Wikipedia

Tuva

(Redirected fromTuvan Republic)
For other uses, seeTuva (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withTula, RussiaorTuvalu.

Tuva(/ˈtuːvə/;Russian:Тува[tʊˈva]) orTyva(/ˈtɪvə/;Tuvan:Тыва[tʰɤ̀ʋɐ]), officially theRepublic of Tuva,[a]is arepublicofRussia.[13]Tuva lies at the geographical center ofAsia,in southernSiberia.The republic borders thefederal subjectsof theAltai Republic,Buryatia,Irkutsk Oblast,Khakassia,andKrasnoyarsk Krai,and shares an international border withMongoliato the south. Tuva has a population of 336,651 (2021 census).[14]Itscapital cityisKyzyl,in which more than a third of the population reside.

Republic of Tuva
Republic
Республика Тыва
Other transcription(s)
• TuvanТыва Республика
• RomanizationTıva Respublika
Flag of Republic of Tuva
Flag
Coat of arms of Republic of Tuva
Coat of arms
Anthem: "Men – tyva men"[3]
Coordinates:51°47′N94°45′E/ 51.783°N 94.750°E/51.783; 94.750
CountryRussia
Federal districtSiberian[1]
Economic regionEast Siberian[2]
CapitalKyzyl
Government
• BodyGreat Khural[4]
•Head[6]Vladislav Khovalyg[5]
Area
[7]
• Total
168,604 km2(65,098 sq mi)
• Rank21st
Population
(2021 census)[8]
• Total
336,651
• Estimate
(2018)[9]
321,722
• Rank76th
• Density2.0/km2(5.2/sq mi)
•Urban
54.6%
•Rural
45.4%
Time zoneUTC+7(MSK+4Edit this on Wikidata[10])
ISO 3166 codeRU-TY
License plates17
OKTMOID93000000
Official languagesRussian;[11]Tuvan[12]
Websitertyva.ru
PeopleTuvan / Tyvans
Тывалар (Tyvalar)
Тувинцы (Tuvincy)
LanguageTuvan / Tyvan
Тыва дыл (Tyva dyl)
CountryTuva / Tyva
Тува (Tuva)
Тыва (Tyva)
Tuva
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicТува
Transcriptions
SASM/GNCTuvagiin
Russian name
RussianТыва
RomanizationTyva
TuvanCyrillic name
TuvanCyrillicТыва Республика
TuvanLatin name
TuvanLatinTyva Respublika

Historically part ofOuter MongoliaasTannu Uriankhaiduring theQing dynasty,the last imperial dynasty of China, Tuva broke away in 1911 as theUryankhay Republicfollowing theXinhai Revolution,which created theRepublic of China.It became aRussian protectoratein 1914 and was replaced by the nominally independentTuvan People's Republicin 1921 (known officially as Tannu Tuva until 1926),[15]recognized only by its neighbors theSoviet UnionandMongolia,before being annexed into the former in 1944.[16]A majority of the population are ethnicTuvanswho speak Tuvan as their native tongue, whileRussianis spoken natively by theRussianminority; both are official and widely understood in the republic. TheGreat Khuralis theregional parliamentof Tuva.

History

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Main article:History of Tuva
See also:History of the Tuvan people
Map of the Tuva Republic

The territory of Tuva has been controlled by theXiongnuEmpire (209 BC – 93 AD) and theXianbei state(93–234),Rouran Khaganate(330–555),Tang dynasty(647–682),Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate(7th – 13th century),Mongol Empire(1206–1271),Yuan dynasty(1271–1368),Northern Yuan dynasty(1368–1691),Khotgoid KhanateandZunghar Khanate(1634–1758).[17]Medieval Mongol tribes, includingOiratsandTumeds,inhabited areas which are now part of the Tuvan Republic.[17]

From 1758 to 1911, Tuva was part of China'sQing dynastyand administered byOuter Mongolia.[18]During theXinhai Revolutionin China,Tsarist Russiaformed aseparatistmovement among theTuvanswhile there were also pro-independence and pro-Mongol groups.[19]Tsar Nicholas IIagreed to the third petition by Tuva's leadership in 1912, establishing aprotectorateover the then-independent state. Some Russians, such as merchants, travellers, and explorers, had already settled in Tuva at that time.[20]Tuva became nominally independent as theUryankhay Republicbefore being turned into a Russian protectorate asUryankhay Kraiunder Tsar Nicholas II, on 17 April 1914.[21]

