Wikipedia

US Senate career of Hillary Clinton

TheUnited States Senatecareer ofHillary Rodham Clintonbegan when she defeated RepublicanRick Lazioin the2000 United States Senate election in New York.She was elected to a second term in2006.Clinton resigned from the Senate on January 21, 2009, to becomeUnited States Secretary of Statefor theObama Administration.

Hillary Rodham Clinton
United States Senator
fromNew York
In office
January 3, 2001 – January 21, 2009
Serving withChuck Schumer
Preceded byDaniel Patrick Moynihan
Succeeded byKirsten Gillibrand
Chairwoman of Steering and Outreach Committee
In office
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007
LeaderTom Daschle
Harry Reid
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byDebbie Stabenow

Clinton wasfirst elected to the U.S. Senate in 2000,becoming the first female senator from New York and the first First Lady to simultaneously hold elected office. As a senator, she chaired theSenate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committeefrom 2003 to 2007. She advocated for medical benefits forSeptember 11 first responders.She supported theresolution authorizing the Iraq Warin 2002, but opposed thesurge of U.S. troopsin 2007. Clintonran for president in 2008,but lost toBarack Obamainthe Democratic primaries.She resigned from the Senate to become Obama's secretary of state in 2009.

First term

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See also:2000 United States Senate election in New York
Hillary Rodham Clinton is sworn in as aUnited States Senatorby Vice PresidentAl Gorein theOld Senate Chamber,as President Clinton and daughter Chelsea look on, January 3, 2001.

Upon entering the United States Senate, Clinton maintained a low public profile while building relationships with senators from both parties, to avoid the polarizing celebrity she experienced as First Lady[1][2][3][4](it was reported that whenElizabeth Dolejoined the Senate in 2003 under somewhat similar circumstances, she modeled her initial approach after Clinton's,[5]as did the nationally visibleBarack Obamain 2005).[6][7]Clinton also forged alliances with religiously inclined senators by becoming a regular participant in theSenate Prayer Breakfast.[8][9]

Drawer of chamber desk LXXXVII occupied by Hillary Rodham Clinton in the U.S. Senate. Note signature at center inside of drawer. Chamber desk was once occupied in the U.S. Senate byAl Gore, Sr.,father of Al Gore, now used by her successorKirsten Gillibrand.[10]

Following theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks,Clinton sought to obtain funding for the recovery efforts in New York City and security improvements in her state. Working with New York's senior senator,Charles Schumer,she was instrumental in quickly securing $21.4 billion in funding for theWorld Trade Center site's redevelopment.[11][12][13]Not a favorite of New York City police officers and firefighters who were in attendance, she was audibly booed and heckled atThe Concert for New York Cityon October 20, 2001, although her husband was loudly applauded. Causes included the lack of support from the police and firefighter unions during her 2000 campaign, and her inattentive, possibly disrespectful behavior during Bush's September 20 address to Congress. Hillary Clinton said she did not take the booing personally: "They can blow off steam any way they want to. They've earned it."[14][15][16]She subsequently took a leading role in investigating thehealth issues faced by 9/11 first responders,[17]eventually earning the praise and endorsement of New York City'sUniformed Fire Officers Associationand theUniformed Firefighters Associationfor her 2006 re-election bid.[18][19]In 2005, Clinton issued two studies that examined the disbursement of federal homeland security funds to local communities and first responders. Clinton voted for theUSA Patriot Actin October 2001. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she worked to address some of the civil liberties concerns with it,[20]before voting in favor of a compromise renewed act in March 2006 that gained large majority support.[21]

Clinton strongly supported the2001 U.S. military action in Afghanistan,saying it was a chance to combat terrorism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under theTalibangovernment.[22]Clinton voted in favor of the October 2002Iraq War Resolution,which authorizedUnited States PresidentGeorge W. Bushto use military force againstIraq,should such action be required to enforce aUnited Nations Security Council Resolutionafter pursuing with diplomatic efforts (however, Clinton voted against the Levin Amendment to the Resolution, which would have required the President to conduct vigorous diplomacy at the U.N., and would have also required a separate Congressional authorization to unilaterally invade Iraq.[23]She did vote for the Byrd Amendment to the Resolution, which would have limited the Congressional authorization to one year increments, but the only mechanism necessary for the President to renew his mandate without any Congressional oversight was to claim that the Iraq War was vital to national security each year the authorization required renewal).[23]Clinton later said that she did not read the full classifiedNational Intelligence Estimatethat was delivered ten days before the vote to all members of Congress, and that gave a more subtle case for Iraq possessingweapons of mass destructionthan the Bush Administration's abridged summary, but that she was briefed on the report.[23][24]

