Transcellular transport

For the complementary transport route, seeParacellular transport.

Transcellular transportinvolves the transportation ofsolutesby acellthrougha cell.Transcellular transport can occur in three different ways active transport, passive transport, and transcytosis.

Active Transport

Main article:Active transport

Active transport is the process of movingmoleculesfrom an area of lowconcentrationsto an area of high concentration. There are two types of active transport,primary active transportandsecondary active transport.Primary active transport usesadenosine triphosphate(ATP) to move specific molecules and solutes against its concentration gradient. Examples of molecules that follow this process arepotassiumK⁺,sodiumNa⁺,andcalciumCa²⁺.A place in the human body where this occurs is in the intestines with the uptake ofglucose.Secondary active transport is when one solute moves down theelectrochemical gradientto produce enough energy to force the transport of another solute from low concentration to high concentration.An example of where this occurs is in the movement of glucose within the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).

Passive Transport

Main article:Passive transport

Passive transport is the process of moving molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without expelling any energy. There are two types of passive transport, passive diffusion andfacilitated diffusion.Passive diffusion is the unassisted movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration across apermeable membrane.One example of passive diffusion is thegas exchangethat occurs between theoxygenin thebloodand thecarbon dioxidepresent in the lungs.Facilitated diffusion is the movement of polar molecules down the concentration gradient with the assistance ofmembrane proteins.Since the molecules associated with facilitated diffusion are polar, they are repelled by the hydrophobic sections of permeable membrane, therefore they need to be assisted by the membrane proteins. Both types of passive transport will continue until the system reachesequilibrium.One example of facilitated diffusion is the movement glucose from small intestineepithelialcells into theextracellular matrixof the blood capillaries.

Transcytosis

Main article:Transcytosis

Transcytosis is the movement of large molecules across the interior of a cell. This process occurs by engulfing the molecule as it moves across the interior of the cell and then releasing the molecule on the other side. There are two types of transcytosis are receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) and adsorptive-mediated transcytosis (AMT). An example where both types of transcytosis occur is the movement of macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the central nervous system (CNS).

Paracellular Transport

In contrast,paracellular transportis the transfer of substances across an epithelium by passing through an intercellular space between the cells.

• 1. It differs from transcellular transport, where the substances travel through the cell passing through both the apical membrane and basolateral membrane
• 2.Renal physiology.Transcellular transport is more likely to involve energy expenditure than paracellular transport.
• 3.Capillariesof theblood–brain barrierhave only transcellular transport, in contrast with normal capillaries, which have both transcellular and paracellular transport.