A Tuvan capital was established, calledBelotsarsk(Белоца́рск; literally, "(Town) of theWhite Tsar").[22]Meanwhile, in 1911, Mongolia became independent, though under Russian protection. Following theRussian Revolution of 1917that ended the imperial autocracy, most of Tuva was occupied from 5 July 1918 to 15 July 1919 byAlexander Kolchak'sWhite Russiantroops. Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov was named governor of the territory. In the autumn of 1918, the southwestern part was occupied by Chinese troops and the southern part by Mongol troops led byKhatanbaatar Magsarjav.[23]

From July 1919 to February 1920, the communistRed Armycontrolled Tuva but from 19 February 1920 to June 1921 it was occupied by China (governor was Yan Shichao [traditional, Wade–Giles transliteration: Yan Shi-ch'ao]). On 14 August 1921, theBolsheviksestablished theTuvan People's Republic,popularly calledTannu-Tuva.In 1926, the capital (Belotsarsk; Khem-Beldyr since 1918) was renamedKyzyl,meaning "red". The Tuvan People's Republic was de jure anindependent statebetween the World Wars.The state's ruler,ChairmanDonduk Kuular,sought to strengthen ties withMongoliaand establishBuddhismas thestate religion.This unsettled the Soviet Union, which orchestrateda coup carried out in 1929by five young Tuvan graduates of Moscow'sCommunist University of the Toilers of the East.[24]

In 1930, the pro-Soviet regime discarded the state'sMongol script in favor of a Latin Alpha betdesigned for Tuva by Russian linguists. In 1943, Cyrillic script replaced Latin. Under the leadership of Party Secretary Salchak Toka, ethnic Russians were granted full citizenship rights and Buddhist and Mongol influences on the Tuvan state and society were systematically curtailed.[25]

Tuva was annexed by theSoviet Unionin 1944, with the approval of Tuva'sLittle Khural(parliament), but without areferendumon the issue. It became theTuvan Autonomous Oblast,within theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic,after the Soviet victory inWorld War II.[26]Salchak Toka,leader of theTuvan People's Revolutionary Party,was given the title of First Secretary of theTuvan Communist Partyand became thede factoruler of Tuva until his death in 1973.[27]The territory became theTuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republicon 10 October 1961.[26]

Russian PresidentVladimir Putinin Tuva in 2007

In February 1990, theTuvan Democratic Movementwas founded byKaadyr-ool Bicheldei,aphilologistat theKyzyl State Pedagogical Institute.The party aimed to provide jobs and housing (both in short supply), and improve the status of theTuvan languageand culture. Later in the year, there was a wave of attacks against Tuva's sizeable Russian community, including sniper attacks on trucks, and attacks on outlying settlements, with 168 murdered.[28]Russian troops were eventually called in. Many Russians moved out of the republic during this period. Tuva has remained remote and difficult to access.[29]

Tuva was a signatory to the 31 March 1992 treaty that created the Russian Federation. On 22 October 1993, a new constitution was drawn up for the republic, creating a 32-member parliament (Supreme Khural) and aGrand Khural,which deals with local legislation.[30]The constitution was approved by 53.9% (62.2% according to another source) of Tuvans in a referendum on 12 December 1993.[31]At the same time, the official name was changed fromTuva(Тува) toTyva(Тыва).[32]

Tuva was one of the Russian regions with the highest number ofmilitary casualtiesduring theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[33]

Geography

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The geographic "center of Asia", 2015

The Tyva Republic is situated in the far south ofSiberia.Itscapital cityis Kyzyl, located near thegeographic "center of Asia".The eastern part of the republic is forested and elevated, while the western part is a drierlowland.

Rivers

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There are over 8,000 rivers in the Tuvan Republic, including the upper course of theYenisei River,the fifth longest river in the world. Most of the republic's rivers are Yeniseitributaries.There are also numerousmineral springsin the area.

