Wikipedia

Toyota Prius (XW20)

For a complete overview of all Prius models, seeToyota Prius.

TheToyota Priusis afullseries-parallel hybrid electriccompact cardeveloped and manufactured by theToyota Motor Corporation.The second generation Prius had been completely redesigned with akammbackprofile. The XW20 series represented the second generation of the Toyota Prius, replacing its XW10 predecessor. TheUnited States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) andCalifornia Air Resources Board(CARB) rated the Prius as among the cleanest vehicles sold in the United States based onsmogforming andtoxic emissionsin 2008.[3]Toyota sold about 1,192,000 units of the second generation Prius worldwide.[4]

Toyota Prius (XW20)
Overview
ManufacturerToyota
Production
  • 2003–2009 (Japan)
  • 2005–2009 (China)
Model years2004–2009 (North America)
Assembly
DesignerHiroshi Okamoto (2001)[1]
Body and chassis
ClassCompact car
Body style5-doorliftback
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive
PlatformToyota MC platform
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission1-speedplanetary gear
Hybrid drivetrainPower-split hybrid
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,700 mm (106.3 in)
Length4,450 mm (175.2 in)
Width1,725 mm (67.9 in)
Height1,490 mm (58.7 in)
Curb weight1,317 kg (2,903 lb)
Chronology
PredecessorToyota Prius (XW10)
SuccessorToyota Prius (XW30)

Development

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In 1999, Toyota began development on a second generation Prius under chief engineerShigeyuki Hori.In 2001, Hiroshi Okamoto's exterior design was approved and frozen for production.[1]In 2003, the Prius was completely redesigned as a compact liftback, with redistributed mechanical and interior space significantly increasing rear-seat legroom and luggage room. The 2004 Prius is even more environmentally-friendly than the 1997–2003 model (according to the EPA), and is 6 inches (150 mm) longer than the previous version.[5]Its more aerodynamicKammbackbody balances length and wind resistance resulting in adrag coefficient(Cd) of 0.26.[5]Chief engineer Shigeyuki Hori's development effort led to 530 patents filed for the vehicle.[6]

2006 Prius cut-away in a Toyota showroom in Paris

The Prius uses an all-electric A/C compressor for cooling, an industry first,[7]and also adds anelectric power steeringsystem to further minimize engine belt-driven engine accessories. Combined with a smaller and lighter NiMH battery, the XW20 is more powerful and more efficient than the XW10.[8][9]In the U.S., the battery pack of the 2004 Prius is warranted for 100,000 miles (160,000 km) or 8 years.[10]The warranty for hybrid components inCaliforniaand the sevenNortheastern statesthat have adopted the stricterCalifornia emission control standardsis 150,000 miles (240,000 km) or 10 years.

Battery

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2021 reinstallation of original 2005 Prius hybrid battery, clearly showing the 28 modules, after replacement of several failed modules that caused the on screen red "triangle of death"

The second generation Prius makes use of a 201.6-volt NiMH battery composed of 28 modules, where each module is made of six individual 1.2-volt 6.5 Ah Prismatic NiMH cells. The 7.2-volt modules each contain a charge controller and a relay. The 28 modules are connected in series to produce a total energy storage capacity of 1.310 kWh (201.6 volts × 6.5 Ah). The battery control computers keep the state of charge (SoC) between approximately 40% and 80% (shallow cycling), where the average SoC hovers around 60 percent, allowing about 400 Wh of useful energy storage to capture energy from regenerative braking and to release it back into the hybrid drive-train through Motor-generator 1 and Motor-generator 2 in the power split device. The shallow cycling enables the hybrid battery to last tens of thousands of cycles, which translates into decades of use and in many cases more than 200,000 miles (320,000 km) of operation. The computer controlled charging and discharging of the battery enhances its cycle life, calendar life, and thermal control performance. Passive battery cooling and heating is accomplished through the metal case of the battery assembly pack, while a forced air cooling system with a blower motor and ducting system enables active cooling of the HV battery.

Interior

It is classified as aSULEV(Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle) and is certified byCalifornia Air Resources Boardas an "Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle" (AT-PZEV).[5]

Among the Prius's options are Toyota's implementation of aSmart Key System(the feature can be user-deactivated), DVD navigation on the multi-function display,Vehicle Stability ControlandBluetoothforhands-free calling.A newIntelligent Parking Assistsystem was available in Japan and Europe since its launch.[11]

From 2005 to 2009, the second generation Prius had been built by FAW-Toyota in the city of Changchun for the Chinese market.[12]It was reported that a total of 2,152 Prius were sold in 2006 and 414 in 2007. The relatively low sales was blamed on high price, aboutUS$15,000higher than the equivalent in Japan or the U.S., caused by high duties on imported parts.[13]In early March 2008, Toyota cut the price of Prius by up to eight percent orUS$3,000to CN¥259,800 (US$36,500). It was thought that the sales dropped as a result of both a lack of acceptance and increased competition, from Honda as well as from local manufacturers.[14]

Toyota's design and development efforts paid off during the 2005European Car of the Yearcompetition where the Prius won ahead of theCitroën C4and theFord Focus.The Prius and theNissan Leafare the only cars using drivewheel electric motors to have won this competition, where the usual winners are mainstream hatchbacks and sedans/saloons from major European manufacturers.

