Wikipedia

Tamil diaspora

TheTamil diasporarefers to descendants of theTamilspeakingimmigrantswho emigrated from their native lands in thesouthern Indian subcontinent(Tamil Nadu,PuducherryandSri Lanka) to other parts of the world. They are found primarily inMalaysia,Arab states of the Persian Gulf,South Africa,North America,Western Europe,andSingapore.[18]It can be divided into two main diasporic clusters, due to geographical, historical and cultural reasons, asIndian Tamil diasporaandSri Lankan Tamil diaspora.

Tamil diaspora
புலம்பெயர் தமிழர்
Malaysia~1,897,000 (2018)[1]
South Africa~600,000 (2013)[2]
United Arab Emirates~400,000[3][4]
Saudi Arabia~350,000[4][3]
France[a]~302,000[5]
United States~238,699[6]
Canada237,599 (2021)[7][b]
Singapore198,449 (2020)[c][8]
United Kingdom~120,000 (2007)[9]
Indonesia~75,000 (2008)[10]
Mauritius~72,089 (2011)[11]
Germany~60,000 (2008)[12]
Australia~50,000 (2011)[13]
Switzerland~35,000 (2008)[14]
Italy~25,000 (2005)[15]
Norway~10,000 (2000)[16]
Denmark~9,000 (2003)[17]
Languages
Religion

Four groups make up the bulk of the Tamil diaspora: colonial-era descendants of migrants toSoutheast Asia,South Africa,East Africa,theCaribbean,andFiji;recent, educated Tamil immigrants primarily to theU.S.,Australia,and theU.K.;Sri Lankan Tamilrefugees who resettled primarily inCanada,Western andNorthern Europe,andOceaniabetween the 1980s and 2010s; and recent Tamil migration to the Gulf states of the Middle East as labor.

Early migrations

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Main articles:Sri Lankan Tamils,Sri Lankan Chetties,Chitty,Bharatha people,Thigala,Hebbar Iyengar,andKaikadi

Tamils have a long tradition of seafaring and a history of overseas migration to foreign lands due to close proximity to theIndian Oceanthroughout ancient and medieval times. Many of the Tamilemigrantswho left the shores of Tamil Nadu before the 18th century mixed with other ethnicities in other regions. In the medieval period Tamils emigrated as soldiers, traders and laborers settled inKerala(speciallyPalakkad),Karnataka,Maharashtra,Sri Lanka,Thailand,Malaysia,Indonesiaand intermixed well with the local population, while few communities still maintain their language and culture. Many groups still claim descent from medieval-era Tamil emigrants such as theThigalas,Hebbarsof Karnataka who have resided in Karnataka for generations and even adopted Kannada as their mother tongue,Palakkad Iyersof Kerala,Kaikadisof Maharashtra,ChittysofMalaysiaand some section of theSri LankanTamilsandSinhalesessuch as theSri Lankan Chetties,theBharatha people,theKaravas,theDuravas,theDemala Gattarasand theSalagamas.[19][citation needed]

An early emigrant group that is not well documented is theTamil Muslimswho emigrated in considerable numbers to theSultanate of Malacca(in present-dayMalaysia) and were instrumental in spreading Islam amongst the indigenousMalays.Some are descended from immigrants fromArabia (Middle East),though it is not known which part of the Arab world they were from.[citation needed]

British, French, and Dutch indentured workers and others

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Main articles:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka,Tamil Malaysians,Tamil South Africans,Tamil Mauritian,andCaribbean Shaktism
Sri Kandaswamy Temple,Brickfields,Malaysia.

During this period the British, Dutch, French, Portuguese and Danish colony administrators recruited many local Tamils and took them to their overseas colonies to work as laborers, petty administration officers, and in clerical and military duties.

In the 19th century, the Tamil region of the Madras Presidency was affected by severe famines, such as theGreat Famine of 1876–78,and as such the region was both politically and economically weak. The British thus made use of hungry Tamil workers for their plantations all over the world - Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Mauritius,South Africa,Kenya,Tanzania,Fiji and also Sri Lanka (unrelated to Tamils who migrated toSri Lankabefore the 18th century).

