TheUnited States Southern Command(USSOUTHCOM), located inDoralinGreater Miami, Florida,is one of the elevenunified combatant commandsin theUnited States Department of Defense.It is responsible for providing contingency planning, operations, and security cooperation forCentralandSouth America,theCaribbean(except U.S. commonwealths, territories, and possessions), their territorial waters, and for the force protection of U.S. military resources at these locations. USSOUTHCOM is also responsible for ensuring the defense of thePanama Canaland the canal area.[8]
| United States Southern Command | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Founded | 11 June 1963 (61 years, 5 months ago) |
| Country |  United States |
| Type | Unified combatant command |
| Role | Geographic combatant command |
| Size | 1,200 personnel[1] |
| Part of | United States Department of Defense |
| Headquarters | Doral,Florida,U.S. |
| Engagements | United States invasion of Grenada Invasion of Panama Operation Uphold Democracy Operation Secure Tomorrow Operation New Horizons Operation Unified Response Operation Continuing Promise |
| Decorations |  Order of San Carlos[2] |
| Website | southcom.mil |
| Commanders | |
| Commander | AdmiralAlvin Holsey,USN[3] |
| Military Deputy Commander | Lieutenant GeneralEvan L. Pettus,USAF[4] |
| Civilian Deputy to the Commander | AmbassadorSarah-Ann Lynch,DOS[5] |
| Insignia | |
| Distinctive Unit Insignia |  |
| NATO Map Symbol[6][7] |   |
| Unit Flag |  |
Under the leadership of a four-star Commander, USSOUTHCOM is organized into a headquarters with six main directorates, component commands and military groups that represent SOUTHCOM in the region. USSOUTHCOM is ajoint command[9]of more than 1,201 military and civilian personnel representing theUnited States Army,Navy,Air Force,Space Force,Marine Corps,Coast Guard,and several other federal agencies. Civilians working at USSOUTHCOM are, for the most part, civilian employees of the Army, as the Army is USSOUTHCOM's Combatant Command Support Agent. The Services provide USSOUTHCOM with component commands which, along with their JointSpecial Operationscomponent, two Joint Task Forces, one Joint Interagency Task Force, and Security Cooperation Offices, perform USSOUTHCOM missions and security cooperation activities. USSOUTHCOM exercises its authority through the commanders of its components, Joint Task Forces/Joint Interagency Task Force, and Security Cooperation Organizations.
Area of Responsibility
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The USSOUTHCOM Area of Responsibility (AOR) encompasses 32 nations (19 in Central and South America and 13 in the Caribbean), of which 31 are democracies, and 14 U.S. and European territories. As of October 2002, the area of focus covered 14.5 million square miles (23.2 million square kilometers.)[10]
The United States Southern Command area of interest includes:
- The land mass ofLatin Americasouth ofMexico
- The waters adjacent toCentralandSouth America
- TheCaribbean Sea,its 12 island nations and European territories
- A portion of theAtlantic Ocean
Components
editUSSOUTHCOM accomplishes much of its mission through its service components, four representing each service, one specializing in Special Operations missions, and three additional joint task forces:[11]
U.S. Army South (Sixth Army)
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United States Army South(ARSOUTH) forces include aviation, intelligence, communication, and logistics units. Located atFort Sam Houston,Texas, it supports regional disaster relief and counter-drug efforts. ARSOUTH also exercises oversight, planning, and logistical support for humanitarian and civic assistance projects throughout the region in support of the USSOUTHCOM Theater Security Cooperation Strategy. ARSOUTH provides Title 10 and Executive Agent responsibilities throughout the Latin American and Caribbean region. In 2013, around four thousand troops were deployed in Latin America.[12]
Air Forces Southern (Twelfth Air Force)
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Located atDavis-Monthan Air Force Base,Arizona,AFSOUTH consists of a staff; a Falconer Combined Air and Space Operations Center for command and control of air activity in the USSOUTHCOM area and an Air Force operations group responsible for Air Force forces in the area. AFSOUTH serves as the executive agent forforward operating locations;provides joint/combined radar surveillance architecture oversight; provides intra-theater airlift; and supports USSOUTHCOM's Theater Security Cooperation Strategy through regional disaster relief exercises and counter-drug operations. AFSOUTH also provides oversight, planning, execution, and logistical support for humanitarians and civic assistance projects and hosts a number of Airmen-to-Airmen conferences.Twelfth Air Forceis also leading the way in bringing theChief of Staff of the Air Force's Warfighting Headquarters (WFHQ) concept to life. The WFHQ is composed of a command and control element, an Air Force forces staff and an Air Operations Center. Operating as a WFHQ since June 2004, Twelfth Air Force has served as the Air Force model for the future of Combined Air and Space Operations Centers and WFHQ Air Force forces.
