This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(December 2022) |
TheUkrainian State(Ukrainian:Українська Держава,romanized:Ukrainska Derzhava), sometimes also called theSecondHetmanate(Ukrainian:Другий Гетьманат,romanized:Druhyi Hetmanat),[8]was ananti-Bolshevikgovernment that existed on most of the modern territory ofUkraine(except forWestern Ukraine) from 29 April[9]to 14 December 1918.[10]
Ukrainian State | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1918 | |||||||||
| Motto:Слава Україні! Гетьманові слава! ( "Glory to Ukraine! Glory to the Hetman!" ) | |||||||||
| Anthem:Ще не вмерла України ( "Ukraine has not yet perished") | |||||||||
State seals:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]  | |||||||||
 Territories controlled (dark green) and claimed (light green) by the Ukrainian State | |||||||||
| Status | Client stateof theGerman Empire | ||||||||
| Capital | Kyiv 50°27′00″N30°31′00″E/ 50.45°N 30.5167°E | ||||||||
| Common languages | Ukrainian | ||||||||
| Religion | Eastern OrthodoxyandEastern Catholicism | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Ukrainian | ||||||||
| Government | Provisionalsemi-constitutional monarchyunder anauthoritarian conservativemilitary dictatorship | ||||||||
| Hetman | |||||||||
• 1918 | Pavlo Skoropadskyi | ||||||||
| Otaman-Minister | |||||||||
• April-May 1918 | Mykola Vasylenko | ||||||||
• May-November 1918 | Fedir Lyzohub | ||||||||
• November-December 1918 | Serhii Herbel | ||||||||
| Legislature |
| ||||||||
| Historical era | World War I | ||||||||
| 29 April 1918 | |||||||||
| 14 December 1918 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Ukraine | ||||||||
It was installed byGermanmilitary authorities after the socialist-leaningCentral Councilof theUkrainian People's Republicwas dispersed on 28 April 1918. The Ukrainian State was governed byPavlo Skoropadskyi,thehetman of all Ukraine,who outlawed all socialist-oriented political parties, creating ananti-Bolshevikfront with theRussian State.It collapsed in December 1918, when Skoropadskyi was deposed and the Ukrainian People's Republic returned to power in the form of theDirectorate.[10][11]
History
editBackground
editAs a result of the Bolshevik aggression, the government of theUkrainian People's Republicthat initially pursued anti-military policy sought military support after the capitalKyivwas sacked on 9 February 1918, byMikhail Muravyov.On 9 February, Ukraine signed theTreaty of Brest-Litovskwith the coalition of theCentral Powersand by March all Bolshevik forces of the Russian SFSR were removed from the territory of Ukraine. The GermanArmy Group Kyivwas created in order to protect Ukraine from further Bolshevik aggression and headed by the German field marshalHermann von Eichhorn.[citation needed]
Hetman Coup
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On 25 April, the administration of Army Group Kyiv suspected the government ofVsevolod Holubovychof kidnapping ofAbram Dobry,the chairman of the Foreign Trade Bank in Kyiv. Through that bank the German occupational forces were officially conducting all financial operations with theReichsbankinBerlin.The next day, Eichhorn issued a decree according to which all criminal cases on the territory of Ukraine could selectively fall under the jurisdiction of the German field military court instead of the Ukrainian court system. At the next session of the Central Rada, Holubovych stated:[citation needed]
Who is this Mr Dobry? Is he a subject of the German State? No, he is not a far relative nor a godparent, he is a stranger. And just because that stranger who legally has no connections with Germany and gave no halters to issue a decree of such colossal weight was abducted, the decree was issued.
