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Trona

For other uses, seeTrona (disambiguation).

Trona(trisodium hydrogendicarbonatedihydrate,alsosodium sesquicarbonatedihydrate, Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O) is a non-marineevaporitemineral.[4][6]It isminedas the primary source ofsodium carbonatein the United States, where it has replaced theSolvay processused in most of the rest of the world for sodium carbonate production. Turkey is also a major producer.

Trona
General
CategoryCarbonate mineral
Formula
(repeating unit)		Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O
IMA symbolTn[1]
Strunz classification5.CB.15
Crystal systemMonoclinic
Crystal classPrismatic (2/m)
(sameH-M symbol)
Space groupC2/c(no. 15)
Identification
ColorColorless (in transmitted light) or white, grey-white, also grey to yellowish grey, light yellow
Crystal habitColumnar, fibrous and massive.
Cleavage[100] perfect, [111] and [001] indistinct
FractureBrittle – subconchoidal
Mohs scalehardness2.5
LusterVitreous
StreakWhite
DiaphaneityTranslucent
Specific gravity2.11–2.17
Optical propertiesBiaxial (−)
Refractive indexnα = 1.412 nβ = 1.492 nγ = 1.540
Birefringenceδ = 0.128
SolubilitySoluble in water
Other characteristicsMay fluoresce under short wavelength ultraviolet
References[2][3][4][5]

Etymology

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The word entered English by way of either Swedish (trona) or Spanish (trona), with both possible sources having the same meaning as in English: the mineralnatronfrom North Africa. Both the Spanish and Swedish[7]terms derive from the Arabictrōn,which in turn derives from Arabicnatronand Hebrewנתרן(natruna), which comes fromancient Greekνιτρον(nitron), derived ultimately fromancient Egyptianntry(ornitry'’).[citation needed]

Natural deposits

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Trona sample fromSearles Valley, Californianear the town ofTrona, California

Trona is found atOwens LakeandSearles Lake,California;theGreen River FormationofWyomingandUtah;theMakgadikgadi PansinBotswanaand in theNile ValleyinEgypt.[8]The trona nearGreen River, Wyoming,is the largest known deposit in the world and lies in layeredevaporitedeposits below ground, where the trona was deposited in a lake during thePaleogenePeriod.[9]Trona has also been mined atLake Magadiin theKenyan Rift Valleyfor nearly 100 years. The northern part ofLake Natronis covered by a 1.5 m thick trona bed,[10]and occurs in 'salt' pans in theEtosha National ParkinNamibia.[11]TheBeypazariregion in theAnkara ProvinceofTurkeyhas some 33 trona beds in twofault-bound lensoid bodies in and aboveoil shalesof the Lower Hirka Formation (16 in the lower and 17 in the upper body).[12]The Wucheng basin trona mine,Henan ProvinceChinahas some 36 trona beds (693–974 m deep), the lower 15 beds are 0.5–1.5 m thick, thickest 2.38 m; the upper 21 beds are 1–3 m thick, with a maximum of 4.56 m hosted and underlain bydolomiticoil shales of the Wulidui Formation.[13]

Trona has also been found inmagmaticenvironments.[14]Research has shown that trona can be formed by autometasomaticreactions of late-magmatic fluids ormelts(orsupercritical fluid-melt mixtures), with earliercrystallizedrocks within the sameplutoniccomplex, or by large-scalevaporunmi xing in the very final stages of magmatism.[14]

Crystal structure

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The ambient temperature crystal structure of trona viewed down the b axis with theunit cellindicated by the solid gray line.

Thecrystal structureof trona was first determined by Brown et al. (1949).[15]The structure consists of units of 3 edge-sharing sodium polyhedra (a central octahedron flanked by septahedra), cross-linked by carbonate groups andhydrogen bonds.Bacon and Curry (1956)[16]refined the structure determination using two-dimensional single-crystalneutron diffraction,and suggested that the hydrogen atom in the symmetric (HC2O6)3−anion is disordered. The environment of the disordered H atom was later investigated by Choi and Mighell (1982)[17]at 300 K with three-dimensional single-crystal neutron diffraction: they concluded that the H atom is dynamically disordered between two equivalent sites, separated from one another by 0.211(9) Å. The dynamically disordered H atom was reinvestigated at low temperature by O'Bannon et al. 2014 and they concluded that it does not order at temperatures as low as 100K.[18]

Uses

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  • Trona is a common source ofsoda ash,which is a significant economic commodity because of its applications in manufacturing glass, chemicals, paper, detergents, and textiles.
  • It is used to condition water.
  • It is used to remove sulfur from bothflue gasesandlignitecoals.[19][20]
  • It is a product ofcarbon sequestrationofflue gases.[21]
  • It is also used as a food additive.[22]