Research plug-ins

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Toyota Priusplug-in hybridprototype exhibited at the Automotive Engineering Exposition 2008,Yokohama City,Japan

From 2006 to 2009, Toyota tested 126 Prius models in the U.S., Japan and Europe that had the NiMH battery replaced with alithium-ionbattery pack.[15]

In July 2007, Toyota received both Japanese and American governmental approval to begin testing plug-in hybrid models using a modifiedNiMH batteryon public roads.[16]The firstplug-inPrius in America went to South Carolina.[17]Researchers at the Advanced Power and Energy Program at theUniversity of California, Irvine,and theInstitute of Transportation Studiesat theUniversity of California, Berkeley,began testing two specially made Priuses and analyzing driver behavior, study air quality and energy use.[18][19]

Model year changes

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Pre-facelift Toyota Prius (with black upper tail-lamp portions)
Facelift Toyota Prius (with clear upper tail-lamp portions)

In late 2005 (for the 2006 model year), Toyota introduced some minor cosmetic changes for the XW20, such as a slightly updated front-end, revised instruments, and repositioned rear seats.[20]Other changes comprised a higher-resolutionliquid crystal display,as well as new optional features such as abackup camera,advanced air bags and an upgraded audio system with an auxiliary input.

In 2006 (2007 US model year) the Prius added side-curtain air bags (standard on all models). A Touring Edition was introduced, with an elongated and larger rear spoiler as well as larger, sharper-pointed, seven-spoke, 16 ", magnesium wheels with plastic hubcap covers to protect them from scratches when parking against the curb. The Touring Edition also comes with a firmer, European-style, tuned suspension, standardhigh-intensity-discharge(HID) headlights, and integrated (non-HID) fog lights.

In 2005, Toyota had to fix a software glitch that caused the Prius' engine to enter "limp" mode with electric-only operation, following 68 stall complaints in the U.S. out of 160,000 worldwide sales.[21][22]In June 2006, Toyota also recalled about 170,000 Prius models from 2004 to 2006 due to a faulty intermediate shaft and sliding yoke in the power steering system.

Safety

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Euro NCAPtest results
Toyota Prius (2004)[23]
Test Score Rating
Adult occupant: 34
Child occupant: 43
Pedestrian: 13

A 2011Los Angeles Timesarticle stated that complaints about sudden acceleration and rollover from 2006 to 2009 models have led to recalls. On another matter, an NHTSA database shows that 49% of all customer complaints about these model years were related to lighting, headlamps or visibility. Out of 216,000 Priuses with the optional high intensity discharge (HID) headlamps, there were 28,000 warranty repairs of this system. The headlamps would sometimes shut off without warning, and in rare cases, both headlamps would shut off. There were some injuries but no fatalities. Toyota avoided a recall on the headlights by agreeing to a class action settlement in which the warranty period was extended from three years to five years and by agreeing to reimburse owners for previous repairs. There was some remaining controversy over whether the failures were caused by the bulbs themselves or the computer system controlling them.[24]

USNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA) crash testing of the 2004 US model year Prius yielded a five-star driver and four-star passenger rating in the frontal-collision test (out of five stars). Side crash results were four out of five stars for both front and rear seats. The car scored four out of five stars in rollover testing.[25]

USInsurance Institute for Highway Safetycrash tests scored the PriusGoodoverall in frontal collisions andGoodoverall in side-impact collisions in models equipped with side airbags.[26]APoorscore was given to models without side airbags.[27]Side curtain and torso airbags became standard on 2007 American models.

Official government fuel consumption data

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In-dash monitor on a 2005 Toyota Prius multi-function display, displaying accumulative fuel economy for 59 miles (95 km) since last gasoline fill-up.

United States

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In the U.S., theEnvironmental Protection Agency(EPA) test results must be posted on new vehicle windows, and are the only fuel consumption figures that can be advertised. EPA testing procedures for all vehicles were revised in 2007 in an attempt to better match what the average driver would achieve.[28]

The following data is taken from the EPA figures for the Prius: 48 mpg‑US(4.9 L/100 km; 58 mpg‑imp) city driving, 45 mpg‑US(5.2 L/100 km; 54 mpg‑imp) highway driving, 46 mpg‑US(5.1 L/100 km; 55 mpg‑imp) combined.[29]

United Kingdom

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The official UK fuel consumption data, provided by theDepartment for Transport,rates the Prius as: 56.5 mpg‑imp(5.00 L/100 km; 47.0 mpg‑US) urban, 67.3 mpg‑imp(4.20 L/100 km; 56.0 mpg‑US) extra urban and 65.7 mpg‑imp(4.30 L/100 km; 54.7 mpg‑US) combined.[30]