After theIraq Warbegan, Clinton made trips to both Iraq and Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there, such as the10th Mountain Divisionbased inFort Drum, New York.In spring 2004, Clinton publicly castigatedU.S. Deputy Secretary of DefensePaul Wolfowitzat a hearing, saying his credibility was gone due to false predictions he had made before the war's start.[25]On a visit to Iraq in February 2005, Clinton noted that the insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections held earlier, and that parts of the country were functioning well.[26]Noting that war deployments were draining regular and reserve forces, she co-introduced legislation to increase the size of the regularUnited States Armyby 80,000 soldiers to ease the strain.[27]In late 2005, Clinton said that while immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be a mistake, Bush's pledge to stay "until the job is done" was also misguided, as it would give Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves". She criticized the administration for making poor decisions in the war, but added that it was more important to solve the problems in Iraq.[28]This centrist and somewhat vague stance caused frustration among those in the Democratic party who favored immediate withdrawal.[29]

During her time as senator, Clinton supported retaining and improving health benefits for veterans.[30]She lobbied against the closure of several military bases in New York, including Fort Drum, and visited almost all military installations within the state.[30][31]She formed strong working relationships with several high-ranking military officers, including GeneralFranklin L. "Buster" Hagenbeckat Fort Drum, who was Commander of the 10th Mountain Division, and GeneralJack Keane,who was Vice Chief of Staff of the Army.[30][31]When in 2003 the opportunity opened to take a seat on theSenate Foreign Relations Committeeor theSenate Armed Services Committee,she chose the latter, even though past New York senators such asDaniel Patrick MoynihanandJacob Javitshad traditionally been highly visible on the former.[31]Once on the Armed Services Committee, she made a practice of going to every meeting, no matter how obscure the topic.[31]In the words ofNew York TimesreporterMark Landler,Clinton became "a military wonk"; in part this was to bolster her credentials should she stage a run for president.[31]

Senator Clinton voted against the two majortax cutspackages introduced by President Bush, theEconomic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001and theJobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003,[32]saying it was fiscally irresponsible to reopen the budget deficit. At the2000 Democratic National Convention,Clinton had called for maintaining a budget surplus to pay down the national debt for future generations. At a fundraiser in 2004, she told a crowd of financial donors that "Many of you are well enough off that... the tax cuts may have helped you" but that "We're saying that for America to get back on track, we're probably going to cut that short and not give it to you. We're going to take things away from you on behalf of the common good."[33]

Senator Clinton delivers an address toFamilies USA,2005.

In Clinton's first term as senator, New York's jobless rate rose by 0.7 percent after a nationwide recession.[34]The state's manufacturing sector was especially beleaguered, losing about 170,000 jobs.[35]In 2005, Clinton and SenatorLindsey Grahamcosponsored the American Manufacturing Trade Action Coalition, which provides incentives and rewards for completely domestic American manufacturing companies.[36]In 2003, Clinton convinced the information technology firmTata Consultancy Servicesto open an office inBuffalo, New York,[37]but some criticized the plan because Tata is also involved in the business of outsourcing.[38]In 2004, Clinton co-founded and became the co-chair of the Senate India Caucus[39]with the aid of USINPAC, apolitical action committee.[40][41]In 2005, Clinton voted against ratification of theCentral America Free Trade Agreement,[42]believing that it did not provide adequate environmental or labor standards.[43]In this she differed with her husband, who supported CAFTA; the ratification was successful.[44]

Senator Clinton led a bipartisan effort to bringbroadbandaccess to rural communities. She cosponsored the21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act,which encourages research and development in the field ofnanotechnology.[45]She included language in an energy bill to provide tax exempt bonding authority for environmentally-conscious construction projects,[46]and introduced an amendment that funds job creation to repair, renovate and modernize public schools.[46]

In 2005, Clinton was joined by formerHouse SpeakerNewt Gingrich,who once led the Republican opposition to her husband's administration,[47]in support of a proposal for incremental universal health care.[48]She also worked withBill Frist,the Republican Senate Majority Leader, in support of modernizing medical records with computer technology to reduce human errors, such as misreading prescriptions.[49]