On 29 April, a party congress of bread producers consisting of some 6,000 delegates from all eight governorates of Ukraine was taking place[9]in the building of theKyiv Circus.After receiving information about the situation at the Congress from his couriers, Pavlo Skoropadskyi later arrived in his car to the event where he was elected theHetman of Ukraine.After that all participants moved toSt. Sophia's Square,where Skoropadskyi was blessed byNykodym,theVicarof Kyiv and Galicia (MetropolitanVladimirwas executed by Bolsheviks). That night the Hetman supporters took over government building of military and internal affairs as well as theState Bank.The following day, the elite and most loyal formation of theCentral Council,theSich Riflemen,was disarmed.[citation needed]
Skoropadskyi issued his manifesto (hramota) "To the All-Ukrainian Nation" and the Law of the Provisional State System.[12]Desiring stability, the Austro-Hungarian and German forces welcomed the coup; Skoropadskyi co-operated with them, making him unpopular among many Ukrainian peasants. The new state retained thetryzub(coat of arms) and thenational flagbut reversed the design to light blue over yellow. The Sich Riflemen opposed the coup and were disbanded along with the "Bluecoats", a Ukrainian division formed fromPOWsin Germany and Austria-Hungary named after their blue uniforms.[citation needed]
Internal opposition
editInternal opposition was provoked by the requisitioning of food stocks and restoration of land to the wealthy landowners. Opponents of the Skoropadskyi regime committed acts ofarsonandsabotageand, in July 1918, assassinated Hermann von Eichhorn, the commander of German troops in Ukraine. In August 1918, the anti-Skoropadskyi coalition succeeded in forcing him to re-form the Sich Riflemen. By then it was becoming obvious that the Central Powers had lost the war and that Skoropadskyi could no longer rely on their support. He thus looked for support from conservative Russian elements in society and proposed joining a federation withAnton Denikinand theWhite movement.This further eroded his standing among Ukrainians.[citation needed]
In December 1918, Skoropadskyi was deposed and theDirectoratewas established as a form of the Ukrainian People's Republic.[10][11]
Geography
edit
The country lay inEastern Europealong the middle and lower sections of theDnieperon the coast of theBlack Seaand theSea of Azov.The Ukrainian State covered most of the territory of modern-day Ukraine—minusWest Ukraine,BudjakandCrimea.Its territory however extended into today'sRussia,Belarus,MoldovaandPoland.[citation needed]
To its northeast Ukraine established a preliminary demarcation line with theRussian SFSR,on the east it had a border with theDon Republic,to its south were the Black and Azov Seas, while the Crimean peninsula—theCrimean Regional Government—came under the control ofSulkevych.To the southwest along theDniesterlay a border with theKingdom of Romania,to the west Ukraine bordered theGerman EmpireandAustria-Hungary.To the north were the German-occupied territories ofOber Ostand theBelarusian People's Republic.[citation needed]
Administrative divisions
edit| Unit | Central city | Starosta |
|---|---|---|
| Zhytomyr | Dmytro Andro | |
| Katerynoslav | Ivan Chernikov | |
| Kyiv | Ivan Chartoryzky | |
| Kamianets | Serhii Kyselov | |
| Poltava | Serhii Ivanenko | |
| Kharkiv | Petro Zalesky | |
| Kherson | Semen Pyshchevych | |
| Brest-Litovsk | Oleksandr Skoropys-Yoltukhovsky | |
| Chernihiv | Mykola Savytsky | |
| Mozyr | ||
| Berdiansk | ||
| Simferopol | ||
| Katerinodar |
Anti-Hetman Uprising
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DashedNeutral zone between Russia and Ukraine prescribed by theTreaty of Brest-Litovsk
Almost the entire commanding staff of the Ukrainian State armed forces consisted of officers of the formerImperial Russian Army.[14]Most officers were not supportive of the Ukrainian cause and viewed it as a way to make it through tough times.[14]At the same time, wide masses of the population did not have a developed sense of nationalism and mainly chose to follow socialist and communist principles.[14]
Following thearmistice ending World War I,Ukrainian socialists formed the Directorate of Ukraine (the "Directory" ), whose forces were spearheaded by the Sich Riflemen and "Greycoats".[clarification needed]Although German and Austrian troops had not yet withdrawn from Ukraine, they had no further interest in fighting. Most of Skoropadskyi's own forces changed sides and joined the Directory.[14]
