Unconformity

Anunconformityis a buriederosionalor non-depositional surface separating tworockmasses orstrataof different ages, indicating thatsedimentdeposition was not continuous. In general, the older layer was exposed to erosion for an interval of time before deposition of the younger layer, but the term is used to describe any break in thesedimentary geologic record.The significance of angular unconformity (see below) was shown byJames Hutton,who found examples ofHutton's UnconformityatJedburghin 1787 and atSiccar PointinBerwickshirein 1788, both in Scotland.^[1]^[2]

The rocks above an unconformityare younger thanthe rocks beneath (unless the sequence has been overturned). An unconformity representstimeduring which no sediments were preserved in a region or were subsequently eroded before the next deposition. The local record for that time interval is missing and geologists must use other clues to discover that part of the geologic history of that area. The interval of geologic time not represented is called ahiatus.It is a kind ofrelative dating.

Types

Disconformity

Adisconformityis an unconformity between parallellayersofsedimentary rockswhich represents a period of erosion or non-deposition.^[3]Disconformities are marked by features ofsubaerialerosion. This type of erosion can leave channels andpaleosolsin the rock record.^[4]

Nonconformity

A nonconformity exists between sedimentary rocks andmetamorphicorigneous rockswhen the sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock. Namely, if the rock below the break is igneous or has lost its bedding due to metamorphism, then the plane of juncture is a nonconformity.^[5]

Angular unconformity

An angular unconformity is an unconformity where horizontally parallelstrataof sedimentary rock are deposited on tilted and eroded layers, producing an angular discordance with the overlying horizontal layers.^[6]The whole sequence may later be deformed and tilted by furtherorogenicactivity. A typical case history is presented by the Briançonnais realm (Swiss and French Prealps) during the Jurassic.^[7]^[8]

Angular unconformities can occur inash falllayers ofpyroclastic rockdeposited by volcanoes duringexplosive eruptions.In these cases, the hiatus in deposition represented by the unconformity may be geologically very short – hours, days or weeks.

Paraconformity

A paraconformity is a type of unconformity in which the sedimentary layers above and below the unconformity are parallel, but there is no obvious erosional break between them. A break in sedimentation is indicated, for example, by fossil evidence. It is also called nondepositional unconformity or pseudoconformity.^[9]^[10]Short paraconformities are calleddiastems.^[11]

Buttress unconformity

A buttress unconformity also known as onlap unconformity, occurs when younger bedding is deposited against older strata thus influencing its bedding structure.^[12]

Blended unconformity

A blended unconformity is a type of disconformity or nonconformity with no distinct separation plane or contact, sometimes consisting of soils,paleosols,or beds of pebbles derived from the underlying rock.^[13]

Gallery

DisconformityatHorni Pocernice,Czech Republic
Disconformity(at the hammer) between underlyingMississippian Borden Formationand overlying Pennsylvanian Sharon Conglomerate, nearJackson, Ohio
There is a billion-year gap in the geologic record where this 500-million-year-olddolomitenonconformablyoverlies 1.5-billion-year-oldrhyolite,nearTaum Sauk Hydroelectric Power Station,Missouri.
Nonconformityat Ratssteinbruch nearDresden,Germany
Hutton'sangular unconformityatSiccar PointwhereFamennianage (371–359 Ma) DevonianOld Red SandstoneoverliesLlandoveryage (444–433 Ma) Siluriangreywacke^[14]
Angular unconformityofTriassicrocks overlying steeply-tiltedCarboniferousrocks atPraia do Telheiro,Portugal
Angular unconformitybetween the underlyingDockum Groupand the overlyingExeter Sandstoneat Steamboat Butte in the valley of the Dry Cimmarron, New Mexico
Angular unconformity inJingtai County,China
Angular unconformity inpyroclastic rocklayers erupted byChimborazovolcano, Ecuador
Geological unconformity, Camelback mountain, Arizona, showing deposition of Chattian sandstone (right) on Precambrian granite (left).

References

^Hutton's Unconformity Archived2015-09-24 at theWayback Machine
^Keith Montgomery (2003)."Siccar Point and Teaching the History of Geology"(PDF).University of Wisconsin.Retrieved2015-03-16.
^Monroe J.S., Wicander R. & Hazlett R.W. (2007).Physical geology: exploring the Earth.Cengage Learning. p. 267.ISBN 9780495011484.
^Boggs, Sam (2006).Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 405.ISBN 0131547283.
^Stokes, W. Lee (1982).Essentials of Earth History 4th Edition.Prentice Hall, Inc. p.65.ISBN 0-13-285890-8.
^Boggs 2006,pp. 404–405.
^Septfontaine M. (1984): Le Dogger des Préalpes médianes suisses et françaises - stratigraphie, évolution paléogéographique et paléotectonique.- Mém. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat., vol. 97, 121 p. (Birkhäuser éd.)
^Septfontaine M. (1995): Large scale progressive unconformities in Jurassic strata of the Prealps South of lake Geneva: interpretation as synsedimentary inversion structures. Paleotectonic implications. Eclogae geol. Helv., 88:3 553–576.
^Catuneanu O. (2006).Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy.Elsevier. p. 15.ISBN 9780080473987.
^Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: An International Reference Work, Volume 14.McGraw-Hill. 1966. p. 192.
^Boggs 2006,p. 401.
^Groshong R. H. (2013).3-D Structural Geology: A Practical Guide to Surface and Subsurface Map.Springer Science & Business Media.ISBN 9783662039120.
^Neuendorf K.K.E. (2005).Glossary of Geology.Springer. p. 73.ISBN 9780922152766.
^"Redheugh Sandstone Formation".BGS Lexicon of Names Rock Units.British Geological Survey.Retrieved5 February2023.