Some of the Tamil groups (especially the Chettiyars, Pillais, Muslims) emigrated as commercial migrants. They then dominated the trade and finance in Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, South Africa,Kenya,Tanzaniaand other places. The first Indian to own a merchant ship during the British times comes from this group.[20]

These Tamilians integrated and assimilated well with their adopted countries, and became well integrated into local populations inMauritius,South Africa,Guyana,andFiji.On the other hand,Karnataka Tamilsof Karnataka,Indian Tamils of Sri Lankaof Sri Lanka, andTamil Malaysiansof Malaysia were evolved into distinct communities of their own with unique multilingual sub-culture and identity.

Many also left to work in the possessions of theFrench Empirevia its holdings inPondichéryinRéunionand the French Caribbean islands ofMartiniqueandGuadeloupe(seeMalabars).[5]A small group was hired by theDutchcolonial government in theDutch East Indies(present-day Indonesia) to work inSumatra(namely inMedan). Roughly about 40,000 (est.) descendants of these immigrants are still found inMedan.

Many independent Tamil merchant guilds, such as theNagarathar,also left for these areas in an age-old tradition of their ancestors who had traded in these areas for the last 2,000 years. Britain also hired many Sri Lankan Tamils as clerical and other white-collar workers, especially in Malaysia and Singapore. All these different streams have combined to create vibrant Tamil communities in these countries.

Also, manyTamilsfrom India and Sri Lanka migrated to theCrown colony of SingaporeandBritish Malayaas laborers, army clerks and merchants.

Twentieth century

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Return migration from Sri Lanka and Burma

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During and after the devastation ofWW2,many Tamils and other Indians from Burma fled to India toManipur,[21]and Tamil Nadu. They established Burmese refugee colonies that still exist today and maintain an identity as Burmese returnees. In Sri Lanka theSinhalesenationalistSLFPparty disfranchised all Indian originIndian Tamils of Sri Lankaand returned 600,000 back to India under theSrimavo-Shastri Pactsigned between India and Sri Lanka. Many were repatriated to theNilgirisregion's tea estates. They too maintain a distinct identity asCeylonreturnees in Tamil Nadu.Black Julyhas created another stream of Sri Lankan and Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka refugees in India who have languished for the last 20 years in refugee camps throughout Tamil Nadu while many others have integrated with the mainstream community or left India for other countries in the west.

There is also a movement of native Sri Lankan Tamils to India; some migrated to do white-collar jobs during the British days, but there has been a much bigger diaspora today.

Post-1983 dispersal of Sri Lankan Tamils

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TheSri Lankan Tamil diasporawas well established in Malaysia, Singapore and the United Kingdom prior to the 1983Black Julyinduced dispersal of refugees and asylum claimants in India,Europe,andCanada.Although relatively recent in origin, this subgroup had well-established communities in these host countries prior to the 1983pogroms.

20th century dispersal of Tamils from India

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Main articles:South Indian Tamil diasporaandTamil Muslim

In the second half of the 20th century, Tamils from India migrated as skilled professionals to various parts of India and countries like UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, UK, USA, Singapore and so on. Some of them got citizenship of respective countries but still having strong family and cultural ties with Tamil Nadu, than those who migrated before 1950, who lost touch with their ancestral links in Tamil Nadu.

By region

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Africa

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Mainland Africa

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There is a significant number of Tamils in Africa, especially Kenya. At least 30% of the Tamils in Africa live in Kenya, followed by Uganda. Most of these people are migrants, while some have been living there for generations.

South Africa

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Main article:Tamil South Africans

Tamil migration toSouth Africastarted as from 1860, first as indentured labor and in the first batch 340 Tamils were there. Now there are more than 250,000 Tamils spread over in many cities, the concentration being inNatalandDurban.[22]

In South Africa the Tamil Language can be taken in many schools as a Second Additional Language, It is recognised as a level 4 subject and carries points for entrance into university.

Indian Ocean islands

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Mauritius

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Main articles:Tamil MauritianandIndo-Mauritian

Mauritiushas a Tamil population of 80,000. Most arrived from Tamil Nadu after 1835, shortly after slavery was abolished, to replace the freed African and malgache slaves, to serve as indentured laborers on the sugar cane plantations.[22]Tamil culture has flourished in Mauritius. Since 1835, the Tamil community has built almost 125 Tamil temples andMuruganis a popular deity. Tamil holidays and festivals such asTamil New YearVarusha Pirapu,Pongal,TimitiandThaipusamare celebrated on a national level.Thiruvalluvarand Bharathi days are also celebrated whileDeepavali,Thaipusam,Maha Shivaratriand Pongal are public holidays. But most of the people in Mauritius do not speak Tamil.