On 16 November 1918, starting inBila Tserkva,fighting broke out in the Hetmanate. Skoropadskyi had to turn to the thousands of RussianWhite Guardofficers who had escaped to Ukraine with the intention of joining Denikin'sVolunteer Armyin the region of theDonriver further east. They[clarification needed]were assembled into a "Special Corps" but proved unable to resist the Directory's forces led bySymon Petliura.Skoropadskyi abdicated his position as Hetman on 14 December, as theUkrainian People's Armytook Kyiv. He was expelled and the Hetmanate was replaced by the provisional government of the Directorate.[citation needed]
Religion
edit
According to the"Laws on the Provisional State System of Ukraine",the leading position of the country was occupied by theChristianOrthodoxfaith.[15]At the same time, citizens of Ukraine who belonged to other denominations had the right to profess their religion andrites.[citation needed]
TheRussian Orthodox Church,and later theUkrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church,ruled inCentralandEastern Ukraine.However, inWestern Ukrainethere was friction between Orthodox,Greek Catholics,Roman CatholicsandJews.In the conflicts, the Ministry of Confessions of the Ukrainian State and the Council of Ministers morally and materially supported the Orthodox clergy.[citation needed]
On 25 June, the government allocated 3 millionrublesto help priests who moved toVolhynia,Kholmshchyna,Grodno,Podolia,andPolesia,which were annexed to the Ukrainian State. On 2 July, 120,000 roubles were allocated for the maintenance of the Orthodox clergy in the lands of Kholmshchyna,Podlachiaand Polesia.[16]
References
edit- ^"У Стамбулі випадково знайшли документ з підписом українського гетьмана: фото унікальної знахідки".РБК-Україна.14 November 2020. Archived fromthe originalon 28 January 2022.Retrieved28 May2024.
- ^"За культурою народу й особами своїх правителів Україна була європейською державою".Gazeta.ua.29 August 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 12 July 2023.Retrieved28 May2024.
- ^"Магія печатки".Antikvar.20 January 2021. Archived fromthe originalon 16 April 2024.Retrieved28 May2024.
- ^Знак Державної скарбниці УД вартістю 100 карбованців. 1918 р.
- ^Знак Державної скарбниці УД вартістю 100 карбованців. 1918 р.
- ^Знак Державної скарбниці УД вартістю 1000 карбованців. [13 листопада] 1918 р.
- ^Знак Державної скарбниці УД вартістю 1000 карбованців. [13 листопада] 1918 р.
- ^Magocsi, Paul Robert (18 June 2010).A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition.University of Toronto Press. p. 520.ISBN978-1-4426-9879-6.
- ^abSubtelny, Orest(1988).Ukraine: A History.Toronto:University of Toronto Press.ISBN0-8020-5808-6.[page needed]
- ^abcEastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States 1999.London: Europa Publications. 1999. p. 849.ISBN1-85743-058-1.
- ^abYekelchyk, Serhy(2007).Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation.Oxford:Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-530546-3.[page needed]
- ^"Закони про тимчасовий державний устрій України"[Laws on the provisional state system of Ukraine].Державний Вістник[State Herald] (in Ukrainian). No. 1. 16 May 1918. Archived fromthe originalon 8 June 2015.Retrieved15 November2022.
- ^Magocsi, Paul Robert(1996).A History of Ukraine.University of Toronto Press. pp.305–307, 311, 540.
- ^abcdRukkas, Andriy (12 April 2013)."The Army and Independence".The Ukrainian Week.Retrieved29 April2022.
- ^Kyrydon, A. M. (2013).Релігійно-церковне життя в період Гетьманату: проблемне поле взаємодії[Religious and church life in the period of Getmanat: the problem field of interaction](PDF).Національна та історична пам'ять[National and Historical Memory] (in Ukrainian) (7):252–259. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 15 March 2022.Retrieved15 November2022.
- ^Boyko, O. (2009).Територія, кордони і адміністративно-територіальний поділ Української Держави гетьмана П. Скоропадського (1918)[Territory, borders and administrative-territorial division of the Ukrainian State of Hetman P. Skoropadskyi (1918)](PDF).Регіональна історія України[Regional History of Ukraine] (in Ukrainian) (3):217–232. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 1 July 2015.Retrieved15 November2022.
Further reading
editExternal links
edit
- The Ukrainian National Republic and the Struggle for Independence, 1917–1921at the Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine