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Star Warsin other media

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Star Warshas beenexpanded to mediaother than the original films. This spin-off material is licensed and moderated byLucasfilm,though during his involvement with the franchiseStar WarscreatorGeorge Lucasreserved the right to both draw from and contradict it in his own works. Such derivative works have been produced concurrently with, between, and after theoriginal,prequel,andsequel trilogies,as well as thespin-off filmsandtelevision series.Commonly explored Star Wars media includebooks,comic books,andvideo games,though other forms such asaudio dramashave also been produced.

With the exception of the animatedThe Clone WarsTV series,non-film material produced prior to April 2014 was collectively known as theStar WarsExpanded Universe(EU). Lucasfilm, now under Disney, later rebranded the Expanded Universe asStar Wars Legendsand declared itnon-canonicalto the franchise. Mostworks produced after April 25, 2014are part of the official canon as defined by Lucasfilm, although a handful ofLegendsmedia has still been released after said date.

Publication history

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1976–1987: Early films and television series

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The firstStar Warsspinoff material wasStar Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker(1976), the novelization of the 1977 film. Lucas later commissionedAlan Dean Foster,who ghostwrote the novelization, to write a sequel, which resulted inSplinter of the Mind's Eye(1978). Lucas originally intended to use this as the basis for a potential low-budget sequel toStar Wars,but when it became one of the most successful films of all time, Lucas decided to write his own story for the film sequel,The Empire Strikes Back(1980).[1]While this was in production, Lucas approved theStar Wars Holiday Special(1978), with which he had limited involvement.

Running from April 1977 to May 1986,[2][3][4]theStar Warscomic book seriesfromMarvel Comicsmet with such strong sales that former Marvel editor-in-chiefJim Shootercredited it with saving Marvel financially in 1977 and 1978.[5]The series became one of the industry's top selling titles in 1979 and 1980.[6]An adaptation of the third theatrical film,Return of the Jedi,was released as a separate four-issuelimited series(1983–1984).[7]

Two novel trilogies with original storylines were written,The Han Solo AdventuresbyBrian Daley(1979–1980),[8]and 1983'sThe Adventures of Lando CalrissianbyL. Neil Smith.[9][10]Daley also wroteradio dramatizationsof the original trilogy, which aired in 1981, 1983, and 1996.

The firstStar Warselectronic gamewas released in 1979 byKenner,[11]followed by a handful ofAtariandParker Brothersvideo games in the early 1980s, mainly adaptations of film scenes.

Two spin-off television films focusing on the life of theEwoks,introduced inReturn of the Jedi,aired in 1984 and 1985. The furry creatures were also the subject ofan American/Canadian animated television seriesproduced byNelvana,which ran for two seasons between 1985 and 1986. A sister series,Droids,features the further adventures ofR2-D2andC-3PO.In 1985, Marvel Comics'Star Comicsimprint published a bi-monthlyEwokstie-in comic, which ran for two years, and in 1986, published an eight-issueDroidsseries.[12]The two series featured a crossover storyline.[13]

TheStar Toursride was opened atDisney Parksin 1987 to commemorate the saga's 10th anniversary.

1987–1991: "The Dark Times"

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Following the series' 10th anniversary, the release ofStar Warsspin-off media was largely halted. In 1987, the fan newsletterBantha Trackswas absorbed by the official Lucasfilm magazine, which focused on the company's projects outside ofStar Wars.[10]Some fans feared that the franchise had come to an end, and the period between 1987 and 1991 has been called the "Dark Times."[10]

There were some bright spots in this era, however. In 1987,West End Gamesbegan publishingStar Wars: The Roleplaying Game,and the subsequent ancillaryrole-playing gamematerial such as sourcebooks, gamebooks, and adventure modules. These have been called "the first publications to expand greatly beyond what was known from the vintage era of the movies," and would serve as a resource for a number of franchise novelists.[14]

