Wikipedia

Vajiravudh

Not to be confused withMongkut(King Rama IV).

Vajiravudh[a](1 January 1881 – 26 November 1925) was the sixthking of Siamfrom theChakri dynasty,titledRama VI.He reigned from 1910 until his death in 1925. King Vajiravudh is best known for his efforts to create and promoteSiamese nationalism.His reign was characterized by Siam's movement further towards democracy and minimal participation inWorld War I.He had keen interests in Siamese history, archaeology, and literature, as well as economics, politics and world affairs, and founded the country's first university,Chulalongkorn University.

  • Vajiravudh
  • วชิราวุธ
King Rama VI
Formal portrait,c.1920
King of Siam
Reign23 October 1910 –26 November 1925
Coronation
  • 11 November 1910 (1st)
  • 28 November 1911 (2nd)
PredecessorChulalongkorn(Rama V)
SuccessorPrajadhipok(Rama VII)
Born(1881-01-01)1 January 1881
Bangkok,Siam
Died26 November 1925(1925-11-26)(aged 44)
Bangkok, Siam
Spouse
IssuePrincessBejaratana
HouseChakri dynasty
FatherChulalongkorn(Rama V)
MotherSaovabha Phongsri
ReligionTheravada Buddhism
Signature

Education

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Portrait while studying in England

Vajiravudh was born on 1 January 1881 toChulalongkornand one of his four queens andhalf sisterSaovabha Phongsri.In 1888, upon coming of age, Vajiravudh received the titleKromma KhunDebdvaravati(Prince of Ayutthaya).[1]Also in 1888, Vajiravudh began suffering from a severe illness and was brought toKo Sichangby his father to recover.[2]

Prince Vajiravudh was first educated in the royal palace in Thai and English. His full siblings wereBahurada Manimaya,Tribejrutama Dhamrong,Chakrabongse Bhuvanath,Siriraj Kakudhabhand,Asdang Dejavudh,Chudadhuj DharadilokandPrajadhipok,who succeeded him as King Rama VII. In 1895, his half-brother Crown PrinceVajirunhisdied and Vajiravudh was appointed the newCrown Prince of Siam.In 1898, he continued his education in Britain at theRoyal Military College, Sandhurstand was commissioned as a captain in theDurham Light Infantry,which he served with for three months of exercises in the south of England upon graduation. He studied law and history atChrist Church, Oxfordin 1899, where, coming from a royal household, he was a member of the exclusiveBullingdon Club.However, he suffered fromappendicitis,which barred him from graduating in 1901. He visited other European countries while he lived in England, includingBelgiumwhere he inspectedBlegnyfort.[3]He went to Berlin in May 1902 and Copenhagen in September 1902.[4][5]He attended the 15 May 1902 enthronement ceremonies forKing Alfonso XIIIof Spain in Madrid. On behalf of his father, King Chulalongkorn, he attended the coronation of KingEdward VIIon 9 August 1902.[6]

Crown Prince Vajiravudh left England in October 1902 and returned to Siam in January 1903, traveling via US and Japan.[7]In 1904, he became a temporary monk in accordance with Siamese tradition. In 1907, his father Chulalongkorn travelled to Europe to seek treatment for his kidney disease, and Chulalongkorn made VajiravudhRegent of Siam.One of Crown Prince Vajiravudh's accomplishments during this regency was his supervision of the construction of theequestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn.

Chulalongkorn died on 23 October 1910, and Vajiravudh succeeded his father as king of Siam.

Accession and early reforms

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King Vajiravudh's coronation portrait, 1911

Even before his coronation, Vajiravudh initiated several reforms. He organized Siam's defence and established military academies. He created the rank of "general" for the first time in Siam, with his uncle, PrinceBhanurangsi Savangwongseas the first SiameseField Marshal.On 11 November 1910, Vajiravudh underwent a provisionalcoronation ceremony,with a more lavish one planned for after the funerary rites of his father were complete.