U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command & U.S. Fourth Fleet
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Located atNaval Station Mayport,Florida,USNAVSO exercises command and control over all U.S. naval operations in the USSOUTHCOM area including naval exercises, maritime operations, and port visits. USNAVSO is also the executive agent for the operation of the cooperative security location atComalapa,El Salvador,which provides basing in support of aerial counter-narcoterrorism operations.
On 24 April 2008,AdmiralGary Roughead,theChief of Naval Operations,announced that theUnited States Fourth Fleetwould be re-established, effective 1 July, responsible forU.S. Navyships, aircraft and submarines operating in theCaribbean Sea,as well as Central and South America.Rear AdmiralJoseph D. Kernanwas named as the fleet commander and Commander,U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command.[13]Up to four ships are deployed in the waters in and around Latin American, at any given time.[12]
U.S. Marine Corps Forces, South
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Located inDoral,Florida, USMARFORSOUTH commands all United States Marine Corps Forces (MARFORs) assigned to USSOUTHCOM; advises USSOUTHCOM on the proper employment and support of MARFORs; conducts deployment/redeployment planning and execution of assigned/attached MARFORs; and accomplishes other operational missions as assigned.
Special Operations Command South
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Located atHomestead Air Reserve Basenear Miami, Florida, Special Operations Command South (SOCSOUTH) provides the primary theater contingency response force and plans, prepares for, and conducts special operations in support of USSOUTHCOM. USSOCSOUTH controls all Special Operations Forces in the region and also establishes and operates a Joint Special Operations Task Force when required. As a Theater Special Operations Command (TSOC), USSOCSOUTH is a sub-unified command of USSOUTHCOM.
SOCSOUTH has five assigned or attached subordinate commands including "Charlie" Company, 3rd Battalion,7th Special Forces Group (Airborne)(7th SFG(A)); "Charlie" Company, 3rd Battalion,160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne);Naval Special Warfare Unit FOUR; 112th Signal Detachment SOCSOUTH; and Joint Special Operations Air Component-South.
There are also three task forces with specific missions in the region that report to U.S. Southern Command:
Joint Task Force Bravo
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Located atSoto Cano Air Base,Honduras,Joint Task Force (JTF) -Bravo operates a forward, all-weather day/nightC-5-capable airbase. JTF – Bravo organizes multilateral exercises and supports, in cooperation with partner nations, humanitarian and civic assistance, counter-drug, contingency and disaster relief operations in Central America.
Joint Task Force Guantanamo
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Located atU.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay,Cuba, JTF – Guantanamo conducts detention and interrogation operations in support of theWar on Terrorism,coordinates and implements detainee screening operations, and supports law enforcement andwar crimesinvestigations as well as Military Commissions for Detained Enemy Combatants. JTF – Guantanamo is also prepared to supportmass migrationoperations at Naval Station GTMO.
Joint Interagency Task Force South
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Located inKey West, Florida,JIATF South is an interagency task force that serves as the catalyst for integrated and synchronized interagency counter-drug operations and is responsible for the detection and monitoring of suspect air and maritime drug activity in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and the eastern Pacific. JIATF- South also collects, processes, and disseminates counter-drug information for interagency operations.Manta Air Basewas one of JIATF-South's bases, in Ecuador until 19 September 2009.[14]
Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief
editUSSOUTHCOM's overseas humanitarian assistance and disaster relief programs build the capacity of host nations to respond to disasters and build their self-sufficiency while also empowering regional organizations.
These programs provide valuable training to U.S. military units in responding effectively to assist the victims of storms, earthquakes, and other natural disasters through the provision of medical, surgical, dental, and veterinary services, as well as civil construction projects.
The Humanitarian Assistance Program funds projects that enhance the capacity of host nations to respond when disasters strike and better prepare them to mitigate acts of terrorism. Humanitarian Assistance Program projects such as technical aid and the construction of disaster relief warehouses, emergency operation centers, shelters, and schools promote peace and stability, support the development of the civilian infrastructure necessary for economic and social reforms, and improve the living conditions of impoverished regions in the AOR.
Humanitarian assistance exercises such asExercise Nuevos Horizontes(New Horizons) involve the construction of schools, clinics, and water wells in countries throughout the region. At the same time, medical readiness exercises involving teams consisting of doctors, nurses and dentists also provide general and specialized health services to host nation citizens requiring care. These humanitarian assistance exercises, which last several months each, provide much-needed services and infrastructure, while providing critical training for deployed U.S. military forces. These exercises generally take place in rural, underprivileged areas. USSOUTHCOM attempts to combine these efforts with those of host-nation doctors, either military or civilian, to make them even more beneficial.
In 2006, USSOUTHCOM sponsored 69 Medical Readiness Training Exercises in 15 nations, providing medical services to more than 270,000 citizens from the region. During 2007, USSOUTHCOM is scheduled to conduct 61 additional medical exercises in 14 partner nations.
USSOUTHCOM sponsors disaster preparedness exercises, seminars and conferences to improve the collective ability of the U.S. and its partner nations to respond effectively and expeditiously to disasters. USSOUTHCOM has also supported the construction or improvement of three Emergency Operations Centers, 13 Disaster Relief Warehouses and prepositioned relief supplies across the region. Construction of eight additional Emergency Operation Centers and seven additional warehouses is ongoing.
This type of multinational disaster preparedness has proven to increase the ability of USSOUTHCOM to work with America's partner nations. For example, following the 2005Hurricane Stanin Guatemala, USSOUTHCOM deployed 11 military helicopters and 125 personnel to assist with relief efforts. In conjunction with their Guatemalan counterparts, they evacuated 48 victims and delivered nearly 200 tons of food, medical supplies and communications equipment. FollowingTropical Storm Gammain Honduras, JTF-Bravo deployed nine helicopters and more than 40 personnel to assist with relief efforts. They airlifted more than 100,000 pounds of emergency food, water and medical supplies. USSOUTHCOM was deployed toHaitifollowing the2010 Haiti earthquaketo lead the humanitarian effort.[15]
USSOUTHCOM also conducts counter-narcotics and counter-narcoterrorism programs.