1991–1996:Thrawnnovels andDark Empirecomics

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The lack of newStar Warsmaterial ended with the 1991 release ofTimothy Zahn's novelHeir to the Empire.[10]Heir to the Empire,which reached #1 onThe New York TimesBest Seller list,[15]began what would become a large collection of works set before, between, and especially after the original films.[16]StarWars wrote in 2014 that the novel "jumpstarted a publishing program that endures to this day and formalized the Expanded Universe".[16]It introduced, among others, the popular charactersGrand Admiral ThrawnandMara Jade,and was followed by the sequelsDark Force Rising(1992) andThe Last Command(1993).[16][17]TheThrawntrilogyis widely credited with revitalizing theStar Warsfranchise.[16][18][19]InThe Secret History of Star Wars,Michael Kaminski suggests this renewed interest was a factor in Lucas's decision to create theprequel trilogy.[19]

Around this same time, the comics license was transferred toDark Horse Comics,who launched a number of series set after the original film trilogy, including the popularDark Empiresequence (1991–1995) byTom VeitchandCam Kennedy.[20]The comic launched months after the firstThrawnnovel and was a sequel to those novels; it notably resurrected the film charactersEmperor PalpatineandBoba Fett.Zahn was critical of the concept of resurrecting Emperor Palpatine through cloned bodies, feeling it undermined and contradicted the meaning of the ending ofReturn of the Jedi.[21]

TheJedi Princeseriesof young-reader novels, released between 1992 and 1993, depicts Luke, Leia, and Han about a year afterReturn of the Jedi.[22]The Truce at Bakura(1993) depicts the immediate aftermath of the aforementioned film.[22]In 1993, Dark Horse publishedTales of the Jedi,expanding the fictional universe to the time of theOld Republic,approximately 4,000 years before the films. Later, the series spawned theKnights of the Old Republiccomputer roleplaying games, which led to many new productions set during the Old Republic era, such as the Bane Trilogy and the Knights of the Old Republic comic line.[23]

In 1994, Lucas Licensing's Allan Kausch and Sue Rostoni discussed the relationship between Lucas' creations and the derivative works by other authors:

Gospel, or canon as we refer to it, includes the screenplays, the films, the radio dramas and the novelizations. These works spin out of George Lucas' original stories, the rest are written by other writers. However, between us, we've read everything, and much of it is taken into account in the overall continuity. The entire catalog of published works comprises a vast history—with many off-shoots, variations and tangents—like any other well-developed mythology.[24]

1996–1999: Special Editions andShadows of the Empire

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The 1996Steve PerrynovelShadows of the Empire,set in the as-yet-unexplored time period betweenThe Empire Strikes BackandReturn of the Jedi,was part of a multimedia campaign that also included a comic book series andvideo game.[25][26]The multimedia project was largely meant to reinvigorate the franchise ahead of the prequel trilogy, along with Lucas's 1997Special Editionsof the original trilogy.[27]Lucas incorporated elements of the Expanded Universe into the Special Editions; for example,Coruscant,the New Republic capital planet created by Zahn in theThrawntrilogy, made its film debut in the Special Edition ofReturn of the Jedi,[16][28]before being featured more heavily in the prequel trilogy.An eponymous comic book series,later subtitledRepublic,launched in 1998 and introducedKi-Adi-Mundiahead of his appearance in the films.[29]

In 1999,Star Warsbook publishing moved fromBantam SpectratoDel Rey Books.A new series set between 25 and 30 years after the original films,The New Jedi Order(1999–2003), was written by multiple authors and introduced a new threat: theYuuzhan Vong,a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy.[30][31]The first novel in the series,R. A. Salvatore'sVector Prime,killed off popular characterChewbacca.[32][a]

1999–2014: Prequel film trilogy andThe Clone Wars

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Before 1999, the bulk of Expanded Universe storytelling explored the time periods either afterReturn of the Jedior long beforeA New Hope(e.g.theTales of the Jediseries). The time period shortly before the original trilogy (including the rise of theGalactic Empireand the personal histories ofAnakin SkywalkerandEmperor Palpatine) was left open for Lucas to develop in the form of a prequel trilogy, which began withEpisode I: The Phantom Menace(1999).