His first act following his accession to the throne was to build the Royal Pages College, subsequently renamedVajiravudh Collegeby King Prajadhipok to honour his brother. It was built as an all-boy's boarding school in the same tradition as English public schools such asEtonandHarrow.The school was built instead of a royal monastery, formerly a custom of Thai kings, as King Vajiravudh deemed that there were already too many temples in Bangkok. In his own hand written letter, King Vajiravudh wrote that "In the Royal Pages College, what I want is not so much to turn out model boys, all of the same standard, all brilliant scholars with thousands of marks each, as to turn out efficient young men— young men who will be physically and morally clean, and who will be looking forward keenly to take up whatever burden the future of our state may lay upon them". Later he also raised the Civil Servant School to "Chulalongkorn Academy for Civil Officials", thenChulalongkorn University.Both Vajiravudh College and Chulalongkorn University still benefit from the funds that King Vajiravudh set aside for the use of the two elite institutions. He also improved Siamese healthcare systems and set up some of the earliest public hospitals in Siam,Vajira Hospitalin 1912 andChulalongkorn Hospitalin 1914.

In 1911, he established theWild Tiger Corps[เสือป่า]) a para-military corp outside of the established military hierarchy. Initially a ceremonial guard, it became a military force of 4,000 within its first year and consumed much of the King's time and energy. It became the source of deep dissatisfaction between the army and the King. A branch for children was also established known as (ลูกเสือTiger Cubs) which became theBoy Scouts.

On 28 November 1911 Vajiravudh's second and formal coronation was held with visiting royals from Europe and Japan as guests, a first for Siam, which festivities took 13 days. Later that year, the first airplane was flown in Siam.

The early years of Vajiravudh's administration were largely dominated by his two uncles, PrinceDamrongand PrinceDevawongse,both of them Chulalongkorn's right-hand men. However, the king disagreed with Prince Damrong, Minister of Interior, over Damrong's negotiation of theAnglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909that ceded four sultanates to the British Empire.[8]

Vajiravudh reformed his father'smonthonsystem by creating the "paks" (Thai:ภาค) or "regions" over the administrative monthons. Each pak was governed by anUparaja(viceroy) directly responsible to the king. TheUparajapresided over the intendants of monthons in the region—thus concentrating local administrative powers in his hands—much to the dismay of Prince Damrong.

Attempted coup

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Main article:Palace Revolt of 1912
Monarchs of
theChakri dynasty
Phutthayotfa Chulalok
(Rama I)
Phutthaloetla Naphalai
(Rama II)
Nangklao
(Rama III)
Mongkut
(Rama IV)
Chulalongkorn
(Rama V)
Vajiravudh
(Rama VI)
Prajadhipok
(Rama VII)
Ananda Mahidol
(Rama VIII)
Bhumibol Adulyadej
(Rama IX)
Vajiralongkorn
(Rama X)
Photograph of Palace Revolt of 1912 key plotters

Radicals expected a new constitution upon the coronation of Vajiravudh. However, no constitution was forthcoming. In 1911, theWuchang Uprisingthat led to the fall ofQing dynastyprompted Siamese radicals to act. So, for the first time in Siam, an attempt was made to overthrow the monarchy and establish democracy.

The immediate cause, however, occurred even before Vajiravudh's coronation. In 1909, Crown Prince Vajiravudh ordered aThai Royal Military Academystudent who had had an argument with one of Vajiravudh's pages to be caned. Academy alumni were further provoked by Vajiravudh's creation of theWild Tiger Corps,seen by the army as a threat to their prerogatives.

