazin 1925.

The city has been called the unofficialsummer capitalof Saudi Arabia[5][6]and has also been called the best summer destination in Saudi Arabia[7]as it enjoys a moderate weather during summer, unlike most of theArabian Peninsula.The city owes its popularity among tourists to its manymountain resortsand moderate climate, even during the harsh summers of Arabia. The city is connected to the nearbyresort townofAl-Hadavia the iconic Highway 15 (Taif – Al-Hada Road). It stands out from the rest of the Hijazi region as it is a city that plays an active role in theagricultural output of Saudi Arabiaand is the center of an agricultural area known for its cultivation ofgrapes,pomegranate, figs, roses andhoney.[8]Taif is also very active in the manufacturing of traditionalattar,and is known locally as "City of the Roses" (Arabic:مَدِيْنَة ٱلْوُرُوْد,romanized:Madīnat al-Wurūd). Taif also hosts the historicSouq 'Okaz.

The Taif governorate is divided into 15 smaller municipalities, with Ta'if as the capital.[9]The administration of the city itself is carried out by five municipalities, named North Taif, West Taif, East Taif, South Taif and New Taif. Taif is served by theTaif International Airport,with a larger international airport planned to open by 2030.[10][11]

Name

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Much like many of the cities in the Hejazi region, the city of Ta'if had an older name:Wajj(وَجّ).[12]This was also the name of theValley of Wajj,a significant valley within Arabian and Islamic history.[12]

The etymology of the city's current name, Taʾif (Arabic:اَلطَّائِفُ), comes from theArabic rootط و ف,which could translate to "wanderer", "roamer", or "circulator"; the latter of which is the basis of the wordṬawāf(طَوَاف), which literally translates to "circulation" or "circumambulation", and is used in the context of the circumambulation of theKaaba.[13][14][15]

Taʾif was given this name due to the wall that was built by the tribe ofBanu Thaqifthat circulated the city.[16]In short, the city of Taʾif literally means the circulated or encircled city.[citation needed]

History

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In the6th centuryA.D.,the city of Ta'if was dominated by theThaqif tribe,which still lives in and around the city of Ta'if today. It has been suggested thatJewishtribes who were displaced in the wars of theHimyarite Kingdomby Ethiopian Christians settled near Ta'if.[17]The walled city was a religious centre as it housed the idol of the goddessLāt,who was then known as "the lady of Ta'if." Its climate marked the city out from its dry and barren neighbours closer to theRed Sea.Wheat,vinesandfruitorchardswere grown around Ta'if, and this is how the city earned its title "the Garden of the Hejaz."[18][19]Both Ta'if andMeccawere resorts of pilgrimage.[20]Ta'if was more pleasantly situated than Mecca itself, and their people of Ta'if had close trading relations. The people of Ta'if carried on agriculture and fruit‑growing in addition to their trade activities.[20]

In the early7th centuryC.E.,Muhammad,who was born in Makkah, preached Islam to the inhabitants of Mecca and the Hijaz, and encountered resistance from many of the people there. In 630, abattletook place atHunayn,close to the city. Shortly after that, the unsuccessfulsiege of Ta'iftook place. The city was assaulted by catapults fromBanu Daus,but it repelled the attacks. TheBattle of Tabukin 631 left Tā'if completely isolated, so members of Thaqīf arrived in Makkah to negotiate the conversion of the city toIslam.The idol ofLātwas destroyed along with all other signs of the city's pagan past.[21][22]

The city then went through many exchanges-of-power, but most of the action within these conflicts took place between Makkah and Medina, and Ta'if dwindled in importance in contrast to the two holy cities.[23]

Under Ottoman rule

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On 17 July 1517, theSharif of Meccacapitulated to theOttomanSultanSelim I.As a sign of this, he surrendered to him the keys of the Islamic cities of Mecca andMedina.As part of the Hijaz, Ta'if was also given over to Ottoman control and the city remained Ottoman for a further three centuries, until in 1802, when it was retaken byrebelsallied with theHouse of Saud.These forces then proceeded to take Mecca and Medina. The loss was keenly felt by the Ottoman Empire, which viewed itself as the protector of the holy cities. The Ottoman sultan,Mahmud II,called upon theWaliofEgypt,Muhammad Ali,who launched an attack on the Hejaz and reconquered Ta'if in 1813.[23]