The characterAayla Secura,introduced in 2000 in theRepubliccomic book series, appears inEpisode II: Attack of the Clones(2002).[33][34]The 2003 animated seriesClone Warsand various spin-off books, comics, and video games explorethe titular conflictin more detail leading up toEpisode III: Revenge of the Sith(2005).[35][36]Ahead of the film's release, Lucas announced a 3D "continuation" ofClone Wars,[37]which was released as the animated filmThe Clone Wars(2008) and atelevision series of the same name(2008–2020).[38]These reveal that Anakin had a Padawan learner,Ahsoka Tano,during this period.[39]Various characters seen only briefly in the films or in other spin-off material are featured in more depth. At this time, Lucas denied any plans to ever make aStar Warssequel trilogy.[40][41]

As of 2004, over 1,100Star Warstitles had been published, including novels, comics, non-fiction, and magazines. Then-president of Lucas Licensing, Howard Roffman, estimated that there were more than 65 millionStar Warsbooks in print. He said, "The books are a way of extending the fantasy ofStar Wars.The movies have had a really profound effect on a couple of generations.Star Warshas become a cultural touchpoint, and our fans are avidly interested in exploring more stories. "[31]

Holocron database and canonicity

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"Holocron" redirects here. For theThe Clone Warsepisode, seeHolocron Heist.For theRebelsepisode, seeThe Holocrons of Fate.

Originally, Lucasfilm tracked the narrative content of the Expanded Universe instory bibles,[42]alongsideofficial reference bookssuch asA Guide to the Star Wars Universe(1984/1994) and theStar Wars Encyclopedia(1998). In 2000,LucasArtslead tester Leland Chee was hired as Continuity Database Administrator for Lucas Licensing, and developed a database of franchise continuity based in part on 1998's encyclopedicStar Wars: Behind the MagicCD-ROM.[b]The database came to be known as theHolocron,[42][44][45][46]a term used within theStar Warsuniverse for "ancient repositories of knowledge and wisdom".[47]The Holocron consists of over 55,000 entries for franchise characters, locations, species, and vehicles.[42]

Lucas Licensing's managing editor Sue Rostoni said in 2001, "Our goal is to present a continuous and unified history of theStar Warsgalaxy, insofar as that history does not conflict with, or undermine the meaning of Mr. Lucas'sStar Warssaga of films and screenplays. "[48]Lucasfilm's director of fan relationsSteve Sansweetclarified:

When it comes to absolute canon, the real story ofStar Wars,you must turn to the films themselves—and only the films. Even novelizations are interpretations of the film, and while they are largely true to George Lucas' vision (he works quite closely with the novel authors), the method in which they are written does allow for some minor differences... The further one branches away from the movies, the more interpretation and speculation come into play. LucasBooks works diligently to keep the continuingStar Warsexpanded universe cohesive and uniform, but stylistically, there is always room for variation.[49]

In August 2005, Lucas said of the Expanded Universe:

I haven't read any of the novels. I don't know anything about that world... But I do try to keep it consistent... if I come up with a name or something else, I look it up and see if it has already been used. When I said [other people] could make their ownStar Warsstories, we decided that... we would have two universes: My universe and then this other one. They try to make their universe as consistent with mine as possible, but obviously they get enthusiastic and want to go off in other directions.[50]

Regarding the Holocron database in 2012, Chee said: "What setsStar Warsapart from other franchises is that we develop a singular continuity across all forms of media, whether it be the films, TV series, video games, novels and comics, and the Holocron is a key component to Lucasfilm being able to do this. "[51]The Holocron was divided into five levels of canon (in order of precedence):

