USSShenandoahwas the first of fourUnited States Navyrigidairships.It was constructed during 1922–1923 atLakehurst Naval Air Station,and first flew in September 1923. It developed the U.S. Navy's experience with rigid airships and made the first crossing of North America by airship. On the 57th flight,[2]Shenandoahwas destroyed in asquall lineover Ohio in September 1925.[3]
 USSShenandoahmoored at NAS San Diego
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 United States | |
| Name | USSShenandoah |
| Namesake | Shenandoah Valley |
| Ordered | 11 July 1919 |
| Builder |
|
| Laid down | 24 June 1922 |
| Launched | 20 August 1923 |
| Christened | 10 October 1923 |
| Commissioned | 10 October 1923 |
| Maiden voyage | 4 September 1923 |
| Stricken | 5 September 1925 |
| Honors and awards | First transcontinental U.S. flight |
| Fate | Crashed during a thunderstorm nearCaldwell, Ohio,3 September 1925 |
| Notes |
|
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Shenandoah-class rigid airship |
| Tonnage | 77,500 lb (35,200 kg) |
| Length | 680 ft (207.26 m) |
| Beam | 78 ft 9 in (24.00 m) (maximum diameter) |
| Height | 93 ft 2 in (28.4 m) |
| Propulsion | Six (later five) 300 hp (220 kW) eight-cylinderPackardgasoline engines |
| Speed | 60kn(69 mph; 110 km/h) |
| Range | 5,000mi(4,300nmi;8,000km) |
| Capacity |
|
| Complement | 25 |
| Armament |
|
| Official name | ShenandoahCrash Sites |
| Designated | 25 July 1989 |
| Reference no. | 89000942[1] |
| Coordinates | Site #1:39°50′21″N81°32′22″W/ 39.83917°N 81.53944°W Site #2:39°50′7″N81°32′46″W/ 39.83528°N 81.54611°W Site #3:39°44′29″N81°35′36″W/ 39.74139°N 81.59333°W |
Design and construction
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Shenandoahwas originally designated FA-1, for "Fleet Airship Number One" but this was changed to ZR-1. The airship was 680 ft (207.26 m) long[4]and weighed 36 tons (32,658 kg). It had a range of 5,000mi(4,300nmi;8,000km), and could reach speeds of 70 mph (61kn;110km/h).Shenandoahwas assembled atNaval Air Station Lakehurst,New Jersey in 1922–1923, in Hangar No. 1, the only hangar large enough to accommodate the ship; its parts were fabricated at theNaval Aircraft Factoryin Philadelphia. NAS Lakehurst had served as a base for Navy blimps for some time, butShenandoahwas the first rigid airship to join the fleet.
The design was based on capturedZeppelin bomberL-49(LZ-96),built in 1917.[6][7]L-49was a lightened Type U "height climber", designed for altitude at the expense of other qualities. The design was found insufficient and a number of the features of newer Zeppelins were used, as well as some structural improvements.[6]The structure was built from a new alloy of aluminum and copper known asduralumin,supplied byAlcoa.Girders were fabricated at the Naval Aircraft Factory.[4][8][9]Whether the changes introduced into the original design ofL-49played a part inShenandoah's later breakup is a matter of debate. An outer cover of high-quality cotton cloth was sewn, laced or taped to the duralumin frame and painted with aluminumdope.[4]
The gas cells were made ofgoldbeater's skins,one of the most gas-impervious materials known at the time.[6]Named for their use in beating and separating gold leaf,[6]goldbeater's skins were made from the outer membrane of the large intestines of cattle.[6]The membranes were washed and scraped to remove fat and dirt, and then placed in a solution of water and glycerine in preparation for application to the rubberized cotton fabric providing the strength of the gas cells.[6]The membranes were wrung out by hand to remove the water-glycerine storage solution and then rubber-cemented to the cotton fabric and finally given a light coat of varnish.[6]The 20 gas cells within the airframe were filled to about 85% of capacity at normal barometric pressure.[10]Each gas cell had a spring-loaded relief valve and manual valves operated from the control car.[4]
Pioneer of helium-filled rigids
editAs the first rigid airship to useheliumrather thanhydrogen,Shenandoahhad a significant edge in safety over previous airships. Helium was relatively scarce at the time, andShenandoahused much of the world's reserves just to fill its 2,100,000 cubic feet (59,000 m3) volume.[4]Los Angeles—the next rigid airship to enter Navy service, originally built byLuftschiffbau Zeppelinin Germany asLZ 126—was at first filled with the helium fromShenandoahuntil more could be procured.