The Tamil language is taught in approximately 100 primary schools. Tamil language and literature can be studied at university level to obtain B.A. and M.A. degrees. The Mahatma Gandhi Institute promotes the Indian languages which are present in Mauritius. Tamils are attempting to include their religion and other Hindu practices. Once Tamil priests came from Jaffna inSri Lanka,they conducted prayers in Tamil. Later, some scholars started to facilitate the population to get access to sacred books. This helped the people to learn Tamil holy Enchantment fromThevaramsandThiruvasagam[22]

Réunion

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Main article:Malbars
A Malbar temple in Réunion.

Tamil settlement in the French department ofRéunionstarted as far back as 1848 as indentured labor, mainly fromPondichéryandKaraikal,the French territories in Southern India. There are now about 126,000 Tamils living in Réunion or "Malabars" as they are known there with many Hindu temples run by voluntary organisations where Hindu and Tamil cultural links are preserved well.[5]

Seychelles

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Main article:Tamil Seychellois

Tamil traders fromPondicherryused to visit theSeychellesfor purposes of timber trade followed by settlements of Tamils from Tamil Nadu for trading purposes.[22]Later, a trading community was in place here mainly of Tamils and many of them got integrated with the local community. Now there about 4000 Tamils in the trading business as well as in other professions.

Americas

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North America

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Canada

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Main article:Tamil Canadians
Expatriate Sri Lankan Tamil children in traditional clothes inToronto, Ontario,Canada

Canadahas a large concentration of Sri Lankan Tamils, almost 90% of the Tamil population - amounting to 120,000.[22]Several Canadian universities contain large Tamil Student Associations (TSAs).

As per the2021 Canadian census,Tamil Canadians number approximately 240,000 and account for roughly 0.7% of Canada's population.[7][b]

There are many more pro-active voluntary organisations keeping the Tamil culture alive. Toronto is home to the largest Tamil-speaking population outside Asia.

One of the most popular overseas branches ofChennai-basedSaravanaa Bhavan,the world's largest Indianvegetarianrestaurant chain, is located inEdison,New Jersey,U.S.

United States

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Main article:Tamil American
TheNew York City Metropolitan Area,includingCentralNew Jersey,as well asLong IslandandStaten IslandinNew York,is home to the largestTamil Americanpopulation.

Central New Jerseycontains the largest population concentration ofIndian Americansof Tamil descent. Sizeable populations ofIndian AmericanTamils have also settled inNew York City,andNew Jerseyand New York house separateTamil Sangams.[23]TheWashington, D.C. metropolitan areaon the East Coast as well as Silicon Valley on the West Coast also have Tamil associations.[24]On the other hand, theNew York CityandLos Angelesmetropolitan areasand Central New Jersey are home to the largest concentrations of Tamil-speakingSri Lankan Americans.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2012-2016 American Community Survey, there are 438,699 people speaking Tamil at home in the US.[6]

Caribbean

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French West Indies

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Main articles:Indians in French Guiana,Indians in Guadeloupe,andIndo-Martiniquais

Tamil migration to theFrench West Indieswas mainly sailings fromPondicherryandKaraikalduring the years 1853 to 1883 and since 1893 almost all of them got well integrated with the people there. There are about 36,000 ethnic Tamils inGuadeloupeand 15,000 inMartiniquebut the language has been lost there.[5]Presently a microscopic minority of 17 who are in the age range 60-70 could speak the Tamil language.

Guyana

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Main article:Indo-Guyanese

Guyanahad many Tamils in itsplantationssince 1838.[22]Most of them were from Madras and in 1860, 2500 from Madras alone settled there. Tamils were spread in about 60 towns. There is also a popularMariamman temple.The formerPrime Minister of Guyana,Moses Veerasammy Nagamootoois of Tamil descent.HinduTamil Indians make up the majority of theEast Berbice-Corentyneregion in Guyana.