Mining operations

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See also

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References

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  1. ^Warr, L.N. (2021)."IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols".Mineralogical Magazine.85(3): 291–320.Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W.doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43.S2CID235729616.
  2. ^Handbook of Mineralogy
  3. ^Mindat
  4. ^abWebmineral data
  5. ^Choi, C. S.; Mighell, A. D. (1 November 1982). "Neutron diffraction study of sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate".Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry.38(11): 2874–2876.doi:10.1107/S0567740882010164.
  6. ^Mineral galleriesArchived2005-04-08 at theWayback Machine,2008
  7. ^"Trona-salt | SAOB".
  8. ^C. Michael Hogan (2008)Makgadikgadi,The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
  9. ^Wyoming Mining Association (2017).Wyoming Mining Association: Trona MiningWyoming Mining Association. Retrieved on 2017-10-25.
  10. ^Manega, P.C., Bieda, S., 1987. Modern sediments of Lake Natron, Tanzania. Sciences Geologiques. Bulletin 40, 83–95.
  11. ^Eckardt, F. D., Drake, N., Goudie, A. S., White, K., & Viles, H. (2001). The role of playas in pedogenic gypsum crust formation in the Central Namib Desert: a theoretical model.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,26(11), 1177–1193.
  12. ^Helvaci, C., 1998. The Beypazari trona deposit, Ankara Province, Turkey. In: Dyni, J.R., Jones, R. W. (Eds.), Proceedings of the first international soda-ash conference; Volume II, v. 40: Laramie, WY, Public Information Circular – Geological Survey of Wyoming, pp. 67–103.
  13. ^Zhang, Youxun, 1985. Geology of the Wucheng trona deposit in Henan, China. In: Schreiber, B.C., Warner, H.L. (Eds.), Sixth international symposium on salt, 1, pp. 67–73.
  14. ^abMarkl, Gregor; Baumgartner, Lukas (2002)."PH changes in peralkaline late-magmatic fluids".Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology.144(3): 331–346.Bibcode:2002CoMP..144..331M.doi:10.1007/s00410-002-0401-6.S2CID128954565.
  15. ^Brown, C. J.; Peiser, H. S.; Turner-Jones, A. (1949)."The crystal structure of sodium sesquicarbonate".Acta Crystallographica.2(3): 167–174.doi:10.1107/S0365110X4900045X.
  16. ^Bacon, G.E., and Curry, N.A. (1956) A neutron-diffraction study of sodium sesquicarbonate. Acta Crystallographica, 9, 82–85.
  17. ^Choi, C. S.; Mighell, A. D. (1982)."Neutron diffraction study of sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate".Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry.38(11): 2874–2876.doi:10.1107/S0567740882010164.
  18. ^O'Bannon, E.; Beavers, C. M.; Williams, Q. (2014)."Trona at extreme conditions: A pollutant-sequestering material at high pressures and low temperatures".American Mineralogist.99(10): 1973–1984.Bibcode:2014AmMin..99.1973O.doi:10.2138/am-2014-4919.S2CID101336393.
  19. ^Kong Y., and Wood M.D. (2010) Dry injection of trona for SO3 control. Power, 154, 114–118.
  20. ^Sütcü, H.; Eker, Y. (2013)."The Removal of Sulfur from Dursunbey and İskilip Lignites in Turkey, Using Natural Trona: 1. The Effect of the Thermal Method".Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects.35:83–91.doi:10.1080/15567036.2010.518220.S2CID98118578.
  21. ^Yoo, Miran; Han, Sang-Jun; Wee, Jung-Ho (2013)."Carbon dioxide capture capacity of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution".Journal of Environmental Management.114:512–519.doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.061.PMID23183145.
  22. ^Nielsen, Joan M. (1999)."East African magadi (Trona): Fluoride concentration and mineralogical composition".Journal of African Earth Sciences.29(2): 423–428.Bibcode:1999JAfES..29..423N.doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00107-4.
  23. ^abcd"2015 Wyoming Mines State Inspector Annual Report"(PDF).2016-03-25. p. 58.Retrieved2017-10-25.
  24. ^"The Trona Industry in Sweetwater County | Green River, WY".cityofgreenriver.org.Retrieved2022-11-08.
  25. ^"Church and Dwight | Consumer Goods | Home and Personal Care Products".churchdwight.Retrieved2022-11-08.
  26. ^"Locations".Intrepid Potash.Retrieved2022-11-08.
  27. ^"The J.R. Simplot Company – Bringing Earth's Resources to Life".simplot.Retrieved2022-11-08.
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