Shenandoahwas powered by 300 hp (220 kW), eight-cylinderPackardgasoline engines. Six engines were originally installed, but in 1924 one engine (aft of the control car) was removed. The first frame ofShenandoahwas erected by 24 June 1922; on 20 August 1923, the completed airship was floated free of the ground. Helium cost $55 (equivalent to $840 in 2019[11]) per thousand cubic feet at the time, and was considered too expensive to simply vent to the atmosphere to compensate for the weight of fuel consumed by the gasoline engines.[2]Neutral buoyancy was preserved by installing condensers to capture the water vapor in the engine exhaust.[2]
Service history
editEarly naval service
edit
Shenandoahmade her maiden flight on 4 September 1923. The airship was christened on 10 October 1923 byMarion Bartlett Thurber,wife of the Secretary of the Navy, and commissioned on the same day. Mrs. Denby named the airship after her home in theShenandoah Valleyof Virginia, and the word "shenandoah" was said to be a Native American word meaning "daughter of stars".[12]
Shenandoahwas designed for fleet reconnaissance work of the type carried out by German naval airships in World War I. Her pre-commissioning trials included long-range flights during September and early October 1923, to test her airworthiness in rain, fog and poor visibility. On 27 October,Shenandoahcelebrated Navy Day with a flight down the Shenandoah Valley and returned to Lakehurst that night by way of Washington and Baltimore, where crowds gathered to see the new airship in the beams of searchlights.
At this time,Rear AdmiralWilliam A. Moffett,Chief of theBureau of Aeronauticsand staunch advocate of the airship, was discussing the possibility of usingShenandoahto explore the Arctic. He felt such a program would produce valuable weather data as well as experience in cold-weather operations. With its endurance and ability to fly at low speeds, the airship was thought to be well suited to such work andPresidentCalvin Coolidgeapproved Moffett's proposal. On 16 January 1924, the upper tail fin of theShenandoahwas damaged during a high gale while moored to the mast at Lakehurst. The sudden rolling of the airship tore her away from the mast, ripping out her mooring winches, deflating the first helium cell and puncturing the second.[3]The airship was blown across the field and disappeared into the darkness. Zeppelin test pilot and commander Anton Heinen, who was aboard when the incident occurred, rode out the storm for several hours and landed the airship safely the next morning, while being blown backwards.[13]Extensive repairs to theShenandoahtook nearly 4 months, and the Arctic expedition was scrapped.
Shenandoah's repairs were completed in May, and in mid-1924 was working up its engines and radio equipment to prepare for fleet duty. In August 1924, the airship joined the Scouting Fleet and took part in tactical exercises.Shenandoahsucceeded in discovering the "enemy" force as planned but lost contact with it in foul weather. Technical difficulties and lack of support facilities in the fleet forced the ship to depart the operating area ahead of time to return to Lakehurst. Although this marred the exercises as far as airship reconnaissance went, it emphasized the need for advanced bases and maintenance ships if lighter-than-air craft were to take any part in operations of this kind.