Trinidad and Tobago

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Main article:Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian

Tamils have been inTrinidad and Tobagosince the 1840s.[22]The first Tamils arrived in Trinidad and Tobago as indentured laborers who were brought by the British to work on the sugarcane and other agricultural estates. There was a Shiva temple called the "Madras Sivalayam" or the Caura Road temple. The Deepavali celebration by the Tamils there displayed extraordinary pluralism.

Asia

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South Asia

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Pakistan

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Main article:Tamils in Pakistan

A large community of Tamils exists inKarachi,Pakistan,which includes approximately 1,000 Tamil-speaking Hindus as well as much larger numbers of Muslims - including some refugees from northern Sri Lanka.[25]Tamil festivals such as Pongal, Panguni uthiram, andThaipoosamare celebrated in Pakistan.[26][27]

South-East Asia

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Tamil people inMedan,Indonesia

Burma

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Burmahad a Tamil population of 200,000 at one point in the country's history but since the end of theSecond World Warthe number has fallen.[22]The affluence of the Tamil community could be gauged by the existence of Dandayuthapani temples in 32 towns, the functioning of 50 Tamil primary schools, and the circulation of two Tamil newspapers, "Rasika Ranjani" and "Thondan", both of which were banned as of 1966.

Indonesia

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Main article:Tamil Indonesians

Tamils were brought toIndonesiaby the Dutch in the 1860s to build up their plantations. They were used as hard labor, and as the conditions were not conducive many returned in the 1940s. About 30,000 to 40,000 remained in NorthernSumatra,and as a result, there remained a concentration of Tamils in that region.

Malaysia

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Main article:Tamil Malaysians
Tamil girls in Malaysia

Malaysiahas a Tamil population of 1,800,000 making up 6.3% of the Malaysian population as of 2018 starting mainly from 1901 when it was calledBritish Malaya.[22]Initially the migration was to work in the rubber plantations but later turned to trade and other professions mostly in the government sector such as the railways and the Public Works Department. The first Tamil school was there as early as 1876 but by 1925 it rose to 235 and by 2018 they had 530 schools. Due to intense brain drain and citizenship problems, there is an estimated 250–300,000 Tamils which are yet to be recognized by the Government of Malaysia.

Singapore

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Main article:Singapore Tamils

According to the 2020 census, there were 198,449 Tamil citizens and permanent residents living in Singapore, representing 3.5% of the resident population. The number of Tamils among the 1.64 million "non-resident population" —foreigners working, studying or living in Singapore without permanent residence—was not provided.[8]

Tamil is one of the four official languages in Singapore.[28]An estimation of about 3.2% percent of the total population in Singapore speaks Tamil at home, while about 5% is literate in Tamil language.[29]Almost all official documents printed in Singapore are translated and distributed in Tamil as well as three other national languages. In 1956, the Singapore government decided to adopt a trilingual policy. Students were taught English, a second language, as well as Malay as a third language.[30]Today the emphasis has shifted to bilingualism, where the medium of instruction is English with the mother-tongue as a second language, while the third language is optional.

Tamil is taught as a second language in all government schools from the primary to junior college levels. Tamil is an examinable subject at all major nationwide exams. There is a daily Tamil newspaper printed in Singapore, theTamil Murasu.There is a full-time radio station,Oli 96.8,and a full-fledged TV channel,Vasantham.[31]

Other countries

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Sepoy troops from Madras (nowChennai,Tamil Nadu), arrived inManila,Philippineswith theBritish expedition and occupation between 1762 and 1764during theSeven Years' War.When the British withdrew, many of the Sepoys mutinied and refused to leave. Virtually all had taken Filipina brides (or soon did so). They settled in what is nowCainta, Rizal,just east ofMetro Manila.[32]The region in and around Cainta still has many Sepoy descendants.

Vietnamhad a small minority of about 3,000 Tamils mostly inSaigon(nowadaysHo Chi Minh City).[22]Dandayuthapani, Subramaniam Swamy and Mariyamman temples are located nearBến Thành Market.They were calledChitty,Chà Chetty, Xã tri, Xét ty but had left the country after1975 incident.[33]

Thailandhas about 10,000 Tamils living there while there are 1,000 Tamils inCambodia.