Major rivers include:

Lakes

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Azas Lake

There are numerous lakes in Tuva, many of which are glacial andsalt lakes,includingTodzha Lake, a.k.a. Azas Lake(100 km2) – the largest in the republic, andUvs Lake(shared with Mongolia and aWorld Heritage Site).

Mountains

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Mountains of Tuva

The Tuva Republic is made up of a mountain basin, about 600 m high, encircled by theSayanandTannu-Olamountain ranges. Mountains and hills cover over 80% of its territory. Mongun-Tayga ( "Silver Mountain", 3,970 m) is the highest point in the republic and is named after its glacier.

Administrative divisions

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Main article:Administrative divisions of the Tuva Republic

Demographics

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Population:336,651 (2021 Census);[14]307,930 (2010 Census);[34]305,510 (2002 Census);[35]309,129 (1989 Soviet census).[36]

Vital statistics

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Source:Russian Federal State Statistics ServiceArchived12 April 2008 at theWayback Machine[37]
Years Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Fertility rates

[check quotation syntax]|-

1970 233 6,559 1,938 4,621 28.2 8.3 19.8
1975 253 6,950 2,306 4,644 27.5 9.1 18.4
1980 272 7,133 2,748 4,385 26.2 10.1 16.1
1985 287 8,110 2,624 5,486 28.3 9.1 19.1
1990 309 8,116 2,664 5,452 26.3 8.6 17.7 3.22
1991 304 7,271 2,873 4,398 23.9 9.5 14.5 2.97
1992 303 6,545 3,006 3,539 21.6 9.9 11.7 2.68
1993 302 6,130 3,480 2,650 20.3 11.5 8.8 2.50
1994 303 6,076 4,086 1,990 20.1 13.5 6.6 2.46
1995 304 6,172 4,010 2,162 20.3 13.2 7.1 2.47
1996 305 5,705 4,110 1,595 18.7 13.5 5.2 2.25
1997 305 4,908 3,954 954 16.1 12.9 3.1 1.91
1998 306 5,267 3,631 1,636 17.2 11.9 5.4 2.02
1999 306 4,894 4,142 752 16.0 13.5 2.5 1.86
2000 306 4,871 4,170 701 15.9 13.6 2.3 1.83
2001 305 4,992 4,165 827 16.3 13.6 2.7 1.85
2002 305 5,727 4,576 1,151 18.8 15.0 3.8 2.10
2003 305 6,276 4,633 1,643 20.6 15.2 5.4 2.28
2004 304 6,127 4,090 2,037 20.2 13.5 6.7 2.19
2005 303 5,979 4,326 1,653 19.8 14.3 5.5 2.11
2006 302 5,950 3,802 2,148 19.7 12.6 7.1 2.06
2007 302 7,568 3,687 3,881 25.1 12.2 12.9 2.60
2008 303 7,874 3,526 4,348 26.0 11.6 14.3 2.68
2009 305 8,242 3,666 4,576 27.0 12.0 15.0 2.97
2010 307 8,262 3,566 4,696 26.9 11.6 15.3 3.03
2011 308 8,478 3,403 5,075 27.5 11.0 16.5 3.25
2012 310 8,266 3,471 4,795 26.7 11.2 15.5 3.35
2013 311 8,111 3,399 4,728 26.1 10.9 15.2 3.42
2014 313 7,921 3,419 4,502 25.3 10.9 14.4 3.48
2015 315 7,489 3,258 4,231 23.8 10.3 13.5 3.39
2016 317 7,421 3,112 4,309 23.2 9.8 13.4 3.35
2017 320 6,977 2,788 4,189 21.9 8.7 13.2 3.19
2018 323 6,539 2,857 3,682 20.2 8.8 11.4 2.97
2019 326 6,158 2,718 3,440 18.6 8.3 10.3 2.72
2020 330 6,582 3,024 3,601 20.0 9.2 10.8 2.97
2021 332 6,629 3,028 3,558 20.0 9.1 10.9 2.94
2022 5,997 2,867 3,130 17.9 8.6 9.3 2.51
2023 5,738 2,986 2,752 16.9 8.8 8.1 2.44
  • Average life expectancy:Tuva: 56.5 (average male and female, UNDP data); Russia: (UN data) Male 59 (world rank 166); Female 73 (127)