In 1813, theSwisstraveler andorientalistJohann Ludwig Burckhardtvisited Ta'if and left an eyewitness account of the city just after its recapture by the Muhammad Ali, with whom he obtained several interviews while he was there. Burckhardt reported that the wall and ditch around the city had been built by Othman el-Medhayfe. There were three gates and several towers on the city walls, which, however, were weak, being in some places only 45 cm (18 in) thick. Burckhardt stated that the castle had been built bySharifGhalib ibn Musa'id.He noted the destruction of the city caused by the conquest of 1802. Most of the buildings were still in ruin while he was there, and the tomb of'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas– cousin of Muhammad and ancestor of theAbbasids– had been severely damaged. He also recorded that the population of the city was still mostlyThaqīfi.In terms of trade, the city was anentrepôtforcoffee.[24]

Landscape from south of Ta'if

The castle and military barracks in Ta'if were repaired by the Ottomans in 1843, ahükûmetkonağı– mansion for government business – was built in 1869, and a post office was established sometime later.[25]

Arab Revolt

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Road to Ta'if in the foreground, with theHijaz Mountainsin the background

Prior to theArab Revolt,Ahmed Beyhad been made the commander of Ottoman forces in Tā'if. He had under him a force of 3,000 soldiers and 10 pieces ofmountain artillery.Ghalib Pasha, the governor of the Hejaz was also present in the city. In 1916, theHashemiteslaunched their revolt against the Ottoman Empire in Mecca in June. That city had fallen and then in July,Abdullah,the eldest son of the Hashemite leader andSharif of Mecca, Husayn ibn Ali,came with seventy men to Tā'if. Whilst his activities in the area aroused the suspicion of Ahmed Bey, Ghalib Pasha was unconcerned by so small a force. Abdullah secretly built up his army to 5,000 men. He then cut the telegraph wires to the city and took the offensive. All Hashemite assaults on the city were repelled by the mountain guns, and both sides settled down to an uneasy siege. However, Hashemite guns were slowly brought up to Tā'if, and then the city held out a little longer; before finally surrendering on 22 September. The city thus later became a part of the self-proclaimedHashemiteKingdom of Hejaz.[25][26]

Saudi conquest and modern history

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Ta'if did not remain in Hashemite hands for very long. Tensions between the King of the Hejaz, Husayn ibn Ali, andAbdulaziz al-Saud,theEmir of Nejd and Hasa,soon broke out into violence. Although hostilities subsided in 1919, by September 1924, the then Saudi-sponsoredIkhwanmilitia,under the leadership ofSultan bin Bajadand Khaled bin Luwai', was ready to attack Ta'if. The city was supposed to have been defended by the king's son,'Ali,but he fled in panic with his troops. Three hundred of 'Ali's men were slain by the Ikhwan in what became known as theTa'if massacre.[26]In 1926, Abdulaziz al-Saud was officially recognized as the new King of Hejaz. Ta'if remained a part of the Kingdom of Hejaz until Abdulaziz al-Saud unified his two kingdoms andconsolidatedthem into theKingdom of Saudi Arabiain 1932. In 1934 the treaty was signed here that established the boundary lines between Yemen and the kingdom.[27]The king himself was later to die in the city on 9 November 1953, as didKing Khalidon 13 June 1982.[citation needed]

Ta'if was still little more than a medieval city when the Saudis took control of it. However, they later embarked on a project of modernizing the city. Saudi Arabia's first public power generator was set up in Ta'if in the late 1940s.[28]In terms of building roads to the isolated city, in 1965 the then King Faisal inaugurated the 54 mi (87 km) mountain highway between Mecca and Ta'if,[29]now part of Highway 15 and known as the Taif – Al-Hada Road. In 1974, the approximately-650-kilometer Ta'if-Abha–Jizanhighway was commissioned part of the Highway 15.[30]By the1991 Gulf War,Ta'if was such a modern city in terms of communications that it was chosen as the site of theRendon Group's television and radio network, which was used for communication withKuwaitduring theIraqi occupation.[citation needed]

