Tom yumortom yam(UK:/ˌtɒmˈjæm,-ˈjʌm/,US:/-ˈjɑːm/;[3]Thai:ต้มยำ,RTGS:tom yam[tômjām]) is a family of hot and sour Thai soups. The strong hot and sour flavors make it very popular in Thai cuisine.[4]The name "tom yam" is composed of two words in theThai language."Tom" refers to the boiling process, while "Yam" meansmixed. Historian Giles Milton contends that the origins of "Tom Yum" can be traced back toIndia,where there is a variation of hot and sour shrimp soup known as "sour prawn soup". In Thailand, Tom Yam is available in various types, with the most popular being "Tom Yam Nam Khon", or Creamy Tom Yam Soup, and "Tom Yam Nam Sai", or Clear Tom Yam Soup. This soup features a variety of main ingredients, including shrimp, pork, chicken, and seafood.[5]
 Tom yum kung as served inBangkok,Thailand | |
| Alternative names | Tom yam |
|---|---|
| Type | Soup |
| Course | Lunch |
| Place of origin | Central Thailand[1][2] |
| Region or state | Southeast Asia |
| Associatedcuisine | Thailand |
| Serving temperature | Hot |
| Main ingredients | Broth,lemongrass,kaffir limeleaves,galangal,limejuice,fish sauce,chili peppers |
Preparation
editThe soup base depends on the exact sub-type but is generally water, coconut milk, or chicken or other broth.[6]
Various aromatic ingredients are sliced, roughly pounded, and simmered to extract their flavor. These include fresh ingredients such aslemongrass,kaffir limeleaves,galangal,chilis. For shrimp-based soups, shrimp shells and heads may also be simmered, to extract their flavor. These ingredients are often then removed as their flavor is now extracted and many aren't edible. However they may be left in, as an aid to presentation.[6]
Alternatively, commercial tom yum paste may be used. This is made by crushing all the herb ingredients andstir-fryingthem in oil, then adding seasoning and other preservative ingredients. The paste is bottled or packaged and sold around the world.
In modern popular versions the soup may also contain mushrooms—usuallystraw mushroomsoroyster mushrooms.[6]
Various meats are added next, commonly fish, shrimp, mixed seafood, pork, or chicken.[6]
When the meat is cooked, final flavorings whose taste is destroyed by heat, such as fish sauce and lime juice, are added. For most varieties a paste callednam phrik phao(Thai:น้ำพริกเผา) is also added, made from shrimp, chilis, shallots, and garlic.[7]This imparts sweet, salty, and spicy tastes.[6]
Yet other ingredients may also be used, depending on the exact variety of tom yam, such as evaporated milk.[6]
The soup is often topped with a generous sprinkling of fresh choppedcorianderleaves, and may be served over a serving of rice.[6]
Selected types
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- Tom yam nam sai(Thai:ต้มยำน้ำใส), clear broth tom yam soup[8]
- Tom yam nam khon(Thai:ต้มยำน้ำข้น) is a more recent variation from the 1980s.[9]common withprawnsas a main ingredient, evaporated milk or non-dairy creamer powder[9]is added to the broth as a finishing touch.
- Tom yam kathi(Thai:ต้มยำกะทิ) – coconut milk-based tom yum—this is often confused withtom kha kai( "chicken galanga soup" ), where galangal is the dominant flavour of the coconut milk-based soup.
- Tom yam kung(Thai:ต้มยำกุ้ง) – the version of the dish most popular among tourists, is made withprawnsas the main ingredient.[10]The dish originated during theRattanakosin Kingdom.[11]
- Tom yam pla(Thai:ต้มยำปลา) is a clear fish soup that was traditionally eaten with rice. It used to be the most widespread form oftom yambeforemass-tourismcame to Thailand, for fresh fish is readily available almost everywhere in the region's rivers, canals and lakes as well as in the sea. Usually fish with firm flesh that doesn't crumble after boiling is preferred for this type of soup.[12]
- Tom yam gai(Thai:ต้มยำไก่) is thechickenversion of the soup.[13]
- Tom yam po taek(Thai:ต้มยำโป๊ะแตก) ortom yam thale(Thai:ต้มยำทะเล) is a variant of the soup with mixed seafood, like prawns, squid, clams and pieces of fish.[14]
- Tom yam kung maphrao on nam khon(Thai:ต้มยำมะพร้าวอ่อนน้ำข้น), a version of prawn tom yum with the meat of a young coconut and a dash of (coconut) milk.