During the 2005 debate over the use offilibustersby Senate Democrats, which prevented some of President Bush's judicial nominations from being confirmed, Clinton was not part of the "Gang of 14",a bipartisan group of senators who would support cloture but oppose the Republican threat to abolish the filibuster. However, she did vote in favor of cloture along with that group, thereby allowing the nominations to come to a vote. She subsequently voted against three of the nominees, but all were confirmed by the Senate.[50] Clinton voted against the confirmation ofJohn RobertsasChief Justice of the United States,saying "I do not believe that the Judge has presented his views with enough clarity and specificity for me to in good conscience cast a vote on his behalf", but then said she hoped her concerns would prove to be unfounded.[51]Roberts was confirmed by a solid majority, with half the Senate's Democrats voting for him and half against.[52]She joined with about half of the Democratic Senators in support of the filibuster against the nomination ofSamuel Alitoto theUnited States Supreme Court,and subsequently voted against his confirmation along with almost all Democratic members of the Senate.[53]On the Senate floor, Clinton said Alito would "roll back decades of progress and roll over when confronted with an administration too willing to flaunt [sic] the rules and looking for a rubber stamp".[54]Alito was confirmed in a vote split largely along party lines.[55]

Clinton sought to establish an independent, bipartisan panel patterned after the9/11 Commission,an independent commission chaired by formerNew Jersey governorThomas Kean,that was charged with investigating theSeptember 11 attacks,to investigate the response toHurricane Katrinaby the federal, state and local governments, but could not obtain the two-thirds majority needed to overcome procedural hurdles in the Senate.[56]

In 2005, Clinton called for theFederal Trade Commissionto investigate howhidden sex scenesshowed up in the controversialvideo gameGrand Theft Auto: San Andreas.[57]Along with SenatorsJoe LiebermanandEvan Bayh,she introduced theFamily Entertainment Protection Act,intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. Similar bills have been filed in some states such as Michigan and Illinois, but were ruled to be unconstitutional.[58]

In July 2004 and June 2006, Clinton voted against theFederal Marriage Amendmentthat sought to prohibit same-sex marriage.[32][59]The proposed constitutional amendment fell well short of passage on both occasions.[32][59]In June 2006, Clinton voted against theFlag Desecration Amendment,which failed to pass by one vote. Earlier, she attempted to reach a compromise by proposing theFlag Protection Act of 2005,a legislative ban on flag burning (in cases where there was a threat to public safety) that would not require a constitutional amendment, but it was also voted down.[60]

Looking to establish a "progressive infrastructure" to rival that ofAmerican conservatism,[61]Clinton played a formative role in conversations that led to the 2003 founding of former Clinton administration chief of staffJohn Podesta'sCenter for American Progress;[62][63]shared aides withCitizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington,founded in 2003;[64]advised and nurtured the Clintons' former antagonistDavid Brock'sMedia Matters for America,created in 2004;[63][64]and following the2004 Senate elections,successfully pushed new Democratic Senate leaderHarry Reidto create a Senatewar roomto handle daily political messaging.[64]

Second term

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See also:2006 United States Senate election in New York
Senator Clinton listens asChief of Naval OperationsNavy AdmiralMike Mullenresponds to a question during his July 2007 confirmation hearing in front of theSenate Armed Services Committee.
New York GovernorEliot Spitzerand Senator Clinton talk abouthealth care coveragein August 2007.

Clinton opposed theIraq War troop surge of 2007and supported a February 2007 non-binding Senate resolution against it, which failed to gaincloture.[65]Her rationale for doing so included reasons both military and domestic political. GeneralJack Keane,one of the architects of the surge, later related that he tried to convince Clinton of its merits at the time but that she felt it would not succeed and that U.S. casualties would be too high. Keane said that sometime during 2008 she told him, "You were right, this really did work".[31]In 2014, Secretary of Defense Gates related that after Clinton had left the Senate and become Secretary of State, she told President Obama that her opposition to the 2007 Iraq surge had been political, due to her facing a strong challenge from the anti-Iraq War Obama in the upcoming Democratic presidential primary. Gates also quotes Clinton as saying, "The Iraq surge worked".[66][67]Clinton responded that Gates had misinterpreted her remark regarding the reason for her opposition.[31]