Geography

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Historicsadd(سَدّ,dam) in Ta'if

The entirety of the Ta'if governorate is situated on araised valleysurrounded by the Hejaz Mountains (part of theSarat mountains) to the west and south. The city is situated at an elevation of 1,879 m (6,165 ft)above mean sea level.For comparison, the surroundingmountainswhich separate Ta'if from nearby villages such as Al-Hada andAsh-Shafa,range in height anywhere from 2,000–3,500 m (6,600–11,500 ft). Ta'if is known to have had manywadiswith running water before, suggested by the presence of dams along many of these. Taif's highest point, the Jebel Daka is even the fifth highest peak of Saudi Arabia.

Climate

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Ta'if has a hotdesert climate(Köppen climate classificationBWh), with hot summers and mild winters. It is much cooler in Ta'if during the summertime than it is other parts of Saudi Arabia, particularly Riyadh. Precipitation is low, but all months see some rain, with more rain in spring and late autumn than in other months.[31][32]

Climate data for Ta'if (1991-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.0
(89.6) 		33.0
(91.4) 		34.0
(93.2) 		35.2
(95.4) 		39.0
(102.2) 		40.2
(104.4) 		41.0
(105.8) 		40.0
(104.0) 		40.0
(104.0) 		36.0
(96.8) 		32.5
(90.5) 		30.0
(86.0) 		41.0
(105.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.1
(73.6) 		25.3
(77.5) 		27.7
(81.9) 		30.6
(87.1) 		33.9
(93.0) 		36.3
(97.3) 		35.6
(96.1) 		36.0
(96.8) 		35.2
(95.4) 		31.1
(88.0) 		26.8
(80.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		30.5
(86.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 15.8
(60.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		20.2
(68.4) 		23.2
(73.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.5
(85.1) 		28.2
(82.8) 		23.7
(74.7) 		19.6
(67.3) 		16.9
(62.4) 		23.3
(74.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.7
(47.7) 		10.3
(50.5) 		12.8
(55.0) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.3
(66.7) 		22.8
(73.0) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		12.5
(54.5) 		9.8
(49.6) 		16.4
(61.5)
Record low °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		0.0
(32.0) 		0.5
(32.9) 		4.0
(39.2) 		5.6
(42.1) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		13.3
(55.9) 		11.4
(52.5) 		8.0
(46.4) 		5.0
(41.0) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−1.5
(29.3)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 9.7
(0.38) 		1.1
(0.04) 		12.4
(0.49) 		34.1
(1.34) 		34.8
(1.37) 		3.8
(0.15) 		2.4
(0.09) 		17.2
(0.68) 		9.1
(0.36) 		16.1
(0.63) 		23.1
(0.91) 		5.0
(0.20) 		168.8
(6.65)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) 1.2 0.3 1.3 3.7 3.9 0.5 0.6 1.9 0.9 2.1 2.5 1.0 20.0
Averagerelative humidity(%) 61 54 47 47 38 25 27 31 33 42 56 61 44
Source 1:World Meteorological Organization,[33]
Source 2:[31][32]

Natural landmarks

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Jabal DakkanearAsh-Shafa

Al-Rudaf Park is a large natural park in South Ta'if, where trees stand amidst weathered granite rocks. The site also has a small zoo. Additionally, the park has a large lake with fountains and cannons.[34]The Ta'if rose plantation is a complex of rose fields filled with small fragrant pink roses that are distilled into expensive Ta'if rose oil.[35]The famous grown here is the 30-petalDamask rose(Rosa damascena trigintipetala), whose scent has been described as a robust, spicy, and dizzyingly complex scent[36]which has been used by several luxury perfume brands, includingOrmonde Jayne,[35]Chanel,GuerlainandHermès.[37]TheNuqbat al-Hamra'park nearAl-Hadais a large nature preserve at an elevation of 2,100 metres (6,900 feet) above sea level.[38][39][40][41]Ash-Shafāis a small village situated high up in the mountains at an elevation of 2,200 to 2,500 metres (7,200 to 8,200 feet) above sea level, rich in agricultural products. The fruit gardens of Ta'if are located here. Acamelride is available,[42]andJabal Dakkais within view of the village.[38]The Saiysad National Park is located in New Ta'if.[citation needed]