The plotters were relatively young army and naval officers, students during the 1909 incident. The coup was planned for 1 April—the traditional SiameseNew Year's Day.They planned to elevate one of Vajiravudh's half brothers, PrinceRaphi Phatthanasak,to be the firstpresidentof Siam. They believed that, if the absolute monarchy were removed, Siam would achieve modernization as in Japan underEmperor Taishō.The coup leaders accused the king of devoting his time to writing and acting in theatrical plays with his companions. They also accused him of living a luxurious Western-style life, buildingSanam Chan PalaceandLumphini Park,and owning expensive horses from Australia, while preaching austerity and nationalism to his subjects. The counter-argument is that the assertions were political and his developments were for the good of the state, in terms of impressing visiting dignitaries, or developing assets for the nation. Rama VI donated Lumphini Park, originally an exhibition ground on royal land, to the public in 1925 at his expense.[9][10]

The coup plan was leaked. Captain Yut Kongyu, who was selected as the assassin bylottery,toldMom ChaoPrawatpan, and then PrinceChakrabongse,of the intended coup. Prince Chakrabongse arrested all the conspirators. Their sentences were severe, ranging from execution to long-term imprisonment. However, Vajiravudh rescinded the punishments and released the plotters, saying that what they did was for the sake of the kingdom.

Administration, economy, infrastructure

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King Vajiravudh wearing thekhruiof a barrister-at-law

Rama VI inherited his father's plan of building a modern nation although he was more skeptical of outside methods. Disagreements occurred incessantly with "old aristocrats", many of whom were his relatives such as the celebratedPrince Damrong,his uncle, who took charge of the Ministry of Interior. As more and more corruption in the newly created provinces was reported, Rama VI created a viceroy system. Viceroys, appointed directly by the king, were sent to supervise provincial governors and local officials.

In 1912, Vajiravudh announced the change in thesolar calendar erafrom theRattanakosin Era(R.S.) designated by Chulalongkorn to theBuddhist Erawith the year beginning 1 April 2455 BE (1912 CE).

In 1913, Siam faced a financial crisis as the Chinese-Siamese Bank went bankrupt.[11]

In 1914, Vajiravudh, having determined that the act providing for the invocation ofmartial law,first promulgated by his father in 1907, was not consistent with modernlaws of warnor convenient for the preservation of the external or internal security of the state, changed to the modern form that, with minor amendments, continues in force.[12]

Also in 1914, the construction ofDon Mueang Airportbegan. In the same year the Siamese government borrowed from theFederated Malay Statesto extend railways to the south. In 1915, Vajiravudh himself visited the southern provinces to oversee railway construction. The Bangkok railway station atHua Lamphongwas then established as a center of Siamese railroads. Prince Damrong eventually left the Ministry of Interior in 1915. In 1916, Vajiravudh appointed his half-brother,Prince of Kamphang Phet,as the Head of the Railway Department.

The king continued his father'srice varietiescompetition. He also continued the overall royal encouragement ofdevelopment of rice varieties,founding the Rangsit Rice Experiment Station in 1916 (now calledPathum Thani Rice Research Centerand run by the Ministry of Agriculture).[13][14]

In 1917, Vajiravudh established the Nakorn Sri Thammarat Regiment as his personal guard. In the same year Vajiravudh founded Chulalongkorn University, the first university in Siam, named in honor of his father. In 1918, Vajiravudh founded theDusit ThaninearDusit Palaceas an experimental site for democracy. The democratic institutions were imitated including elections, parliament, and the press. Vajiravudh himself acted as one of the citizens of Dusit Thani, yet the city was criticized by others[who?]as another of Vajiravudh's theatrical conceits.

During 1918–1919 the price of rice soared. The government faced public criticism due to its tepid response. The major cause of the problem was the hoarding of rice. Chinese millers and rice merchants bought huge amounts of rice from farmers for export to Singapore, the largest rice market in the region. Price speculation was rampant. The government imposed a ban on rice exports. At the same time, public servants asked for higher wages due to the rising cost of living. The public, mainly the urban "middle-class", and Chinese traders became more and more unhappy with the government.