In March 2007 she voted in favor of a war spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq within a certain deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines[68]but was subsequently vetoed by President Bush. In May 2007 a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80–14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of those that voted against it.[69]In August 2007 Clinton, following the lead of Armed Services Committee chairCarl Levin,called on theIraqi Parliamentto replaceNouri al-MalikiasPrime Minister of Iraqwith "a less divisive and more unifying figure", saying that Maliki had failed to make progress in bridging differences between the hostile factions within Iraq.[70]Maliki responded angrily to the suggestion, saying "There are American officials who consider Iraq as if it were one of their villages, for example Hillary Clinton and Carl Levin... This is severe interference in our domestic affairs."[71]Clinton responded to GeneralDavid Petraeus's September 2007Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraqby saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief".[72]Regarding the concurrentMoveOn.org ad controversy,Clinton voted against a Senate resolution condemning personal attacks on Petraeus, which passed 72–25.[73]In September 2007 she voted in favor of a Senate resolution calling on theState Departmentto label theIranian Revolutionary Guard Corps"a foreign terrorist organization", which passed 76–22.[74]

In March 2007, in response to thedismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy,Clinton called on Attorney GeneralAlberto Gonzalesto resign.[75]In May 2007, following the Supreme Court's decision inLedbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.to narrowly interpret the time period in which equal pay discrimination complaints must be filed, Clinton vowed to introduce legislation to statutorily expand this timeframe.[76]In November 2007, following the eventual resignation of Gonzales, Clinton missed the 53–40 vote confirmingMichael Mukaseyas the new Attorney General, but had earlier said she opposed the nomination.[77]

In May and June 2007, regarding the high-profile, hotly debated comprehensive immigration reform bill known as theSecure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007,Clinton twice voted against amendments that would have derailed the bill, thus moving forward the bill's chance of passage.[78][79][80]She introduced a failed amendment to facilitate legal immigrants bringing other family members into the country.[81]After not announcing her position until a week before the vote,[81]she ayed on acloturemotion to bring the overall bill to a vote, which failed.[82]When the bill was again brought forward, she continued to vote in favor of cloture motions to consider it.[83]In October, Clinton voted in favor of a small subset of the failed bill, theDREAM Act,but it too failed to gain cloture.[84]

In October 2007, Clinton signed her name toa request from her and 40 other Democratic senatorstoMark P. Mays,head ofClear Channel Communicationsand affiliate broadcaster ofThe Rush Limbaugh Show,to repudiate comments made byRush Limbaughthat referred to certain U.S. servicemen as "phony soldiers".[85]

Clinton has enjoyed high approval ratings for her job as Senator within New York, reaching an all-time high of 72 to 74 percent approving (including half of Republicans) over 23 to 24 percent disapproving in December 2006, before her presidential campaign became active;[86][87]by August 2007, after a half year of campaigning, it was still 64 percent over 34 percent.[88]

In February 2008, Clinton voted in favor of an expanded version of the economic stimulus package crafted by the House and President Bush.[89]The bill would have added benefits to senior citizens, disabled veterans, and the unemployed, but narrowly failed to break a filibuster.[89]Due to campaigning, Clinton missed the subsequent final vote for the House-Bush version, which passed easily 81–16 and became theEconomic Stimulus Act of 2008.[90]A few days later, Clinton also missed a key vote on whether to strip telecommunications company retroactive immunity from a newForeign Intelligence Surveillance Actupdate bill, an action that fell well short of passing;[91]she similarly missed the final 68–29 vote on the Act updating.[92]

During General Petraeus's April 2008 testimony before the Armed Services Committee, Clinton said that political progress in Iraq had not matched the security gains brought by the troop surge, that too much of the U.S. military was tied down in Iraq, and that "it's time to begin an orderly process of withdrawing our troops".[93]

On June 24, 2008, Clinton received a warm reception as she returned to the Senate for the first time after the unsuccessful conclusion ofher presidential campaignthree weeks earlier.[94]

As thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008reached a peak, Clinton proposed a revival of theNew Deal-eraHome Owners' Loan Corporation,to help homeowners refinance their mortgages.[95]Writing in aWall Street Journalop-ed, she said that "This is a sink-or-swim moment for America. We cannot simply catch our breath. We've got to swim for the shores."[95]Regarding theproposed bailout of United States financial system,she initially pronounced the $700 billion rescue plan flawed, but said she would support it.[96]On October 1, 2008, she voted in favor of the Senate legislation,HR1424,saying that it represented the interests of the American people; it passed the Senate 74–25.[97]