Economy and development

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Rosa × damascena(R. damascena trigintipetala) flower in Ta'if

Historically, Ta'if's economy depended onagricultureand the cultivation ofroses,which were traded throughoutCentral AsiaandTransoxiana.[43]Ta'if's modern economy is still mostly dependent on agriculture andperfumes,but an increasing diversification project has been taking place in order to combat the city's heavy dependence on these two industries.[19]The distilledrose oilfrom theRosa × damascenaplant has been traditionally used as an attar in the Middle East, usually as a masculine fragrance, and due to its cultivation in Ta'if, it has gained the name "Ta'if rose."[citation needed]

On October 1, 2017,KingSalman of Saudi Arabiainaugurated the "New Ta'if" project, a $3.9 billion project[44]aiming at establishing a new, international airport in the city, dubbed the Ta'if International Airport, renovation and modernization of the historicSouk 'Okaz,[45][46]establishment of the Oasis of Technology, which is expected to include anAntonovaircraft manufacturing and assembly plant, an industrial airport with a 3.5-km runway, asolar farmcovering 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft) expected to produce 30 MW of electricity,[45][46]the Residential Suburb, which is expected to include 10,000 residential units,[45][46]the Industrial City, an 11-square-kilometre (4.2 sq mi) industrial city with a complex for heavy, medium and light industries along with a vocational training center,[45][46]and the University City, a 16-square-kilometre (6.2 sq mi) university projected to be built in the Saiysad National Park.[45][46]

Culture

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Arts

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The Souk 'Okaz, one of the best known pre-Islamicsouks,was not only a market, but in many ways, a historic theater, wheresociopoliticaland commercial exchanges took place between the tribes ofpre-Islamic Arabia.[47]People from around the peninsula would come to visit the idol of the goddessLat.[47]This is proof that Ta'if has long been a historic center for trade and the arts in theArabian Peninsula;contemporary theaters in the area include the 'Okaz Market Theater[48]and the recently opened King 'Abdullah Park Theater.[49]Aperforming artstheater is also located in the nearby town of Qia and is known as the Folk Theater of Qia.[citation needed]

In the framework of Saudi Seasons initiative, the first Ta'if Season took place on August 1, 2019. Artists from seven countries participated in the event and a wide range of activities were overseen. Three main events have taken place during the season including the Souk 'Okaz festival and acamel race.As a sideline to the event, a rose festival in the city as well as a number of concerts and plays were held.[50]

Sports

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Like most of Saudi Arabia, the most popular sport among Saudis in Ta'if is football.Wej SC(Saudi Arabian Football Federation) plays atKing Fahd Sports Cityin North Ta'if nearas-Sayl as-Saghirand is the football team representing the city. The expatriate minority in the city has brought several other games with them to Ta'if, includingcricket,badmintonandvolleyball.[51]Al Hawiyah Stadiumis the local football pitch.

Infrastructure

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Education

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In 2004Taif Universitywas established which offers both undergraduate and graduate programs across four colleges and 16 faculties.[52][53]It has four campuses located in the Taif Governorate, with the main campus in Al-Hawiyya.[52]

In 2014 theCanadianNiagara Collegeopened a campus in Taif with programs in tourism, hospitality, and business.[54]This effort is part of the Colleges of Excellence program.[55]The college faced criticism for being open to men only, including from theCanadian Association of University Teachers.[56][54][57]As of 2023 it is unclear whether the campus in Taif is still active, with even the main website of Niagara College KSA having mixed information.[58][59]