World War I and Siamese nationalism

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The Siamese Expeditionary Force with the tricolor flag of Siam inParis,1919
See also:Siam in World War I

On 22 July 1917 Vajiravudh declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.[15]He aligned Siam with theAllied Powersand expelled German and Austrian officials from the Railway Department and Siam Commercial Bank. He also put the properties of theCentral Powersunder a Siamese government protectorate. Vajiravudh saw the war as an opportunity to create and promote Siamese nationalism. He changed theFlag of Siamfrom the elephant banner to the tricolor banner. King Vajiravudh is considered by some writers to be the father ofThai nationalism,which was later built upon by Field MarshalPhibunsongkhramandSarit Thanarat.The alternative view is that the idea of nationalism by Rama VI was a later political construct. PrinceChula Chakrabongseclassified him as a liberal.[16]

Vajiravudh wrote a letter (held in theGloucestershire Archives,England) to his friend Maynard Colchester Wemyss setting out his reasons for going to war, dated 18 September 1917.[17]Wemyss was guardian to King Bhumipol's father and two of his brothers. Vajiravudh described the presence of Imperial German spy activity in Bangkok, allying with business groups for economic arrangements after a German take-over of Siam. Wemyss and the King also corresponded aboutKaiser Wilhelm II's Asian aggression, on atrocities involving the Kaiser's army in Belgium (theRape of Belgium) and the killing of British civilians by naval bombardment during theraid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby.In 1921, Rama VI wrote to Wemyss that in avoiding the "German militaristic spirit... Thai people had been protected as free minds".[18] Vajiravudh introduced the practice of using the nameRamafor the Chakri kings in deference to the dynasty and following western practice, being then himself Rama VI.[citation needed]

Other than 140,000Vietnamesecolonial troops and workers drafted by theFrench,Siamese troops were the only Southeast Asians in the European theatre of World War I.[19]However, the Siamese troops did not see much action, as they arrived in Europe towards the end of the war. Participation in the war allowed Siam to later negotiate with the Western powers as a partner, albeit a junior one.[20]Although the Siamese pilots who trained in France did not see combat because the war ended, Siam's participation in the First World war led to the founding of the Royal Thai Airforce and the airborne postal service. The Royal Siamese Transport Corps (Ror Yor) and Medical Corps did see front line action, but not in combat.[21]Nineteen soldiers died, some in accidents, but mainly from theSpanish Flu.[22]

Financial crisis

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In 1917, the price of silver rose and exceeded the face value of silver coins. The coins were then melted down and sold. The government solved this by changing the pure silver coin to alloy. Vajiravudh eventually forbade exports of Siamese coins. In 1918, the usage of 1-baht coins was nullified and 1-baht banknotes were introduced. Coins were recalled and kept as a national reserve. In 1919, Vajuravudh imposed a military-exemptation tax (Thai:เงินรัชชูปการ) nationwide including on the royal members. As the need for huge capital increased, a new bank, later known as the "Government Savings Bank",was founded in 1923.

Though the Siamese forces that joined the march atVersaillesreturned triumphant in 1919, the worldwide economic problems caused by World War I were serious. In the same year, drought hit Siam and rice shortages ensued. The government forbade the export of rice, the main Siamese export since theBowring Treaty.Queen MotherSaovabha,Vajiravudh's mother, died in 1919. Siamese participation in World War I opened the way to reconciliation, first with theUnited Statesin 1920, then to redress the unequal treaties imposed by Western powers in the 19th century.

In spite of the financial crisis, railway constructions continued. The railway reachedNarathiwatand was expanded north and east. The construction of theRama VI Bridgecarrying the railway over theChao Phraya Riverin Bangkok began in 1922 and the same year the railway reachedChiang Mai.However, the treasury was in such straits that a large loan from Britain was negotiated. Also in 1922, an insurgency occurred inPattaniover new taxation policies. It was readily suppressed by the Nakorn Sri Thammarat Regiment. In 1923, Vajiravudh announced his six principles in the governance of Pattani Province, emphasizing local freedom and tax measures.