Following the November 4, 2008, presidential election and the victory of Clinton's primary rivalBarack Obama,Clinton requested a position within the Democratic Senate leadership or as a head of a potential task force to deal with health care reform.[98]Party leaders did not want to dislodge any existing members, however, and no concrete offers came out of the talks, which continued after Obama offered a position in his cabinet to her.[98]

On December 1, 2008, President-electBarack Obamaannounced that Clinton would be his nominee forU.S. Secretary of State.[99]Clinton said that "leaving the Senate is very difficult for me" and thanked New Yorkers, "who have for eight years given me the joy of a job I love, with the opportunity to work on issues I care about deeply, in a state that I cherish".[100]Clinton's decision to leave the Senateset off a scrambleto determine whoGovernor of New YorkDavid Patersonwould name to replace her, and resulted in the brief entry into politics for the first time ofCaroline Kennedy.[101]

Later that month, during theautomotive industry crisis of 2008,Clinton voted in favor of a $14 billion emergency bailout for U.S. automakers, but it failed to gain the 60 votes needed for cloture.[102]

Confirmation hearings before theSenate Foreign Relations Committeebegan on January 13, 2009, a week before the Obama inauguration; two days later, the Committee voted 16–1 to approve Clinton.[103]Republican SenatorDavid Vitterof Louisiana was the lone dissenting vote in the committee.[104]In anticipation of her confirmation as the 67th Secretary of State, Clinton attended an emotional farewell party on January 14, where said that being in the Senate "has been the greatest experience of my life" and that departing was "like leaving family".[105]Clinton cast her last Senate vote on January 15, supporting the release of the second $350 billion for theTroubled Assets Relief Program,a measure which passed 52–42.[106]She gave a final Senate address later that day, spending much of her time thanking her fellow members for their support after the events of September 11[107]and taking the unusual step of entering all of her staff's names into theCongressional Record.[108]Later that night, she attended the final fundraiser possible to help retire her presidential campaign debt.[109]The Manhattan event featuredJon Bon Jovi,and Clinton said it was a "very nostalgic and bittersweet time"; when she also said it was her last political event, some in the crowd of supporters shouted out "2016".[109]

Following theinauguration of Obama,Clinton's confirmation was not done by voice vote the same day, due to objections from Republican SenatorJohn Cornynof Texas, who was still concerned about financial disclosure procedures related to Bill Clinton.[110]Clinton was then confirmed as Secretary of State in the Senate by a roll call vote of 94–2 on January 21, 2009.[104]Vitter and RepublicanJim DeMintof South Carolina voted against the confirmation.[104]Clinton was administered the oath of office of Secretary of State by longtime friend Judge Kathryn A. Oberly,[111]and resigned from the Senate the same day.[112]On January 23, 2009, New York GovernorDavid Patersonnamed CongresswomanKirsten Gillibrandas Clinton's successor.[113]

Legislation

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While a member of the U.S. Senate, Clinton sponsored 31 pieces of legislation, including 21 bills, 9 amendments, 33 Senate Resolutions, and 21 concurrent resolutions.[114]Fourteen of her Senate resolutions were passed, expressing the Senate's views on policy or commemorative questions.[114]One of herconcurrent resolutions—supporting National Purple Heart Recognition Day—passed both houses. Three[115]became law:

No. Senate Bill Congress Year Title Senate Vote
Yea/Nay 		House Vote
Yea/Nay 		Purpose Ref.
1 S. 1241 108th 2004 Kate Mullany National Historic Site Act Unanimous Acclamation Establishes theKate MullanyNational Historic Site in Troy, New York. Authorizes appropriations. [116][117]
2 S. 3613 109th 2006 A bill to designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at
2951 New York Highway 43 in Averill Park, New York, as the
"Major George Quamo Post Office Building". 		Unanimous Acclamation Names post office after Major George Quamo,U.S. Army [118][119]
3 S. 3145 110th 2008 A bill to designate a portion of United States Route 20A,
located in Orchard Park, New York, as the
"Timothy J. Russert Highway" 		Unanimous Acclamation NamedU.S. Route Highwayafter late journalistTim Russert [120][121]