Air pollution

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In the United States the EPA measures avehicle's air-borne pollutionbased onhydrocarbons,nitrogen oxides,carbon monoxide,particulate matterandformaldehydebefore assigning them a score.[31]In most states the XW20 Prius is rated Tier II Bin 3.[32]CARB also does its own emission scoring, the XW20 Prius meetsAT-PZEVcertification in California and states that adopted CARB emission rules.[33]

The second generation Prius tied with theMINI Cooper Das the fourth least CO2-emitting vehicles at 104g/km,behind theFord Fiesta Econeticat 98 g/km and the tiedVolkswagen Polo 1.4 TDI/SEAT Ibiza 1.4 TDIat 99 g/km. It is the least CO2-emittinggasolinepowered car (the Ford and the Polo/Ibiza run on diesel).[34]

Awards

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2007–2009 model year Toyota Prius Touring (US)

References

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  3. ^"2008 Toyota Prius"(Press release). Hybridcar. 2007-10-21.Retrieved2009-07-14.
  4. ^"Worldwide Prius sales top 3-million mark; Prius family sales at 3.4 million".Toyota Europe News. 2013-07-03.Retrieved2013-07-03– via Green Car Congress.
  5. ^abcd"Motor Trend 2004 Car of the Year Winner: Toyota Prius".Motor Trend.US. 2003-12-01. Archived fromthe originalon 2008-04-30.Retrieved2007-12-21.
  6. ^"Innovators: Shigeyuki Hori".Time.2004-08-03. Archived fromthe originalon 2004-03-20.Retrieved2010-01-10.
  7. ^Bowden, Robert."2004 Toyota Prius Review".About.US. Archived fromthe originalon 2004-07-01.
  8. ^Olszewski, Mitch (March 2011)."Evaluation of the 2010 Toyota Prius Hybrid Synergy Drive System"(PDF).US: Department of Energy.Retrieved2019-02-24.
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  10. ^"Pressroom: Our Point of View / Toyota".Blog.toyota. Archived fromthe originalon 2009-03-31.Retrieved2009-07-14.
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  12. ^"Toyota Delays Production of Third Generation Prius in China".ChinaAutoWeb.
  13. ^Rowley, Ian (2007-11-05)."Prius sales yet to catch fire in China".BusinessWeek Eye on Asia blog. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-11-07.Retrieved2010-06-05.
  14. ^Linton, Lascelles (2008-03-07)."In China, Toyota cuts price of Prius by 8% due to slowing sales".AutoblogGreen.Retrieved2010-04-28.
  15. ^Ohnsman, Alan (2009-09-14)."Toyota Remains With Nickel After Lithium Prius Test".Bloomberg.Retrieved2009-09-15.
  16. ^Abuelsamid, Sam (2007-07-25)."Toyota gets Japanese approval for PHEV Prius road tests".Autobloggreen.Retrieved2009-07-14.
  17. ^Abuelsamid, Sam (2007-07-18)."South Carolina gets first plug-in hybrid".Autobloggreen.Retrieved2009-07-14.
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  19. ^"Newsinfo.inquirer.net".Newsinfo.inquirer.net. Archived fromthe originalon 2008-06-11.Retrieved2010-10-03.
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  21. ^NAFTC eNews Toyota Prius Recall Announced – October 2005
  22. ^Naftc.wvu.edu
  23. ^"Euro NCAP results for Toyota Prius".euroncap.2004.
  24. ^Bensinger, Ken (2011-01-19)."Toyota to settle lawsuit over Prius headlights that shut off without warning".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved2017-07-29.
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  27. ^"IIHS-HLDI: Toyota Prius 2004–06 models".Iihs.org. 2006-10-06. Archived fromthe originalon 2010-09-08.Retrieved2010-10-03.
  28. ^Gartner, John (2007-05-14)."Hybrid Cars' Fantasy Mileage Ratings Drive Into the Sunset".Wired.CondéNet.Retrieved2008-06-03.
  29. ^"2008 Toyota Prius".U.S. EPA.Retrieved2007-12-25.
  30. ^"Vehicle details for Prius 1.5 VVT-i Hybrid E-CVT".UK Department for Transport. Archived fromthe originalon 2008-06-05.Retrieved2008-09-02.
  31. ^"Getting a Better Understanding of Vehicle Emissions Standards".Hybrid Cars. 2006-03-31.Retrieved2009-07-14.
  32. ^"the greenest vehicles of 2008".greenercars.org. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-09-10.Retrieved2009-07-14.
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  34. ^"Best on CO2rankings ".UK Department for Transport. Archived fromthe originalon 2008-03-12.Retrieved2008-05-30.
  35. ^"2003-04 North American Car of the Year".Toyota.
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  37. ^"Toyota Prius wins 2005 European Car of the Year".Europe: Toyota. Archived fromthe originalon 2014-05-12.
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  43. ^"2008 Vehicle Dependability Study (VDS)".J. D. Power.Retrieved2009-05-19.
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