Flight across North America
edit
In July 1924, the oilerUSSPatokaput in atNorfolk Naval Shipyardfor extensive modifications to become the Navy's first airship tender. An experimental mooring mast 125 ft (38 m) above the water was constructed; additional accommodations both for the crew ofShenandoahand for the men who would handle and supply the airship were added; facilities for the helium, gasoline, and other supplies necessary forShenandoahwere built, as well as handling and stowage facilities for three seaplanes.Shenandoahengaged in a short series of mooring experiments withPatokato determine the practicality of mobile fleet support of scouting airships. The first successful mooring was made on 8 August.[2]During October 1924,Shenandoahflew from Lakehurst to California and on toWashington stateto test newly erected mooring masts. This was the first flight of a rigid airship across North America.
Later naval career
edit1925 began with nearly six months of maintenance and ground test work.Shenandoahdid not take to the air until 26 June, when it began preparations for summer operations with the fleet. In July and August, it again operated with the Scouting Fleet, successfully performing scouting tasks and being towed byPatokawhile moored to that ship's mast.[14]
Crash ofShenandoah
editThis sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(September 2017) |
On 2 September 1925,Shenandoahdeparted Lakehurst on a promotional flight to theMidwestthat would include flyovers of 40 cities and visits tostate fairs.Testing of a new mooring mast atDearborn, Michigan,was included in the schedule. While passing through an area of thunderstorms and turbulence overOhioearly in the morning of 3 September, during its 57th flight,[2]theShenandoahwas caught in a violent updraft that carried the ship beyond the pressure limits of its gas bags. The turbulence tore the airship apart, and it crashed in three main pieces nearCaldwell, Ohio.Fourteen crew members, including CommanderZachary Lansdowne,were killed. Lansdowne and eight crew members in the control car (except for Lieutenant Anderson, who escaped) died when the car detached and fell from the airship; two men died after falling through holes in the hull; and four mechanics who fell with the engines were killed. There were twenty-nine survivors, who succeeded in riding the three sections of the airship to earth. The largest group was eighteen men who made it out of the stern after it rolled into a valley. Four others survived a crash landing of the central section. The remaining seven were in the bow section which Commander (later Vice Admiral)Charles E. Rosendahlmanaged to navigate as a free balloon. In this group was Anderson who—until he was roped in by the others—straddled the catwalk over a large hole.
TheShenandoahCrash Sites are located in the hillsides ofNoble County.Site No. 1, inBuffalo Township,surrounded the Gamary farmhouse, which lay beneath the initial break-up. An early fieldstone and a second, recent granite marker identify where Commander Lansdowne's body was found. Site No. 2 (where the stern came to rest) is one-half mile (0.80 km) southwest of Site No. 1 acrossInterstate 77inNoble Township.The rough outline of the stern is marked with a series of concrete blocks, and a sign marking the site is visible from the freeway. Site No. 3 is approximately six miles (9.7 km) southwest inSharon Townshipat the northern edge ofState Route 78on the part of the old Nichols farm where the nose ofShenandoah's bow was secured to trees. Although the trees have been cut down, a semi-circular gravel drive surrounds their stumps and a small granite marker commemorates the crash. The Nichols house was later destroyed by fire.[15]
Among the survivors wasFrederick J. Tobin,who later commanded the Navy landing party for the arrival of the zeppelinHindenburgon May 6, 1937, when the airshipexploded into flames,and led rescue operations in response.[16]
Aftermath
editLooting
editThe crash site attracted thousands of visitors in its first few days. Within five hours of the crash, more than a thousand people had arrived to strip the hulk of anything they could carry. On Saturday, 5 September 1925, theSt. Petersburg Timesof Florida reported the crash site had quickly been looted by locals, describing the frame as being "[laid] carrion to the whims of souvenir seekers".[17]Among the items believed to have been taken were the vessel's logbook and itsbarograph,both of which were considered critical to understanding how the crash had happened. Also looted were many of the ship's 20 deflated silken gas cells, worth several thousand dollars each, most of them unbroken but ripped from the framework before the arrival of armed military personnel. Looting was so extensive it was initially believed that even the bodies of the dead had been stripped of their personal effects. That such looting was happening was denied by those publicly involved in the incident, however. Still, a local farmer on whose property part of the vessel's wreckage lay began charging the throngs of visitors $1 (equivalent to about $17 in 2023) for each automobile and 25¢ per pedestrian to enter the crash site, as well as 10¢ for a drink of water.[17]: 2
On 17 September theMilwaukee Sentinelreported that 20 Department of Justice operatives had been summoned to the site and that they, along with an unspecified number of federal and state prohibition agents, had visited private homes to collect four truck loads of wreckage along with personalgripsof several crew members and a cap believed to have belonged to Commander Lansdowne.[18]Lansdowne's Annapolis class ring had also been thought to have been taken from his hand by looters, but it was found by chance in June 1937 near crash site #1.[19]No one was charged with any crime.