Taking a different metric used byPolitiFact,in total Clinton introduced 713 pieces of legislation, of which 363 were Senate bills while the balance consisted of amendments or resolutions.[122]In addition Clinton was listed as a co-sponsor on 74 bills that became law.[122]

Assignments

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Clinton served on five Senate committees with nine subcommittee assignments:

She was a Commissioner of theCommission on Security and Cooperation in Europe[127](2001–2009)[128]

She also held two leadership positions in theSenate Democratic Caucus:

  1. Chairwoman of Steering and Outreach Committee(2003–2006)[129][130]
  2. Vice Chairwoman of Committee Outreach (2007–2009)[131]

Electoral history

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United States Senate election in New York, 2000
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Hillary Rodham Clinton 3,747,310 55.3
Republican Rick Lazio 2,915,730 43.0
United States Senate election in New York, 2006
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Hillary Rodham Clinton
(Incumbent) 		3,008,428 67.0 +11.7
Republican John Spencer 1,392,189 31.0 −12.0

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^"Hillary Rodham Clinton".Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006.Archived fromthe originalon June 18, 2006.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
  2. ^Chaddock, Gail Russell (March 10, 2003)."Clinton's quiet path to power".Christian Science Monitor.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
  3. ^Hunt, Albert R. (April 7, 2001)."A Tale of Two Clintons".Wall Street Journal.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
  4. ^Kuhn, Martin (July 26, 2001). "Sen. Clinton Stresses Chronic Disease Needs".National Press Club.
  5. ^Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (May 9, 2003)."In Senate, a Dole Is Following a Clinton Path".The New York Times.p. A01.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.(preview only)
  6. ^Bacon, Perry Jr. (September 28, 2005)."Barack Obama Steps (Carefully) Into the Spotlight".Time.Archived fromthe originalon October 17, 2007.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
  7. ^Kate Zernike; Jeff Zeleny (March 9, 2008)."Obama in Senate: Star Power, Minor Role".The New York Times.RetrievedMarch 9,2008.
  8. ^Kathryn Joyce & Jeff Sharlet (September–October 2007)."Hillary's Prayer: Hillary Clinton's Religion and Politics".Mother Jones.RetrievedOctober 10,2007.
  9. ^Bernstein, Carl(2007).A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton.New York:Knopf.ISBN978-0-375-40766-6.,p. 548.
  10. ^Senate chamber desks: Desk LXXXVII.United States Senate. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  11. ^Gerth & Van Natta 2007,p. 231-232.
  12. ^Bernstein,A Woman In Charge,p. 548.
  13. ^William C. Thompson Jr. (September 4, 2002)."Remarks Prepared for Delivery Association for a Better New York".Archived fromthe originalon February 9, 2007.RetrievedApril 8,2007.
  14. ^"Heckling Hillary / A New York rock-concert crowd boos Sen. Clinton".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.October 29, 2001.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
  15. ^Gerth & Van Natta 2007,p. 235–237.
  16. ^Frank Bruni (December 16, 2001). "Show us the money".The New York Times.
  17. ^Holan, Angie Drobnic (October 9, 2007)."She's been active on issues for 9/11 workers".PolitiFact.
  18. ^"Clinton wins endorsement of city's firefighter unions".Associated Press.April 19, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon June 28, 2007.RetrievedOctober 6,2007.
  19. ^Anne E. Kornblut (April 20, 2006)."Firefighters Endorse Clinton for Senate".The New York Times.RetrievedOctober 6,2007.
  20. ^"Statement of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton on the USA Patriot Act Reauthorization Conference Report".Official Senate web site. December 16, 2005. Archived fromthe originalon June 27, 2006.RetrievedSeptember 27,2007.
  21. ^"U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress - 2nd Session... On the Conference Report (H.R. 3199 Conference Report)".United States Senate.March 2, 2006.
  22. ^Clinton, Hillary (November 24, 2001)."New Hope For Afghanistan's Women".Attacks on World Trade Center/Pentagon.Time.Archived fromthe originalon November 27, 2001.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