Ethnic groups

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According to the2021 census,[38]Tuvans make up 88.7% of the population. Other groups includeRussians(10.1%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic
group 		1959 census 1970 census 1979 census 1989 census 2002 census 2010 census 2021 census1
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Tuvans 97,996 57.0% 135,306 58.6% 161,888 60.5% 198,448 64.3% 235,313 77.0% 249,299 82.0% 279,789 88.7%
Russians 68,924 40.1% 88,385 38.3% 96,793 36.2% 98,831 32.0% 61,442 20.1% 49,434 16.3% 31,927 10.1%
Khakas 1,726 1.0% 2,120 0.9% 2,193 0.8% 2,258 0.7% 1,219 0.4% 877 0.3% 359 0.1%
Others 3,282 1.9% 5,053 2.2% 6,725 2.5% 9,020 2.9% 7,526 2.5% 4,427 1.4% 3,483 1.1%
121,093 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[39]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1959171,928—
1970230,864+34.3%
1979266,453+15.4%
1989309,129+16.0%
2002305,510−1.2%
2010307,930+0.8%
2021336,651+9.3%
Source: Census data
A girl and a boy riding their horses
Ethnic map of the Republic of Tuva by settlement, 2010 census.
Tuvans
Tozhu Tuvans
Russians

During the period from 1959 to 2010, there was more than a doubling of ethnic Tuvans. The Russian population growth slowed by the 1980s and decreased by 70% since 1989. The official languages areTuvan(Turkic) andRussian(Slavic).

Tuvans in 2016

Outside Kyzyl, settlements have few if any Russian inhabitants and, in general, Tuvans use their original language as their first language. However, there is a small population ofOld Believersin the Republic scattered in some of the most isolated areas. Before Soviet rule, there were a number of large ethnic Russian Old Believer villages, but as atheism spread, the believers moved deeper and deeper into thetaigain order to avoid contact with outsiders. Major Old Believer villages are Erzhei, Uzhep, Unzhei, Zhivei and Bolee Malkiye (all in theKaa-Khemsky District). Smaller ultra-Orthodox settlements are found further upstream.[40]

Ethnic Russians make up 27.4% of the population (as of the 2021 census) in Kaa-Khemsky District, one of the most remote regions in Tuva. The population is mostlyOld Believers.[41]Russians account for 18.9% of the population inPiy-Khemskyand 16.4% in Kyzyl.[42]

Religion

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Buddhist temple of Kyzyl (Цеченлиң/Tsechenling)
Religion in Tuva as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[43][44]
Buddhism
 
 61.8%
Atheismandirreligion
 
 11.8%
Tengrismand TuvanShamanism
 
 8%
Spiritual but not religious
 
 7.6%
Other and undeclared
 
 7.2%
OtherChristians
 
 1.4%
Protestantism
 
 1.4%
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 0.8%

Two religions are widespread among the Tuvan people:Tibetan Buddhismandshamanism.Tibetan Buddhism's present-day spiritual leader isTenzin Gyatso,the fourteenthDalai Lama.In September 1992, Tenzin Gyatso visited Tuva for three days.[45]On September 20, he blessed and consecrated the yellow-blue-white flag of Tuva, which had been officially adopted three days before.[46]

The Tuvan people – along with theYellow UyghursinChina– are one of the only two Turkic groups who are primarily adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, which coexists with native shamanistic traditions.[47]

Tuvans were first exposed to Buddhism during the 13th and 14th centuries, when Tuva entered into the composition of the Mongol Empire. The earliest Buddhist temples uncovered by archaeologists in the territory of Tuva date to the 13th and 14th centuries.[48]During the 16th and 17th centuries, Tibetan Buddhism gained popularity in Tuva. An increasing number of new and restored temples are coming into use, and there has been an upward trend in the number of novices being trained as monks and lamas in recent years. Religious practice declined under the restrictive policies of the Soviet period, but is now flourishing.[49][50]

Resurrection Cathedral in Kyzyl

According to a 2012 survey,[43]61.8% of the population of Tuva adheres toBuddhism,8% toTengrismor Tuvan shamanism, 1.5% to theRussian Orthodox Church,the Old Believers or other forms ofChristianity,1% toProtestantism.In addition, 7.7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. 8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 12% to beatheist.[43]

Politics

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President of the Republic of TuvaSholban Kara-ool(right) in 2016

The present flag of Tuva – yellow for prosperity, blue for courage and strength, white for purity – was adopted on 17 September 1992. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 23 October 1993.