History
editThe United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM) traces its origins to 1903 when the firstU.S. Marinesarrived inPanamato ensure U.S. control of thePanama Railroadconnecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the narrow waist of thePanamanian Isthmus.[16][17]
The Marines protected thePanamaniancivilian uprising against the government of Colombia led by formerPanama Canal Companygeneral managerPhilippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla,thereby guaranteeing theseparation of Panama from Colombiaand his creation of thePanamanianstate. Following the signing of theHay–Bunau-Varilla Treatygranting control of thePanama Canal Zoneto the United States, the Marines remained to provide security during the early construction days of the Panama Canal.[16]
In 1904, Army ColonelWilliam C. Gorgaswas sent to the Canal Zone (as it was then called) aschief sanitary officerto fightyellow feverandmalaria.In two years, yellow fever was eliminated from the Canal Zone. Soon after, malaria was also brought under control. With the appointment of Army Lieutenant ColonelGeorge W. Goethalsto the post ofchief engineerof theIsthmian Canal Commissionby then PresidentTheodore Rooseveltin 1907, the construction changed from a civilian to a military project.[16]
In 1911, the first troops of the U.S. Army's10th Infantry Regimentarrived atCamp E. S. Otis,on the Pacific side of the Isthmus. They assumed primary responsibility for Canal defense. In 1914, the Marine Battalion left the Isthmus to participate in operations againstPancho Villain Mexico. On 14 August 1914, seven years after Goethals' arrival, the Panama Canal opened to world commerce.[16]
The first company ofcoast artillerytroops arrived in 1914 and later established fortifications at each end (Atlantic and Pacific) of the Canal as theHarbor Defenses(HD) of Cristobal and HD Balboa, respectively, with mobile forces of infantry and light artillery centrally located to support either end. By 1915, a consolidated command was designated as Headquarters, U.S. Troops, Panama Canal Zone. The command reported directly to the Army'sEastern Departmentheadquartered atFort Jay,Governors Island,New York. The headquarters of this newly created command was first located in the Isthmian Canal Commission building in the town ofAncon,adjacent toPanama City.It relocated in 1916 to the nearby newly designated military post ofQuarry Heights,which had begun construction in 1911.[16]
On 1 July 1917, almost three months after theAmerican entry into World War I,thePanama Canal Departmentwas activated as a geographic command of the U.S. Army. It remained as the senior Army headquarters in the region until activation of theCaribbean Defense Command(CDC) on 10 February 1941. The CDC, co-located at Quarry Heights, was commanded by Lieutenant GeneralDaniel Van Voorhis,who continued to command thePanama Canal Department.[16]
The new command eventually assumed operational responsibility over air and naval forces assigned in its area of operations duringWorld War II,which included all U.S. forces and bases in theCaribbean basinoutside thecontinental United States.By early 1942, a Joint Operations Center had been established at Quarry Heights. Meanwhile, 960 jungle-trained officers and enlisted men from the CDC deployed toNew Caledoniain the southwest Pacific to help form the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional), codenamed 'Galahad' and later nicknamedMerrill's Maraudersfor its famous exploits in Burma.[18]In the meantime, military strength in the area was gradually rising and reached its peak in January 1943, when 68,000 personnel were defending the Panama Canal. Military strength was sharply reduced with the termination of World War II. Between 1946 and 1974, total military strength in Panama fluctuated between 6,600 and 20,300 (with the lowest force strength in 1959).
In December 1946, PresidentHarry S. Trumanapproved recommendations of theJoint Chiefs of Stafffor a comprehensive system of military commands to put responsibility for conducting military operations of all military forces in various geographical areas, in the hands of a single commander. Although theCaribbean Commandwas designated by the Defense Department on 1 November 1947, it did not become fully operational until 10 March 1948, when the old Caribbean Defense Command was inactivated.[16]
On 6 June 1963, reflecting the fact that the command had a responsibility for U.S. military operations primarily in Central and South America, rather than in the Caribbean, PresidentJohn F. Kennedyand Secretary of DefenseRobert McNamaraformally redesignated it as the United States Southern Command.[16]The command's mission began to shift with the expansion of theCold Warto Latin America. Kennedy and his successorLyndon B. Johnsonexpanded the division in the aftermath of theCuban Missile Crisisand reoriented it towardsirregular warfareagainst the establishment of anotherCommunist statein the Western Hemisphere.[19]From 1975 until late 1994 total military strength in Panama remained at about 10,000 personnel.[16]
In January 1996 and June 1997, two phases of changes to the Department of DefenseUnified Command Plan(UCP) were completed. Each phase of the UCP change added territory to SOUTHCOM'sarea of responsibility.The impact of the changes is significant. The new AOR includes the Caribbean, its 13 island nations and several U.S. and European territories, the Gulf of Mexico, as well as significant portions of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The 1999 update to the UCP also transferred responsibility of an additional portion of the Atlantic Ocean to SOUTHCOM. On 1 October 2000, Southern Command assumed responsibility of the adjacent waters in the upper quadrant aboveBrazil,which was presently under the responsibility ofU.S. Joint Forces Command.[16]
The new AOR encompasses 32 nations (19 in Central and South America and 13 in the Caribbean), of which 31 are democracies, and 14 U.S. and European territories covering more than 15,600,000 square miles (40,000,000 km2).[16]
With the creation of theUnited States Department of Homeland Security,USSOUTHCOM Area of Responsibility (October 2002) experienced minor upper boundary redistribution or changes decreasing its total boundary by 1.1 square miles. (14.5 million square miles (23.2 million square kilometers.)