West Asia

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The Middle East is home to thousands of migrants from Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka, and over 75.000 migrants immigrated to the Middle East in 2012 alone.[34]However, statistics on the numbers of migrants are scarce.

Qatar

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Qataris the home for about 200,000 Tamils mostly from Tamil Nadu.[22]In December 2000, the "Qatar Tamil Sangam" was inaugurated for conducting Tamil cultural programmes, teaching ofThirukkuraland for conducting Tamil elocution contests for Tamil children.

United Arab Emirates

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According to the Tamil Nadu migration survey 2015, there are 400,000 emigrants in theUnited Arab Emirateshaving come from Tamil Nadu as professionals and workers in many sectors. This figure doesn't include other ethnic Tamil coming from other Indian states or other countries.[3][4][22]

Pongal and New Year are celebrated on a grand scale inDubaiand in a few other states. The first Tamil newspaper from the Middle East region was launched from Dubai on 10 December 2014. Tamil 89.4 FM radio is a Tamil radio broadcasting from Dubai, UAE.[35]

Saudi Arabia

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According to the Tamil Nadu migration survey 2015, there are 350,000 emigrants having come toSaudi Arabiafrom Tamil Nadu as workers. This figure doesn't include other ethnic Tamil coming from other Indian states or other countries.[3][4]

Other countries

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Bahrainis home for over 7000 Tamils mostly professionals and workers.[22]Kuwaitis also home for a substantial number of Tamils who are recent migrants.

Europe

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Northern Europe

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Scandinavia

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The first Tamil immigrant toNorway,Anthony Rajendram fromGurunagar,came to Norway in 1956. The majority of the early immigrants had contacts to Rajendram, and came as immigrant worker.[36]Most had their origins in a few villages on the edge of Jaffna town such asGurunagar,AriyalaiandNavanthurai.[37]This first group was a starting point for future immigration to Norway. Norwayhas about 10,000 - 13,000 Tamils most of whom are Sri Lankan refugees. The city ofBergenis the home for about 400 Tamil families and it has become the centre for Tamil gatherings. Around 7,000 Tamils also live in the capitalOslo.Swedenhas a Tamil population of about 2,000 and is of recent origin.

United Kingdom

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Main article:British Tamil

Community estimates suggest that 150,000 Tamils lived in theUnited Kingdom(UK) as of 2008,[38][39]with a 2006Human Rights Watchreport putting the number ofSri Lankan Tamilsin the UK at 110,000.[40]Migrationof significant numbers of Tamils to the UK started with labor migrants in the 1940s. These were joined by students moving to the UK for education in the 1970s, and byrefugeesfleeing theSri Lankan Civil Warin the 1980s and 1990s.[38][39]

Western Europe

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Metropolitan France

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Celebrations ofMuruganby theSri Lankan Tamilcommunity inParis,France

About 302,000 Tamils live inFrance,including 125,000 inMetropolitan France.[5]The first Tamils to arrive in France came fromPondichérywhen it was still a French colony.[22]However, a majority of Parisian Tamils are of Sri Lankan origin who fled the country and came to France as refugees in the 1980s, escaping the violent civil conflict.

Germany

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Sri Kamakshi Ambaal temple in Hamm, Germany

Germanyhas well over 50,000 Tamils and more than half of them went as refugees from Sri Lanka.[22]Religious fervor among Tamil Germans intensified as their numbers swelled. Due to the inspirational encouragement of Hawaii Subramaniaswami – the disciple ofYoga Swamigal– two well organised Hindu temples – Sidhivinayagar Kovil and the kamadchi Amman Kovil –have in place in the city ofHammsince 1984. According to the journalHinduism Today,the youth are being well trained in their religion and culture at home and in weekend schools in rented halls using texts from Sri Lanka. They even wear Hindu symbols of Vibuthi and Tilakam.[41]

Switzerland

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Main article:Swiss Tamils

Switzerlandhas about 40,000 Tamils the majority of whom are from Sri Lanka who went as refugees, making the biggest non-European ethnic group.[22]Although they are well entrenched in the country and integrated with the local community, yet they are actively alive to their Hindu or Christian religious and Tamil cultural links. Temples, cultural festivals, international conferences, seminars and meetings draw many of the Tamil diaspora from other European countries to the various Swiss cities, so much so that it has become the nerve centre of Tamil cultural activism.[citation needed]A large Tamil community was established in Zurich with a place known as little Jaffna.[42]

Other countries

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Denmarkhas over 7,000 Tamils, the majority being refugees.[22]There are two well patronised Hindu temples – one for Vinayagar and another for Abhirami – and the Tamil population has got well adapted to the Danish environment. TheNetherlandsalso has more than 20,000 Tamils, the majority of whom are, again, refugees from Sri Lanka.