Inquiry
edit
The official inquiry brought to light the fact that the fatal flight had been made under protest by Commander Lansdowne (a native ofGreenville, Ohio), who had warned the Navy Department of the violent weather conditions that were common to that area of Ohio in late summer. His pleas for a cancellation of the flight only caused a temporary postponement: his superiors were keen to publicize airship technology and justify the huge cost of the airship to the taxpayers. So, as Lansdowne's widow consistently maintained at the inquiry, publicity rather than prudence won the day.[20]This event was the trigger forArmyColonelBilly Mitchellto heavily criticize the leadership of both the Army and the Navy, leading directly tohis court-martialfor insubordination and the end of his military career. Heinen, according to theDaily Telegraph,placed the mechanical fault for the disaster on the removal of eight of the craft's 18 safety valves, saying that without them he would not have flown on her "for a million dollars". These valves had been removed in order to better preserve the vessel's helium, which at that time was considered a limited global resource of great rarity and strategic military importance; without these valves, the helium contained in the rising gas bags had expanded too quickly for the bags' valves' design capacity, causing the bags to tear apart the hull as they ruptured (the helium which had been contained in these bags became lost into the upper atmosphere).[21]
After the disaster, airship hulls were strengthened, control cabins were built into the keels rather than suspended from cables, and engine power was increased. More attention was also paid to weather forecasting.[22]
Memorials
editSeveral memorials remain near the crash site. There is another memorial at Moffett Field, California, and a small private museum inAva, Ohio.[23]
The Noble Local School District—which serves the area whereShenandoahcrashed—has named its elementary, junior high, andhigh schoolafterShenandoah.Their sports teams are named "The Zeps," an abbreviation of "Zeppelin."[24]A truck stop located about 15 mi (24 km) away inOld Washington, Ohiowas named Shenandoah Plaza after the airship. The truck stop has since closed and has been torn down.[25]
In popular culture
editThe crash of theShenandoahwas popularized by the songsThe Hand of Fate,written in 1925 by Eugene Spencer and Don Drew,[26]andThe Wreck of the Shenandoahwhich was written byVernon Dalhartand Carson Robison.[27]The latter song was also issued as a record with Vernon Dalhart performing it.[28][29]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^"NPS Focus".National Register of Historic Places.National Park Service.Retrieved3 August2013.
- ^abcdeHayward (1978) p. 67
- ^abHayward (1978) p. 66
- ^abcdeHayward (1978) p. 64
- ^"Photo of the control gondola of the US airship Shenandoah. Commander McCrary, the ship's commander, is shown at the wheel".Wikipedia Commons.23 November 2014.Retrieved13 April2017.
- ^abcdefgHayward (1978) p. 62
- ^Swanborough, G. and Bowyers, P. M.United States Navy Aircraft Since 1912.London: Putnam, 1976 (2nd ed.)ISBN0 85177 838 0,p. 586
- ^Trimble, William (1990).Wings for the Navy: a history of the Naval Aircraft Factory, 1917-1956.Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. pp. 56–59.ISBN9780870216633.