With the implementation of the Panama Canal Treaties (thePanama Canal Treatyof 1977 and the Treaty concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operations of the Panama Canal), the U.S. Southern Command was relocated inMiami, Florida,on 26 September 1997.[16]
A new headquarters building was constructed and opened in 2010 adjacent to the old rented building in theDoralarea ofMiami-Dade County.The complex features state-of-the-art planning and conference facilities. This capability is showcased in the 45,000-square-foot Conference Center of the Americas, which can support meetings of differing classification levels and multiple translations, information sources and video conferencing.
In 2012, as many as a dozen SouthCom service members, together with a number ofSecret Serviceofficers, were disciplined after they were found to have brought prostitutes to their rooms shortly before President Obama arrived for a summit in Cartagena, Colombia. According to theAssociated Pressseven Army soldiers and two Marines received administrative punishments for what an official report cited by the wire service said was misconduct consisting "almost exclusively of patronizing prostitutes and adultery." Hiring prostitutes, the report added, "is a violation of the U.S. military code of justice."[20] In 2014, SouthCom commanderKellytestified that while border security was an 'Existential' threat to the country, due toBudget sequestration in 2013his forces were unable to respond to 75% of illicit trafficking events.[21]
USSOUTHCOM's2017-2027 Theater Strategystates that potential challenges in the future include transregional and transnational threat networks (T3Ns) which include traditional criminal organizations, as well as the expanding potential of extremist organizations such asISILandHezbollahoperating in the region by taking advantage of weak Caribbean and Latin American institutions. USSOUTHCOM also notes that the region is "extremely vulnerable to natural disasters and the outbreak of infectious diseases" due to issues with governance and inequality. Finally, the report recognizes the growing presence ofChina,IranandRussiain the region, and that the intentions of these nations bring "a challenge to every nation that values nonaggression, rule of law, and respect for human rights". These challenges have been used to promote relationships between the United States and other governments in the region.[22]
State Partnership Program
editUS SOUTHCOM currently has 22 state partnerships under the state partnership program (SPP). SPP creates a partnership between a state of the U.S. and a foreign nation by linking the host nation military or security forces with theNational Guard.SOUTHCOM is equaled only byEUCOMin its number of partnerships.
Commanders
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The U.S. Southern Command was activated in 1963, emerging from the U.S. Caribbean Command, established in 1947. Last commander of the U.S. Caribbean Command from January 1961 to June 1963 and first commander of the U.S. Southern Command since June 1963 was Lieutenant General–later General–Andrew P. O'Meara.[23]
| No. | Commander | Term | Service branch | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Term length | ||
| 1 | Lieutenant General Willis D. Crittenberger (1890–1980) | November 1947 | June 1948 | ~213 days |  U.S. Army | |
| 2 | Lieutenant General Matthew B. Ridgway (1895–1993) | June 1948 | October 1949 | ~1 year, 122 days | U.S. Army | |
| 3 | Lieutenant General William H. H. Morris Jr. (1890–1971) | October 1949 | April 1952 | ~2 years, 183 days | U.S. Army | |
| 4 | Lieutenant General Horace L. McBride (1894–1962) | April 1952 | June 1954 | ~2 years, 61 days | U.S. Army | |
| 5 | Lieutenant General William K. Harrison Jr. (1895–1987) | June 1954 | January 1957 | ~2 years, 214 days | U.S. Army | |
| 6 | Lieutenant General Robert M. Montague (1899–1958) | January 1957 | February 1958 | ~1 year, 31 days | U.S. Army | |