  • G-canonwas "George Lucas canon":EpisodesI–VI(the released films at that time) overrode the lower levels of canonicity,[52]even when referring to elements introduced in other media. In the words of Leland Chee: "George's view of the universe is his view. He's not beholden to what's gone before."[45]
  • T-canonwasTelevision canon:The canonicity level comprisingThe Clone Wars,which Lucas co-created.[52]
  • C-canonwasContinuity canon:Most of the material from the Expanded Universe including books, comics, and video games.[52]The creation of stories that introduced radical changes in the continuity, likeThe Force Unleashedvideo game (which introducedDarth Vader's secret apprentice Starkiller), required Lucas's approval, and he spent hours explaining the character relationships to the developers.[45]
  • S-canonwasSecondary canon:Any element introduced in Continuity canon that was contradicted by other material.[52]TheHoliday Specialis an example, except for elements referenced in higher levels of canon.[45][53]
  • D-canonwasDetours canon:Elements of the unreleased showDetours,though primarily intended as a parody of the franchise, were to follow a serial storyline that existed in a low level of canonicity.[54]
  • N-canonwasNon-canon:"What if" stories (such as the first 20 issues of theStar Wars Talescomic anthology),crossover appearances(such asStar Warscharacter appearances inSoulcalibur IV), game statistics, and anything else directly contradicted by higher levels of canon.[52]

Disney acquisition and canon restructuring

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Since April 2014, theLegendslabel has been featured on reprints of Expanded Universe works that fall outside theStar Warsfranchise canon.

In October 30, 2012,the Walt Disney Companyacquired Lucasfilm forUS$4.06 billion(equivalent to about US$5.39B in 2023 due to inflation).[55][56][44]Subsequently, Lucasfilm formed the "Lucasfilm Story Group", which was established to keep track of and define the canon and unify the films, comics, and other media.[57][58]Among its members are Chee, Kiri Hart, andPablo Hidalgo.[59]To prevent the planned sequel trilogy from being beholden to and restrained by the plotlines of the Expanded Universe works, the choice was made to discard that continuity.[60][a][c]

On April 25, 2014, Lucasfilm rebranded the Expanded Universe material asStar Wars Legendsand declared it non-canonical to the franchise. The company's focus would be shifted towards a restructuredStar Warscanon based on new material.[60][63][64]Chee said in a 2014Twitterpost that a "primary goal" of the story group would be to replace the previous hierarchical canon (of the Holocron) with one cohesive one.[58]However, the final season ofThe Clone Wars,which was released in 2020,[65]contradicted aspects of the 2016 canon novelAhsoka.The next year,The Clone Warsspin-off seriesThe Bad Batchcontradicted canon elements of the 2015Kanancomic book series.The Bad Batchexecutive producer Jennifer Corbett explained that "Everything we did was for a reason and it might not match 100% but it's sort of just wanting to honor what existed but also give another take on it in this story."[66]

In 2019, Marvel published a one-issue continuation ofits 1977Star Warscomic seriesfor the company's 80th anniversary, making it the first new story to be published in theLegendscontinuity.[67][68]In 2021, Del Rey Books announced it would be republishing several popularLegendsnovels as part of the Essential Legends Collection for the franchise's 50th anniversary, starting withHeir to the Empire,Darth Bane: Path of DestructionandShatterpoint.[69]

2014–2019: Sequel trilogy and anthology films

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In its 2014 announcement, Lucasfilm explained that the only preexisting works to be considered canonical within the franchise would be the primary episodic films and the 2008The Clone Warsfilm and TV series.[70][d]The announcement called these works "theimmovable objectsofStar Warshistory, the characters and events to which all other tales must align. "[60][63]It was also made clear that a plannedStar Warssequel trilogy, and subsequent works developed within the restructured canon, would not be based onLegendsmaterial but could possibly draw from it.[60][63][72]The first new canonical novel wasA New DawnbyJohn Jackson Miller,published in September 2014,[73]acting as a prologue to the animated television seriesStar Wars Rebels,which was released a month later.[74]Marvel began publishing newStar Warscomic book series in January 2015,[75][76][77]and theJourney to Star Warspublishing initiative included books and comics tying in to the sequel trilogy films.

The first sequel trilogy film,The Force Awakens,was released in December 2015.[78]There was some minor fan backlash against the restructured canon, with one group successfully campaigning to buy a billboard pleading for Lucasfilm to continue the original non-canonical Expanded Universe separately from the canon.[79]Rebelssupervising directorDave Filonireintroduced popularLegendscharacter Thrawn into the canon in the 2016 third season ofRebels.[33]Timothy Zahn was hired to write new canonical novels about the character.[80][81][82]Since co-creatingThe Clone Wars,Filoni has followed Lucas (who incorporated Expanded Universe elements into the Special Editions, prequels, andThe Clone Wars) in incorporating multiple spin-off elements into his series.[33][83]Some cancelledThe Clone Warsepisodes were adapted into books and comics inThe Clone Wars Legacymultimedia project.