  23. ^abcdJeff Gerth,Don Van Natta, Jr.(May 29, 2007)."Hillary's War".The New York Times Magazine.RetrievedMay 30,2007.{{cite magazine}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^"Report: Clinton didn't read National Intelligence Estimate before Iraq vote".USA Today.Archived fromthe originalon August 30, 2007.RetrievedJune 14,2007.
  25. ^Ricks, Thomas E.(2006).Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq.New York:Penguin Press.ISBN1-59420-103-X.p. 385.
  26. ^"Clinton says insurgency is failing".Associated Press.February 19, 2005.RetrievedAugust 29,2006.
  27. ^Turner, Douglas (July 14, 2005). "Clinton wants increase in size of regular Army".The Buffalo News.(no longer free)
  28. ^Fitzgerald, Jim (November 21, 2005)."Hillary Clinton says immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be 'a big mistake'".Associated Press.Archived fromthe originalon December 22, 2005.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
  29. ^Balz, Dan (December 12, 2005)."Hillary Clinton Crafts Centrist Stance on War".The Washington Post.p. A01.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
  30. ^abcMeadows, Susannah (December 12, 2005)."Hillary's Military Offensive".Newsweek.Archived fromthe originalon June 16, 2006.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
  31. ^abcdefgLandler, Mark(April 24, 2016)."H is for Hawk".The New York Times Magazine.pp. 28–35.
  32. ^abc"Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton - Voting Record".Project VoteSmart.RetrievedApril 14,2008.
  33. ^Fouhy, Beth (June 29, 2004)."San Francisco rolls out the red carpet for the Clintons".Associated Press.RetrievedJanuary 22,2007.
  34. ^"New York State Unemployment Statistics".U.S. Dept. of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2006–2007. Archived fromthe originalon May 14, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 3,2006.
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  36. ^"2005 issues".American Manufacturing Trade Action Coalition.
  37. ^"Asia's largest technology firm opens office in Buffalo".Tata Group.March 10, 2003. Archived fromthe originalon May 12, 2006.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
  38. ^"Fears Amid Cheers; Will Making Tata Consultancy Services a Partner in Buffalo's Bioinformatics Initiative Create Jobs Here, or in India?".Buffalo News.March 16, 2003.RetrievedSeptember 3,2006.(no longer free)
  39. ^Krishnaswami, Sridhar (April 29, 2004)."India Caucus launched in U.S."The Hindu.Chennai, India. Archived fromthe originalon May 11, 2004.RetrievedAugust 29,2006.
  40. ^"Photo Topic Records - Launch of the Senate India Caucus on April 30, 2004".US India Political Action Committee.Archived fromthe originalon May 3, 2006.RetrievedAugust 29,2006.
  41. ^"Indian-Americans bat for N-deal".Rediff.June 5, 2006.RetrievedAugust 29,2006.
  42. ^Drajem, Mark (June 30, 2005)."U.S. Senate Approves Central American Trade Agreement (Update1)".Bloomberg News.
  43. ^Tumulty, Karen (February 1, 2007)."Hillary:" I Have to Earn Every Vote "".Time.Archived fromthe originalon February 2, 2007.
  44. ^Hunt, Albert R.;Roberts, William (August 3, 2005)."Former President Clinton Says Roberts Very Impressive (Update1)".Bloomberg News.
  45. ^"Bills Would Enhance Nanotechnology R&D".American Institute of Physics.February 26, 2003.RetrievedMarch 24,2007.
  46. ^ab"2004 Fares Lecture: The Honorable Hillary Rodham Clinton".Tufts University.Archived fromthe originalon September 15, 2007.RetrievedOctober 1,2007.
  47. ^Raymond Hernandez (May 14, 2005)."New Odd Couple: Hillary Clinton and Newt Gingrich".International Herald Tribune.RetrievedJanuary 24,2007.
  48. ^Klein, Joe(June 5, 2005)."Which Brand Would You Buy?".Time.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
  49. ^"Senators Bill Frist and Hillary Clinton Introduce New Legislation at GW Hospital".George Washington University Hospital.June 16, 2005. Archived fromthe originalon September 28, 2007.RetrievedFebruary 19,2007.
  50. ^"Senate Confirms Owen".Fox News.May 25, 2005.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
  51. ^"Statement of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton on the Nomination of John Roberts to be Chief Justice of the United States".Clinton.Senate.gov.September 22, 2005. Archived fromthe originalon August 26, 2006.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
  52. ^"Roberts sworn in as chief justice".CNN.September 29, 2005.RetrievedAugust 22,2006.
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Works cited

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