The head of Tuva is the chairman of the government and serves a five-year term which can be renewed. The first Chairman of the Government wasSherig-ool Oorzhak.On 3 April 2007, Russian presidentVladimir PutinnominatedSholban Kara-ool,40, a former champion wrestler, as the Chairman of the Government of Tuva.[51]Kara-ool's candidacy was approved by the Khural on 9 April 2007.[52]Kara-ool served from 2007 until 2021. The third and current Tuvan head of government isVladislav Khovalyg.

Tuva's legislature, theGreat Khural,has 32 seats as of 2023; each deputy is elected to serve a five-year term.

In the2024 Russian presidential election,which critics called rigged and fraudulent, PresidentVladimir Putinwon 95.37% of the vote in Tuva.[53][54]

Economy

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In Tuva, there are a total of approximately 7,400 unemployed, which gives a 5.9% unemployment rate[55]and is above the overall Russian unemployment rate of 4.9%[56]

Mining

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Mining is a crucial element of the Tuvan economy. TheUlugh-Khem coal basinis located in Tuva.[57]It is estimated that in 2020, there were 40 million metric tonnes of coal produced in Tuva,[58]which accounts for approximately 9.4% of Russia's average annual coal production of 423 million metric tonnes.[59]

Transportation

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Tuva does not have a railway, althoughfamous postage stampsin the 1930s, designed in Moscow during the time of Tuvan independence, mistakenly depict locomotives as demonstrating Soviet-inspired progress there.[60]TheKuragino–Kyzyl railway linewas scheduled to be completed in 2026.[citation needed]

Tuva is served byKyzyl Airport.

Culture

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AyurtinTos Bulak
Tuvan throat singerKongar-ool Ondar

Traditionally, the Tuvan people are a Central Asianyurt-dwellingnomadicculture, with distinctive traditions in music, cuisine, and folk art. Tuvan music featuresTuvan throat singing(khoomei), in which the singer sings afundamental toneand anovertonesimultaneously. This type of singing can be heard during performances by theTuvan National Orchestra,at events such as the 'International Khoomei Day' held at the National Tuvinian Theatre in Kyzyl.[61]

The Tuvan craft tradition includes carving the soft stone,agalmatolite.A frequent motif is hand-held-sized animals, such as horses.[62]

Important archaeological excavations in Tuva include Arzhaan-1 and Tunnug 1,[63]dating to the ninth century BC.[64]and Arzhaan-2, whereScythian animal artin great variety, and over 9,000 decorative gold pieces were unearthed.[65]A collection of gold jewelry from this site is on display at the National Museum Aldan-Maadyr in Kyzyl.[61]

Festivals celebrating Tuvan traditions include the ecological film festival "The Living Path of Dersu", the Interregional Festival of National Cultures "Heart of Asia". It has become a tradition to hold the international festival of live music "Ustuu-Khuree", the International Symposium "Khoomei – the Phenomenon of the Culture of the Peoples of Central Asia", the Regional Competition-Festival of Performers on National Instruments "Dingildai", the International Felt Festival "Patterns of Life on Felt" Pop songs "Melodies of the Sayan Mountains".[66]

Religion

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Tuva is one of the few places in the world where the original form of shamanism is preserved as part of the traditional culture of Tuva. Shamanism presupposes the existence of good and evil spirits inhabiting mountains, forests and water, as well as the heavens and the underworld. The mediator between man and the spirits is the shaman. It is believed that with the help of spirits the shaman is able to cure patients and predict the future.[61]

In Tuva, shamanism peacefully coexists with Buddhism. Buddhism is associated with many folk rituals, calendar holidays, and folk medicines in Tuva. Centers of Buddhism in Tuva are Khuree – temples, temple complexes; the temple complex Tsechenling in Kyzyl is the residence ofKhambo Lama,head of Buddhism in Tuva. Treasures of the old Slavonic culture in the Asian Tuva saved along with the values of other peoples – children's folklore ensemble "Oktay" from the city of Kyzyl in the course several ethnographic expeditions in the old believers ' settlements were able to collect an extensive collection of samples of ancient singing art.[61]