- Tom yam kha mu(Thai:ต้มยำขาหมู), made with pork leg. These require a long cooking time under low fire.[15]
- Tom yam sikhrong kraduk on(Thai:ต้มยำซี่โครงกระดูกอ่อน), made with pork ribs. The hot and spicy broth compliments other Thai dishes well. In restaurants in Thailand, Tom Yum comes in a fire pot with hot flame flaring from the chimney in the middle.
Other spicy and sour soups
editLess well known outside Thailand istom khlong(ต้มโคล้ง), a spicy sour soup where the sourness does not derive from lime juice but through the use oftamarind.[16]Tom som(Thai:ต้มส้ม) are soups that are also very similar totom yumbut most often do not contain lemongrass or kaffir lime leaves. Depending on the type oftom som,the acidity can be derived from lime juice or from the use of tamarind.[17][18]
Outside Thailand
editMalaysia
editTom yum, locally spelled astomyam,is very well-received among Malaysians since its introduction around the 1980s.[19][20]The cuisine is now considered a must-have on most restaurant menus inMalaysia,especially the peninsular states.[20]As of 2018, the popularity of tom yum and other Thai dishes had brought employment to at least 120,000 south Thai cooks, working restaurants mainly inSelangorstate and the capital city ofKuala Lumpur,and owning 5000 to 6000 Thai restaurants throughout the country.[20][19]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^"Tom Yum Gai – Suwanee's Kitchen".Chiang Rai Times.Retrieved18 January2016.
- ^"The homemade hot sour soup that packs a punch".whitsunday coast guardian.Retrieved28 September2017.
- ^"tom yam".Oxford English Dictionary(Online ed.).Oxford University Press.(Subscription orparticipating institution membershiprequired.)
- ^"Tom Yam Kung: Not only tasty but with medicinal properties".Thaiways Magazine.Archived fromthe originalon 1 February 2016.Retrieved18 December2015.
- ^"Tom Yum".Parawan's Thai Cooking Class.Archived fromthe originalon 9 August 2022.
- ^abcdefg"Tom Yum Soup (Tom Yum Goong) Recipe".Retrieved1 May2023.
- ^"Thai Roasted Chili Paste Nahm Prik Pao) Recipe - Food".Retrieved26 April2017.
- ^"Overview of Tom Yum soup from late 19th-century Siam to present day Thailand".Thaifoodmaster.Retrieved25 January2017.
- ^ab"Ancient Siamese Recipe for Tom Yum Soup with Snakehead Fish, Roasted Chili Jam and Green Mango (First Published in 1890) (Dtohm Yam Bplaa Chaawn, ต้มยำปลาช่อนแบบโบราณ อย่างหม่อมซ่มจีน ราชานุประพันธุ์ ร.ศ.๑๐๙)".Thaifoodmaster.25 January 2017.Retrieved25 January2017.
- ^"Tom Yam Kung".thaiwaysmagazine.Retrieved27 February2015.
- ^"Tom Yam Kung Recipe, Hot and Sour Soup with Shrimp".thaifoodmaster.Retrieved4 March2010.
- ^"Spicecuisine".Retrieved27 February2015.
- ^"Merry's Kitchen – Sour and Spicy Chicken Soup (Tom Yam Kai)".melroseflowers.Retrieved27 February2015.
- ^"Spicecuisine".Retrieved27 February2015.
- ^"ต้มยำขาหมู".YouTube.10 March 2011.Retrieved27 February2015.
- ^"Allthaifood".allthaifood.Retrieved6 April2018.
- ^"Clay's Kitchen: Tam Ra Ahan Thai (Thai Recipes) ตำราอาหารไทย".panix.Retrieved27 February2015.
- ^"Clay's Kitchen: Tam Ra Ahan Thai (Thai Recipes) ตำราอาหารไทย".panix.Retrieved27 February2015.
- ^ab"Tukang masak bercuti Raya, kita pula yang berlapar".Free Malaysia Today(in Malay). 29 June 2018.Retrieved21 June2021.
- ^abc"Restoran Tomyam Ada Di Setiap Ceruk Semenanjung".mStar(in Malay). 17 March 2016.Retrieved21 June2021.
External links
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