A coalition of theConservativeandLiberal Unionistparties took power in theUnited Kingdomshortly before the1895 general election.Conservative leaderLord Salisburywas appointedPrime Ministerand his nephew,Arthur Balfour,becameLeader of the House of Commons,but various major posts went to the Liberal Unionists, most notably theLeader of the House of Lords,the Liberal UnionistDuke of Devonshire,who was madeLord President,and his colleague in the Commons,Joseph Chamberlain,who becameColonial Secretary.It was this government which would conduct theSecond Boer Warfrom 1899–1902, whichhelped them to win a landslide victoryat the1900 general election.
The government consisted of three ministries, the first two led by Salisbury (from 1895–1902) and the third by Balfour (from 1902 onwards).
The office of Prime Minister
edit
Lord Salisbury was thesecondand last person to be head of government while not simultaneously holding the title ofFirst Lord of the Treasury.It was said that there were some attempts to distinguish between the two offices, but in the century or more since, they have remained one and the same.
Trade reform
editBalfour succeeded Salisbury as Prime Minister in 1902. Eventually, the Unionist government would falter after Chamberlain proposed his scheme fortariff reform,whose partial embrace by Balfour led to the resignation of the more orthodox free traders in the Cabinet.
Chinese miners in South Africa
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After the conclusion of the Boer War, the British Government sought to rebuild the South African economy which had been devastated by the war. An important part of the rebuilding effort was to get the gold mines of theWitwatersrand,the richest in history and a major cause of the war, back in production as soon as possible. Because the government decreed that White labour was too expensive and Black labourers were reluctant to return to the mines,[1]the government decided to import over 60,000 contracted workers fromChina.[2]
This was deeply unpopular at the time, as popular opinion in much of theWestern world,including Britain; washostile to Chinese immigration.It also happened at a time when poverty and unemployment amongst working-class British people was at very high levels.[3]On 26 March 1904, a demonstration againstChinese immigration to South Africawas held inHyde Parkand was attended by 80,000 people. The Parliamentary Committee of theTrade Union Congressthen passed a resolution declaring that:
That this meeting consisting of all classes of citizens of London, emphatically protests against the action of the Government in granting permission to import into South Africa indentured Chinese labour under conditions of slavery, and calls upon them to protect this new colony from the greed of capitalists and the Empire from degradation.
— Yap & Leong Man (1996,p. 107)
Fall from power
editWith his majority greatly reduced and defeat in the next election seeming inevitable, Balfour resigned as Prime Minister in December 1905, leading to the appointment of aminorityLiberal government underSir Henry Campbell-Bannerman.In thegeneral electionwhich followed in 1906, all but three members of Balfour's Cabinet lost their seats, including Balfour himself.
Cabinets
editSalisbury ministry
editSalisbury ministries | |
|---|---|
 Unionist coalition of theUnited Kingdom | |
| |
 Salisbury (1897) | |
| Date formed |
|
| Date dissolved |
|
| People and organisations | |
| Monarch |
|
| Prime Minister | Lord Salisbury |
| Prime Minister's history | 1895–1902 |
| Member parties |
|
| Status in legislature |
|
| Opposition party | Liberal Party |
| Opposition leaders |
|
| History | |
| Elections | |
| Legislature terms | |
| Predecessor | Rosebery ministry |
| Successor | Balfour ministry |
June 1895 to November 1900
editNovember 1900 to July 1902
editIn November 1900, the Cabinet was reformed for the first time.
| Portfolio | Minister | Took office | Left office | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (head of ministry) | 25 June 1895 | 11 July 1902 | Conservative | ||
Arthur Balfour | 25 June 1895 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| Lord Chancellor | The Earl of Halsbury | 29 June 1895 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | |
| Lord President of the Council | The Duke of Devonshire | 29 June 1895 | 19 October 1903 | Liberal Unionist | |
| Secretary of State for the Home Department | 12 November 1900 | 12 July 1902 | Conservative | ||
| Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs | 12 November 1900 | 4 December 1905 | Liberal Unionist | ||
| Secretary of State for the Colonies | Joseph Chamberlain | 29 June 1895 | 16 September 1903 | Liberal Unionist | |
| Secretary of State for War | 12 November 1900 | 6 October 1903 | Conservative | ||
| Secretary of State for India | Lord George Hamilton | 4 July 1895 | 9 October 1903 | Conservative | |
| First Lord of the Admiralty | 1900 | 1905 | Liberal Unionist | ||
| Chancellor of the Exchequer | Sir Michael Hicks Beach | 29 June 1895 | 11 August 1902 | Conservative | |
| President of the Board of Trade | 12 November 1900 | 12 March 1905 | Conservative | ||
| President of the Local Government Board | 1900 | 1905 | Conservative | ||
| Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster | The Lord James of Hereford | 4 July 1895 | 11 August 1902 | Liberal Unionist | |
| First Commissioner of Works | Aretas Akers-Douglas | 4 July 1895 | 11 August 1902 | Conservative | |
| Lord Lieutenant of Ireland | The Earl Cadogan | 29 June 1895 | 11 August 1902 | Conservative | |
| Lord Chancellor of Ireland | The Lord Ashbourne | 29 June 1895 | 1905 | Conservative | |
| Secretary for Scotland | 29 June 1895 | 9 October 1903 | Conservative | ||
| President of the Board of Agriculture | 16 November 1900 | 28 April 1903 | Conservative | ||
Balfour ministry
editBalfour ministry | |
|---|---|
| |
| 1902–1905 | |