- ^Smith, Richard (1965).The Airships Akron & Macon, The Flying Aircraft Carriers of the United States Navy.Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 178.ISBN0870210653.
- ^Hayward (1978) p. 63
- ^1634–1699:McCusker, J. J.(1997).How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF).American Antiquarian Society.1700–1799:McCusker, J. J.(1992).How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States(PDF).American Antiquarian Society.1800–present:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis."Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–".Retrieved29 February2024.
- ^"America's Forgotten Airship Disaster", p. 21
- ^Flight1924, p. 102
- ^"Shenandoah II (ZR-1)".Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.Navy Department,Naval History and Heritage Command.
- ^Shenandoah Crash Sites,National Park Service,n.d. Retrieved 5 August 2012
- ^"The Hindenburg Disaster".Airships.net.Retrieved25 October2022.
- ^ab"Shenandoah is looted of all valuable parts".The St. Petersburg Times.Vol. 43, no. 248. St. Petersburg, Florida. 5 September 1925.: 1
- ^"U.S. raids private homes to recover loot from Shenandoah".Milwaukee Sentinel.17 September 1925. p. 3.
- ^"Woman Finds Class Ring of Shenandoah Skipper".The Pittsburgh Press.Vol. 54, no. 3. United Press. 27 June 1937. p. 14.
- ^Death of a Dirigibleamericanheritage
- ^"The Shenandoah disaster".Flight:580. 10 September 1925.
- ^Shenandoah Crash Sitenps.gov
- ^Shenandoah Airship Disasterroadsideamerica
- ^"Noble Local School District".Noble Local School District.Retrieved24 June2009.
- ^Picture of the Shenandoah Plaza
- ^Spencer, Eugene, and Don Drew.The hand of fate: In memory of the heroes of the ill-fated "Shenandoah".New York: Joe Morris Music Co, 1925.OCLC798786331
- ^Dalhart, Vernon, Carson Robison, and Elmer S. Hughes.The Wreck of the Shenandoah: Song.New York: Shapiro, Bernstein & Co, 1925.OCLC43456313
- ^Dalhart, Vernon.The Wreck of the Shenandoah.[Orange, NJ]: Bell, 192?.OCLC47709602
- ^Massey, Guy, and Carson Robison.Wreck of the Shenandoah.[U.S.]: Pathé Actuelle, 1925.
Further reading
edit
This article incorporates text from thepublic domainDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.- MacSwords, J. R. "15 dead in blimp disaster: lightning flash, terrific storm; Shenandoah wages losing battle with elements."The Times Recorder,Zanesville, Ohio 4 September 1925
- Wood, Junius B., "Seeing America from the 'Shenandoah'",National Geographic,January 1925
- Ill Wind: The Naval Airship Shenandoah in Noble County, Ohio.Gray, Lewis. Gateway Press: Baltimore, 1989
- Robinson, Douglas H., and Charles L. Keller."Up Ship!": U.S. Navy Rigid Airships 1919–1935.Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1982.ISBN0-87021-738-0
- Keirns, Aaron J."America's Airship Disaster": The Crash of the USS ShenandoahHoward, Ohio: Little River Publishing.ISBN978-0-9647800-5-7
- Hayward, John T., VADM USN "Comment and Discussion"United States Naval Institute ProceedingsAugust 1978
- "The Shenandoah Adventure" A Brief Official Account of the AccidentFlight21 February 1924, pp. 101–102
External links
edit
- USSShenandoahat Airships.net: Photos and History
- history.navy.mil: USSShenandoah(ZR-1)
- Naval Historical Center Article and Images of Construction
- Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park ServiceDiscover Our Shared HeritageTravel Itinerary
- 'The Wreck of theShenandoah',1925 songbyVernon Dalhart
- Noble County Ohio page on the USSShenandoahdisasterArchived24 July 2008 at theWayback Machine
- America's Forgotten Airship Disaster: The Crash of the USSShenandoah