AfterThe Force Awakens,multiple films were released, including the anthology filmsRogue One(2016) andSolo: A Star Wars Story(2018), as well as the second and third sequel trilogy films,The Last Jedi(2017) andThe Rise of Skywalker(2019). Dozens of novels, comics published by Marvel andIDW,and games likeBattlefront II(2017) were released.[84]Additionally, the animated seriesResistance,set in the sequel trilogy era, premiered in late 2018 and ran until early 2020.[85]

2019–present:The Mandalorianand other titles

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The Mandalorian,a post-Return of the Jedilive-action series written byJon Favreaupremiered in late 2019 on the Disney streaming serviceDisney+.[86]In early 2020, a final season ofThe Clone Warsanimated series debuted on the streaming service.[65]

In February 2020, it was announced that a new line of books and comics, labeledThe High Republic,would begin publishing starting in August. The line takes place 200 years prior to the events ofThe Phantom Menaceand will not overlap any films or series currently planned for production.[87]

In December 2020, multiple live-action series were announced for Disney+, includingObi-Wan Kenobi,Andor,Lando,threeMandalorianspin-offs, andThe Acolyte(set during the High Republic).[88][89][90]On April 2, 2021, several legacyStar Warsfilms and series were added to Disney+.[91]The Bad Batchdebuted on May 4.[92]

Multiple comics relaunched in 2020, moving to the era betweenThe Empire Strikes BackandReturn of the Jedi.[93][94][95]

Legendsfictional timeline

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See also:Star Wars § Fictional timeline
Dawn of the JediDarth BaneKnight Errant (Star Wars)Star Wars The Old RepublicStar Wars Knights of the Old RepublicTales of the Jedi (comics)
Star Wars Legacy (comics)Fate of the JediLegacy of the ForceSkywalker sagaJedi Apprentice
Star Wars Dark ForcesStar Wars Jedi KnightThe Force UnleashedStar Wars GalaxiesEmpire at WarStar Wars Republic CommandoDark EmpireJedi Prince seriesStar Wars BattlefrontX-wingEwoks (TV series)Droids (cartoon)The Clone Wars (TV series)Clone Wars (cartoon)Jedi QuestThe Dark Nest trilogyThe New Jedi OrderGrand Admiral ThrawnStar Wars TrilogyStar Wars ScoundrelsThe Lando Calrissian AdventuresHan SoloStar Wars prequel trilogy


TheStar WarsLegendsfictional universespans multiple eras. The names, symbols, and dates of the publishing eras were first introduced in October 2000[96]and were refined[97]up to February 2015:[98]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^abDiscussing the restructuredDisneycanon in 2014, Chee said the death of Chewbacca inVector Primewas a key factor in the decision to rebrand the existing Expanded Universe as non-canon.[32]
  2. ^This included the first release of certaindeleted scenesfrom the original trilogy.[43]
  3. ^All events set afterReturn of the Jedi,such as the Yuuzhan Vong War (in which Chewbacca was killed) and Boba Fett's escape from the sarlacc, were removed from continuity. Major characters likeMara Jade(and by extension her marriage to Luke Skywalker) and Han Solo and Leia Organa's children were likewise removed. Other notable exclusions from the canon were theEwokstelevision movies, the 2003Clone Warsanimated series, theKnights of the Old Republicvideo games, theShadows of the Empiremultimedia project, and video game characters like Darth Vader's apprentice, Starkiller, and stormtrooper-turned-JediKyle Katarn.[61][62]
  4. ^The sole exception is the serialized short story "Blade Squadron"byDavid J.and Mark S. Williams, which debuted inStar Wars InsiderIssue 149 on April 22, 2014, three days prior to the "Legends" announcement. "Blade Squadron" is thus the first canonicalStar Warsstory outside the original six episodic films andThe Clone Wars.[71]

References

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