Mosques

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See also:List of mosques in Saudi Arabia

There are a number of historical mosques in the city.[60][61]One[ar](21°16′13.31″N40°24′30.48″E/ 21.2703639°N 40.4084667°E/21.2703639; 40.4084667) houses the remains of Abdullahibn Abbas,acousinandcompanionofMuhammad.[62][63]Another mosque[ar](21°15′27.65″N40°23′27.37″E/ 21.2576806°N 40.3909361°E/21.2576806; 40.3909361) is named afterAddas,anIraqi Christianwho embraced Islam after meeting Muhammad.[64][65]

Museums and historic landmarks

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Map of the historicSouk 'Okazfrom the book Sahih al-Akhbar[66]

Located 40 km (25 mi) north of Ta'if is the site of theSouk 'Okaz,[66]the largest and best known of the pre-Islamicsouks.[67]Thesouqwas a scene of annual social, political and commercial gatherings. It was also the location of competitive recitation of poetry and prose. The buildings remain, including prominent outlines of walls ofbasalticstone. Wadi Mitna is awadibelieved to be the location where Muhammad sought refuge from the tribes ofHawazinand Thaqif in 619 AD, after he was stoned by the tribes. He was later given sanctuary by his fellows in a small house, which has now been converted into amosque.Shubra Palace is the regional museum of Ta'if, housed in a building built around 1900, which served asIbn Saud's lodging in the 1930s,[68][69][70]and was also used as the Presidency of theCouncil of Ministers of Saudi ArabiaduringKing Faisal's reign.[7]The Turkish Fort was a fort located near theSouk 'Okaz,many battles have been fought here and many prominent graves can be found, though only a small part of the original fort remains. Legend has it thatLawrence of Arabiaalso fought here.[39][40][41]The Badawi Fortress is located in the southern reaches of East Ta'if.[citation needed]

Transportation

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Left to right: Ta'if,MeccaandJeddahseen from theISSat night

Due to Ta'if's location in the mountains, most major highways either bend around the city or avoid the region completely. The only major highway in the Saudi Arabian network to pass through Ta'if is Highway 15 (known to locals as the Taif – Al-Hada Road) which arrives from Mecca in the west, bends around the mountains through Al-Hada, passes through the center of Ta'if, and travels toAbhaandKhamis MushaitviaBahaandBaljurashi.Ta'if is connected toHighway 40via Highway 267 and Highway 287. Highway 267 forms the western part of the Ta'if beltway, but then continues southward towardAsh-Shafa,bypassing Mecca by using a longer route and gives access to Highway 304, Highway 301,Highway 40and Highway 290 via Highway 298.[citation needed]

Ta'if is served by theTaif International Airport.It was scheduled to open in 2020, but this had been delayed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.The new airport is mainly designed to cater to pilgrims ofHajjand 'Umrah,and to relieve pressure off theKing Abdulaziz International Airportin Jeddah.[71][72][73]

Notable people

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Tribes

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Further information:Tribes of Arabia,Adnanites,andQahtanites

The historically well-known tribe ofThaqifstill lives in and around the city of Ta'if. 'Utaibah is anotherAdnani tribewhich still lives in Ta'if.Banu Harithis one of theQahtani Arabstribes living around Ta'if in Saudi Arabia. The tribe claims a very large area around the city in the area between Ta'if andQunfudhahin Saudi Arabia. Thu al-Isba' al-'Adwani was anArabic poetand a man of wisdom from the Banu 'Adwan tribe that historically lived in the northern parts of Ta'if. Furthermore, Banu Thabit are people descended from Thabit and the tribe is originally part ofHawazinclan.

Births in the pre-modern era

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Pre-Islamic leaders of Banu Thaqif During thepre-Islamicera, the city was populated by the tribe of Thaqif. The city had then the following chieftains:

Other important Islamic figures

Births in the modern era

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Monarchs and royals

Others

Deaths

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Governors

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See also

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The contents of this article incorporate material from anentry in theEnciclopedia Libre Universal,published in Spanish underGFDL.

References

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