Music

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Main article:Music in the Tuva Republic

Sports

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Bandy,a sport similar toice hockey,is played in Tuva.[67]Mongolian-style wrestlingis very popular, as are most martial arts.[clarification needed][68]Horse riding related sports are also predominant in the area.[69]

Miscellaneous

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Tuvan Stamp from 1927
  • In the 1920s and 1930s,postage stamps from Tuvawere issued. Manyphilatelistshave been fascinated with Tuva because of these stamps. The stamps were issued mainly during the brief period of Tuvan independence and were not accepted by serious collectors until recently as they were thought to be produced in Moscow and not to represent a genuine postal service.[70]
  • According to Ilya Zakharov ofMoscow's Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, genetic evidence suggests that the modern Tuvan people are the closest genetic relatives to thenative peoplesof North and South America.[71]
  • PhysicistRichard Feynmandetails in his autobiographical works that he became fascinated with Tuva as a child and was able to make limited contact with the country despite the constraints of the Soviet period. His unsuccessful attempts to visit were detailed inRalph Leighton's bookTuva or Bust!
  • TheSayan Mountainsin Tuva were featured inBear Grylls'Man vs Wildadventure TV show.[72]

Notable people

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See also:Category:Tuvan people

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Russian:Республика Тыва,romanized:Respublika Tyva,IPA:[rʲɪˈspublʲɪkətɨˈva];Tuvan:Тыва Республика,romanized:Tıva Respublika,IPA:[tʰɤ̀ʋɐrʲɪ̀spúblʲɪkə]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г.(President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District.Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР.(Gosstandartof the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions,as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ^Law #96
  4. ^Constitution, Article 10.2
  5. ^"Владислав Ховалыг вступил в должность главы Тувы - ТАСС".TACC.
  6. ^Constitution, Article 10.3
  7. ^"Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)".Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography.Archived fromthe originalon 9 February 2022.Retrieved29 August2023.
  8. ^"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации".Federal State Statistics Service.Retrieved1 September2022.
  9. ^"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года".Federal State Statistics Service.Retrieved23 January2019.
  10. ^"Об исчислении времени".Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации(in Russian). 3 June 2011.Retrieved19 January2019.
  11. ^Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of theConstitution of Russia.
  12. ^Constitution, Article 5.1
  13. ^"Chapter 1. The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System | The Constitution of the Russian Federation".Constitution.ru.Retrieved22 February2018.
  14. ^abRussian Federal State Statistics Service.Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1[2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1](XLS)(in Russian).Federal State Statistics Service.
  15. ^Toomas Alatalu (1992). "Tuva: a State Reawakens".Soviet Studies.44(5): 881–895.doi:10.1080/09668139208412051.JSTOR152275.
  16. ^Alatalu, Toomas (1 January 1992). "Tuva. A State Reawakens".Soviet Studies.44(5): 881–95.doi:10.1080/09668139208412051.JSTOR152275.
  17. ^abHistory of Mongolia, Volume II,2003.
  18. ^Shurkhuu, D. (2014)."Similarities and Differences between Mongolia and Tuva in the Evolution of Bilateral Ties"(PDF).Senri Ethnological Studies.86:127–144. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 18 May 2015.Retrieved14 May2015.
  19. ^L. Zhazhmsran. 1995
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  22. ^"Kyzyl city, Russia info, features, photos".russiatrek.org.Retrieved3 November2015.
  23. ^Shuldyakov, V.A. (2008).Сибирские казаки в Урянхайском крае (1918–1919): неизвестная страница Гражданской войны(in Russian). Vol. 3 (Современные научные исследования: теория, методология, практика: Сб. науч. тр. профессорско-препод. состава по итогам отчетов кафедры обществен-ных наук по НИР за 2007 г. Вып. 2. ed.). Omsk: ANO VPO "Omsk Economic Institute" Press. pp. 114–132.
  24. ^Forsyth, James (1994).A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.p. 281.ISBN052-147-771-9.
  25. ^"Tuva: Russia's Tibet or the Next Lithuania?".Retrieved22 February2018.
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