 Arthur Balfour | |
| Date formed | 12 July 1902 |
| Date dissolved | 4 December 1905 |
| People and organisations | |
| Monarch | Edward VII |
| Prime Minister | Arthur Balfour |
| Member parties | |
| Status in legislature | Majority (coalition) |
| Opposition party | Liberal Party |
| Opposition leaders |
|
| History | |
| Legislature terms | 27th UK Parliament |
| Predecessor | Fourth Salisbury ministry |
| Successor | Campbell-Bannerman ministry |
| Portfolio | Minister | Took office | Left office | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (head of ministry) | 12 July 1902 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| Lord Chancellor | 29 June 1895 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| 29 June 1895 | 19 October 1903 | Liberal Unionist | |||
| Lord President of the Council | 19 October 1903 | 11 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| Leader of the House of Lords | 13 October 1903 | 4 December 1905 | Liberal Unionist | ||
| Secretary of State for the Home Department | 12 July 1902 | 5 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs | The Marquess of Lansdowne | 12 November 1900 | 4 December 1905 | Liberal Unionist | |
| Secretary of State for the Colonies | 29 June 1895 | 16 September 1903 | Liberal Unionist | ||
| 11 October 1903 | 4 December 1905 | Liberal Unionist | |||
| Secretary of State for War | 12 November 1900 | 6 October 1903 | Conservative | ||
| 6 October 1903 | 4 December 1905 | Liberal Unionist | |||
| Secretary of State for India | 4 July 1895 | 9 October 1903 | Conservative | ||
St John Brodrick | 9 October 1903 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| First Lord of the Admiralty | 1900 | 1905 | Liberal Unionist | ||
| Chancellor of the Exchequer | 11 August 1902 | 9 October 1903 | Conservative | ||
| 9 October 1903 | 4 December 1905 | Liberal Unionist | |||
| President of the Board of Trade | 12 November 1900 | 12 March 1905 | Conservative | ||
| 12 March 1905 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | |||
| Secretary for Scotland | 29 June 1895 | 9 October 1903 | Conservative | ||
| 9 October 1903 | 2 February 1905 | Conservative | |||
| 2 February 1905 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | |||
| Chief Secretary for Ireland | 9 November 1900 | 12 March 1905 | Conservative | ||
| 12 March 1905 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | |||
| President of the Local Government Board | Walter Long | 1900 | 1905 | Conservative | |
Gerald Balfour | 1905 | 11 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| President of the Board of Agriculture | 16 November 1900 | 28 April 1903 | Conservative | ||
| President of the Board of Education | The Marquess of Londonderry | 11 August 1902 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | |
| Lord Chancellor of Ireland | 29 June 1895 | 1905 | Conservative | ||
| First Commissioner of Works | 11 August 1902 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| Postmaster General | Austen Chamberlain | 11 August 1902 | 9 October 1903 | Liberal Unionist | |
Changes
edit- May 1903 –Lord Onslowsucceeds Robert William Hanbury at the Board of Agriculture.
- September to October 1903 –
- Lord Londonderrysucceeds theDuke of Devonshireas Lord President. Londonderry remains President of the Board of Education.
- Lord Lansdowne succeeds Devonshire as Leader of the House of Lords. Lansdowne remains Foreign Secretary.
- Lord Salisburysucceeds Arthur Balfour as Lord Privy Seal.
- Austen ChamberlainsucceedsCharles Ritchieat the Exchequer. Chamberlain's successor as Postmaster General is not in the Cabinet.
- Alfred LytteltonsucceedsJoseph Chamberlainas Colonial Secretary.
- St John BrodricksucceedsLord George Hamiltonas Secretary for India.
- H. O. Arnold-Forstersucceeds Brodrick as Secretary for War.
- Andrew Graham-Murraysucceeds Lord Balfour of Burleigh as Secretary for Scotland.
- March 1905 –
- Walter Hume LongsucceedsGeorge Wyndhamas Irish Secretary.
- Gerald Balfoursucceeds Long at the Local Government Board.
- Lord Salisburysucceeds Balfour at the Board of Trade. Salisbury remains Lord Privy Seal.
- Lord CawdorsucceedsLord Selborneat the Admiralty.
- Ailwyn Fellowessucceeds Lord Onslow at the Board of Agriculture.
List of ministers
edit
Notes
edit- ^The position ofPrime Ministerwas not a formal ministerial office.
- ^abcAlso served asLeader of the House of Lords.
- ^Halsbury was created the 1stEarl of Halsburyon 19 January 1898.
- ^Devonshire also served asLeader of the House of Lordsfrom 12 July 1902 to 13 October 1903.
- ^Lansdowne also served asLeader of the House of Lordsfrom 13 October 1903 to 4 December 1905
- ^Cranborne succeeded as the 4thMarquess of Salisburyon 22 August 1903.
- ^Londonderryentered the Cabineton 7 November 1900.
- ^Office abolished on 8 August 1902 and replaced by that of Secretary to the Board of Education.
- ^Carmarthen succeeded as the 10thDuke of Leedson 23 December 1895.
- ^Office abolished in 1900.
References
edit- ^Yap & Leong Man 1996,p. 104.
- ^Yap & Leong Man 1996,p. 103.
- ^Yap & Leong Man 1996,p. 107.
- ^abEnglefield, Seaton & White 1995,p. 412.
Sources
edit- Cook, Chris; Keith, Brendan (1975).British Historical Facts: 1830–1900(first ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK.ISBN978-1-349-01348-7.
- Butler, David;Butler, Gareth (2010).British Political Facts(tenth ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK.ISBN978-0-230-29318-2.
- Englefield, Dermot; Seaton, Janet; et al. (1995).Facts About the British Prime Ministers.Mansell.ISBN978-0-7201-2306-7.
- Tout, T. F.(1910).An Advanced History of Great Britain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Edward Vii.New York: Longmans, Green. pp.740–741.OL13991885M.
- Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dainne (1996).Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa.Hong Kong University Press.ISBN978-962-209-424-6.