| 7 | Lieutenant General Ridgely Gaither (1903–1992) | April 1958 | July 1960 | ~2 years, 91 days | U.S. Army | |
| 8 | Lieutenant General Robert F. Sink (1905–1965) | July 1960 | January 1961 | ~184 days | U.S. Army | |
| 9 | General Andrew P. O'Meara (1907–2005) | 6 January 1961 | 22 February 1965 | 4 years, 47 days | U.S. Army | |
| 10 | General Robert W. Porter Jr. (1908–2000) | 22 February 1965 | 18 February 1969 | 3 years, 362 days | U.S. Army | |
| 11 | General George R. Mather (1911–1993) | 18 February 1969 | 20 September 1971 | 2 years, 214 days | U.S. Army | |
| 12 | General George V. Underwood Jr. (1913–1984) | 20 September 1971 | 17 January 1973 | 1 year, 119 days | U.S. Army | |
| 13 | General William B. Rosson (1918–2004) | 17 January 1973 | 1 August 1975 | 2 years, 196 days | U.S. Army | |
| 14 | Lieutenant General Dennis P. McAuliffe | 1 August 1975 | 1 October 1979 | 4 years, 61 days | U.S. Army | |
| 15 | Lieutenant General Wallace H. Nutting (1928–2023) | 1 October 1979 | 24 May 1983 | 3 years, 235 days | U.S. Army | |
| 16 | General Paul F. Gorman (born 1927) | 24 May 1983 | 1 March 1985 | 1 year, 281 days | U.S. Army | |
| 17 | General John R. Galvin (1929–2015) | 1 March 1985 | 6 June 1987 | 2 years, 97 days | U.S. Army | |
| 18 | General Frederick F. Woerner Jr. (1933–2023) | 6 June 1987 | 1 October 1989 | 2 years, 117 days | U.S. Army | |
| 19 | General Maxwell R. Thurman (1931–1995) | 1 October 1989 | 21 November 1990 | 1 year, 51 days | U.S. Army | |
| 20 | General George A. Joulwan (born 1939) | 21 November 1990 | October 1993 | ~2 years, 314 days | U.S. Army | |
| - | Major General Walter T. Worthington Acting | October 1993 | 17 February 1994 | ~139 days |  U.S. Air Force | |
| 21 | General Barry McCaffrey (born 1942) | 17 February 1994 | 1 March 1996 | 2 years, 13 days | U.S. Army | |
| - | Rear Admiral James Perkins Acting | 1 March 1996 | 26 June 1996 | 117 days |  U.S. Navy | |
| 22 | General Wesley Clark (born 1944) | 26 June 1996 | 13 July 1997 | 1 year, 17 days | U.S. Army | |
| - | Rear Admiral Walter F. Doran (born 1945) Acting | 13 July 1997 | 25 September 1997 | 74 days | U.S. Navy | |
| 23 | General Charles E. Wilhelm (born 1941) | 25 September 1997 | 8 September 2000 | 2 years, 349 days |  U.S. Marine Corps | |
| 24 | General Peter Pace (born 1945) | 8 September 2000 | 30 September 2001 | 1 year, 22 days | U.S. Marine Corps | |
| - | Major General Gary D. Speer Acting | 30 September 2001 | 18 August 2002 | 322 days | U.S. Army | |
| 25 | General James T. Hill (born 1946) | 18 August 2002 | 9 November 2004 | 2 years, 83 days | U.S. Army | |
| 26 | General Bantz J. Craddock (born 1949) | 9 November 2004 | 19 October 2006 | 1 year, 344 days | U.S. Army | |
| 27 | Admiral James G. Stavridis (born 1955) | 19 October 2006 | 25 June 2009 | 2 years, 249 days | U.S. Navy | |
| 28 | General Douglas M. Fraser (born 1953) | 25 June 2009 | 19 November 2012 | 3 years, 147 days | U.S. Air Force | |
| 29 | General John F. Kelly (born 1950) | 19 November 2012 | 14 January 2016 | 3 years, 56 days | U.S. Marine Corps | |
| 30 | Admiral Kurt W. Tidd (born 1956) | 14 January 2016 | 26 November 2018 | 2 years, 316 days | U.S. Navy | |
| 31 | Admiral Craig S. Faller (born 1961) | 26 November 2018 | 29 October 2021 | 2 years, 337 days | U.S. Navy | |
| 32 | General Laura J. Richardson (born 1963) | 29 October 2021 | 7 November 2024 | 3 years, 9 days | U.S. Army | |
| 33 | Admiral Alvin Holsey (born 1965) | 7 November 2024 | Incumbent | 23 days | U.S. Navy | |
See also
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- Caribbean Regional Maritime Agreement
- Manta Air Base
- Operation Coronet Nighthawk
- Operation Enduring Freedom - Caribbean and Central America
- Partnership for Prosperity and Security in the Caribbean
- Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation(formerly School of the Americas)
- Naval Base Panama Canal Zone
References
edit- ^"About USSOUTHCOM".U.S. Southern Command.Retrieved30 April2023.