Oceania

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Australasia

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Australia

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Main article:Tamil Australian
Murugan Temple,Sydney

There are officially about 72,000 Tamils inAustraliaspread out in all the six states but the concentration is mainly in the states ofNew South WalesandVictoria.However, the actual number of ethnic Tamils is possibly double this amount and could be estimated at 100,000.[43]Among this 40% are from Sri Lanka and 35% are from India. The remainder come from various countries like Malaysia, Singapore, Canada, USA, South Africa, Fiji and Mauritius. More than 80% have completed high school education compared to 78% (2010) for the general Australian population. More than 15% own their houses while more than 30% of the general population own their houses.

Numerous Tamil schools and Hindu Temples have been established in all main cities to cater for the growingSri Lankan Tamilpopulation. The Sydney Murugan Temple was constructed for the needs of the large Tamil population in Western Sydney. Smaller temples have been built in the greater Sydney area. The Siva Vishnu Temple inCarrumDowns south east ofMelbourneis also a temple built by Sri Lankan Tamils. The Sunshine Murugan Temple in western Melbourne also caters to the Tamil community. In other cities such as Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth, Townsville, Darwin, Canberra and Hobart, Hindu temples have also been built.

The Tamil language is one of the approved subjects for the HSC examination and Tamil skill tests are conducted for children of ages five to sixteen.

New Zealand

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New Zealandhas about 6,800 Tamils, mostly professionals who have migrated on their own.[44]

Melanesia

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Fiji

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Main article:South Indians in Fiji

Fijihad a Tamil population of over 110,000 having been taken there to work in the plantations by the colonial masters in the 1880s.[22]Out of an Indian population of 350,000 the Tamils could number about 80,000 now.

The number who could speak is about 5,000 only and another 1,000 could write. It is only about 6,000 who declare their origins as Tamils as most of them have got well integrated with the local population. Most of them have lost their Tamil identity and are Tamils only in name. The South Indian Sanmarga Sangam is the pioneer body that forged the Tamil culture, Tamil education and the Hindu practices in the country for a long time. In 2005, it was revealed that in the 20 primary schools managed by TISI, out of the 4940 students, 1765 took Tamil classes.[45]

New Caledonia

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There are about 500 New Caledonians of Indian Tamil descent. Like in Réunion, they were known as Malabars and originally arrived in the 19th century from other French Territories, namely Réunion.New Caledoniahas several descendants of Tamils, whose parents intermarried with the local population in the last century.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^IncludesOverseas France,especiallyRéunion.
  2. ^abStatistic includes all speakers of theTamil language,as manymulti-generationindividuals do not speak the language as amother tongue,but instead as asecondorthird language.
  3. ^This number does not include the 1.64 million "non-resident population": foreigners working, studying or living in Singapore without permanent residence. It only includes the 5.69 million citizens and permanent residents living in Singapore.