- ^Colombian President Visits, Thanks Southcom for its Support,DoD, dated 2018, last accessed 25 April 2018
- ^"Adm. Alvin Holsey".U.S. Southern Command.Retrieved8 November2024.
- ^"Lt. Gen. Evan L. Pettus".U.S. Southern Command.Retrieved8 November2024.
- ^"Amb. Sarah-Ann Lynch".U.S. Southern Command.Retrieved13 January2024.
- ^FM 1-02 Operational Terms and Graphics(PDF).US Army. 21 September 2004. pp. 5–36.
- ^ADP 1-02 Terms and Military Symbols(PDF).US Army. 14 August 2018. pp. 4–8.
- ^"About Us".U.S. Southern Command.Retrieved28 November2021.
- ^See TITLE 10 > Subtitle A > PART I > CHAPTER 6 > § 164 for assignment, powers and duties.
- ^[1]Archived14 July 2008 at theWayback Machine
- ^"SOUTHCOM Component Commands & Units".U.S. Southern Command.Retrieved28 November2021.
- ^abmartha Mendoza (3 February 2013)."Military expands its drug war in Latin America".Army Times.Associated Press.Retrieved7 February2013.
- ^"News Release View - Navy Re-Establishes U.S. Fourth Fleet – DOD New Release No. 338-07 – 24 April 2008".Defenselink.mil.Retrieved18 October2017.
- ^"Last US forces abandon Manta military base in Ecuador".DEn.mercopress.Retrieved18 October2017.
- ^[2]Archived17 January 2010 at theWayback Machine
- ^abcdefghijkl"U.S. Southern Command History".USSOUTHCOM.11 September 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 17 October 2008.Retrieved1 February2017.
- ^U.S. Army South – A Brief History
- ^"MERRILL'S MARAUDERS ASSOCIATION WELCOME PAGE".marauder.org.
- ^Collins, N.W. (2021).Grey wars: a contemporary history of U.S. special operations.New Haven.ISBN978-0-300-25834-9.OCLC1255527666.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^"Report: Colombian prostitute scandal involved military".Content.usatoday.Retrieved18 October2017.
- ^O'Toole, Molly (5 July 2014)."Top General Says Mexico Border Security Now 'Existential' Threat to U.S."Defenseone.National Journal Group, Inc.Retrieved16 July2014.
- ^"2017-2027 Theater Strategy"(PDF).USSOUTHCOM.4 April 2017. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 22 June 2017.Retrieved25 July2017.
- ^"A Half-Century of Service SOUTHCOM"(PDF).USSOUTHCOM.2013.Retrieved12 November2017.
Further reading
edit- Conn, Stetson; Engelman, Rose C.; Fairchild, Byron (2000) [1964],Guarding the United States and its Outposts,United States Army in World War II, Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army
- Vasquez, Cesar A. "A History of the United States Caribbean Defense Command (1941-1947)." Florida International University, doctoral thesis (2016).
External links
edit- Official website
- Latin, Caribbean allies hail new U.S. Southern Command chiefby John Yearwood,Miami Herald,26 June 2009