References

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  1. ^"Tamil Ethnologue".Ethnologue.2010-03-26.Retrieved2008-06-26.Tamil Ethnologue.
  2. ^"Navaneetham Pillay The most famous South African Tamil of our times".DailyMirror.2013-08-31.
  3. ^abcdRajan S.I., Rajan E.S. (2019) Tamil Nadu Migrants in the Gulf. In: Rajan S., Saxena P. (eds) India's Low-Skilled Migration to the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9224-5_11
  4. ^abcdSingapore most preferred destination of Tamil diaspora: Study,Indo-Asian News Service
  5. ^abcdeMurugaiyan, Appasamy (2013). "Le tamoul". In Kremnitz, Georg (ed.).Histoire sociale des langues de France(in French).Presses Universitaires de Rennes.pp.881–889.ISBN978-2-7535-2723-2.
  6. ^abCommuting Times, Median Rents and Language other than English Use in the Home on the Rise
  7. ^abGovernment of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-08-17)."Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country]".www12.statcan.gc.ca.Retrieved2022-09-12.
  8. ^abCensus of Population 2020 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion(PDF).Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore. June 2011. p. 51.ISBN978-981-18-1381-8.
  9. ^"Britain urged to protect Tamil Diaspora".BBC.2006-03-26.Retrieved2008-06-26.According to HRW, there are about 120,000 Sri Lankan Tamils in the UK.
  10. ^"Census TableBuilder - Log in".Auth.censusdata.abs.gov.au.Retrieved17 August2018.
  11. ^"Volume: II Demographic and Fertility Characteristics"(PDF).The 2011 Housing and Population Census.Statistics Mauritius. p. 68.
  12. ^Baumann, Martin (2008)."Immigrant Hinduism in Germany: Tamils from Sri Lanka and Their Temples".Harvard University.Retrieved2008-06-26.Since the escalation of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka during the 1980s, about 60,000 came as asylum seekers.
  13. ^"2011 Census of Population and Housing".Australian Bureau of Statistics. 18 May 2011.
  14. ^"Swiss Tamils look to preserve their culture".Swissinfo.2006-02-18.Retrieved2008-06-25.An estimated 35,000 Tamils now live in Switzerland.
  15. ^"Tamil Diaspora - Italy - இத்தாலி".Tamilnation.co.Retrieved17 August2018.
  16. ^Raman, B. (2000-07-20)."Sri Lanka: The dilemma".The Hindu.Archived fromthe originalon 2009-01-24.Retrieved2008-06-26.It is estimated that there are about 10,000 Sri Lankan Tamils in Norway -- 6,000 of them Norwegian citizens, many of whom migrated to Norway in the 1960s and the 1970s to work on its fishing fleet; and 4,000 post-1983 political refugees.
  17. ^Mortensen, V.Theology and the Religions: A Dialogue,p. 110
  18. ^"March 1984".UNESCO.2017-04-25.Retrieved2021-01-06.
  19. ^Somasundaram, Daya (September 2013).Scarred Communities: Psychosocial Impact of Man-made and Natural Disasters on Sri Lankan Society.ISBN9788132118299.
  20. ^Raghuram, Parvati; Sahoo, Ajaya Kumar; Maharaj, Brij; Sangha, Dave (16 September 2008).Tracing an Indian Diaspora: Contexts, Memories, Representations.SAGE Publications India.ISBN9788132100393.
  21. ^Manipur - The People,webindia123
  22. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrSivasupramaniam, V."History of the Tamil Diaspora".International Conferences on Skanda-Murukan.
  23. ^"Thông học khoảng cách と an toàn の nguyên nhân と giải quyết pháp - 悩み giải tiêu には nguyên nhân giải minh が quan trọng".Njtamilsangam.info.Archived from the original on December 14, 2003.Retrieved17 August2018.
  24. ^Bay Area Tamil ManramArchived2010-10-27 at theWayback Machine
  25. ^"Osama's shadow on Sri Lanka?".The Hindu Business Line.RetrievedAugust 20,2012.
  26. ^"Strangers to Their Roots and Those Around Them".The News (Pakistan).RetrievedAugust 20,2012.
  27. ^"Tamil Hindus in Karachi".Pakistan Hindu Post.21 September 2010.RetrievedAugust 20,2012.
  28. ^"Archived copy".Archived fromthe originalon 2002-07-13.Retrieved2010-10-06.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. ^"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency".Cia.gov.Retrieved17 August2018.
  30. ^Amy J, M.Singapore: A Multilingual, Multiethnic Country.
  31. ^"Two new free-to-air channels launch in Singapore - Channel NewsAsia".Archived fromthe originalon 2012-10-22.Retrieved2011-04-17.
  32. ^Sandhu, K. S.; Mani, A. (2006).Indian Communities in Southeast Asia (First Reprint 2006).Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp.720–721.ISBN978-981-230-418-6.
  33. ^"Cộng đồng" Chà Chetty "ở Sài Gòn xưa".2017.
  34. ^"Uttar Pradesh sends the largest number of Indian workers abroad, not Kerala or Punjab".24 June 2014.Retrieved2015-09-15.
  35. ^First Tamil daily launched in UAE
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