Personal life

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Vajiravudh as a writer

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King Vajiravudh inspecting a Sukhothai-era Buddha in 1907 (Ror Yor 126), with anagaand a lotus finial. The caption, in the King's hand, classified the Buddha. He signed the photo on top right.
Main article:Works of Vajiravudh

King Vajiravudh was one of Thailand's most highly renowned artists, writing modern novels, short stories, newspaper articles, poems, plays, and journals. He translated many ofEnglish literatureandFrench literatureinto Thai, Among his works were translations of threeShakespeareplays:The Merchant of Venice,As You Like It,andRomeo and Juliet.He wrote many other pieces promoting Thainationalism,one of his nationalistic works is "The Honour of Tiger Soldier[th]"(Thai:เกียรติศักดิ์ทหารเสือ) based on ancient French chivalric rhyme "Mon âme à Dieu, Ma vie au Roi, Mon cœur aux Dames, L'honneur pour moi", and might also be influenced byAlexandre Dumas'sThe Three Musketeers.King Vajiravudh also composed nonfiction such as “The War of Polish Succession”, which he wrote while he was Crown Prince[23](see also external links below).

The king was among those writers who introduced mysteries and detective stories to the Thai reading public. He translatedAgatha Christie'sHercule Poirotnovels into Thai, and created the character "Nai Thong-In"(Thai:นักสืบนายทองอิน) as a Siamese consulting detective, usingSir Arthur Conan Doyle'sSherlock HolmesandEdgar Allan Poe'sDupinas an archetypes.[24][25]He translatedSax Rohmer'sThe Golden Scorpion.

The king was well-versed inSanskritandHinduliterature, including theRamayanaand theMahabharataepics. He translated many stories from the two epics into Thai and also wrote plays inspired by Hindu literature. He was influenced byRama,the incarnation of LordVishnuand hero of the Ramayana epic, to the extent that he systemized and promoted the use of the nameRamaas the (English) reign names of all Thai kings of the Bangkok (Rattanakosin) era. His own reign was dubbed as "Rama VI". (SeeRama (Kings of Thailand))

As a homage to his great, great, great-grandfather, Tao Sên-pom, King Vajiravudh published a fictional play in Thai, based on the Prince and designed for performance with musical accompaniment in 1913.[26]Prince Sên-pom was the father of Chao Praya Chakri,Rama I.The drama centres on a tale of Siamese courtly romance. It is absorbing fun and well-written. A copy of the play was given as a present to the Armstrong family inCragsideHouse,Rothbury,where it remains in the library. On a trip to the EnglishLake District,Vajiravudh directed the performance of a play at the Stonehenge-like setting ofCastlerigg Stone Circle,in the mountains nearKeswick.

In 1914 King Vajiravudh published in a Thai newspaper an article titled "Jews of the Orient" (Thai:ยิวแห่งบูรพาทิศ).Vajiravudh explicitly adopted Western antisemitic tropes and applied them to Chinese in Siam.[27]The essay was written in the context of a recent strike by Chinese merchants and workers which had paralyzed Bangkok, and may also have been the product of Vajiravudh's exposure to Europeananti-Semitism.[28]The article describedChinese immigrants in Thailandas having excessive "racial loyalty and astuteness in financial matters." The king wrote, "Money is their God. Life itself is of little value compared with the leanest bank account."[29]

Marriages

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Vajiravudh had been a king without a queen for about ten years. In 1920, he metHer Serene HighnessPrincess Varnvimol at his theatre atPhayathai Palace.They were engaged and Princess Vanbimol was elevated to PrincessVallabhadevi.However, four months later in 1921, Vajiravudh nullified the engagement and pursued Princess Vallabha's sister,Princess Lakshamilavan,whom he engaged. However, the marriage was never held and the couple then separated. Princess Vallabha Devi was house-arrested in theGrand Palacefrom then on.

In 1921, Vajiravudh marriedPrueang Sucharitakul,who was a daughter of Lord Suthammamontri and elevated her to Lady Sucharitsuda. He then married Sucharitsuda's sister,Prabai Sucharitakul,with the title of Lady Indrani. In 1922, Lady Indrani was elevated to Princess and Queen Indrasakdisachi. However, the queen suffered two miscarriages. In 1924, Vajiravudh married Krueakaew Abhaiwongse, later renamedSuvadhana,a daughter of Lord Aphaiphubet. Queen Indrasakdisachi was then demoted to Princess Consort in 1925.

Vajiravudh had only one child, a daughter withSuvadhana,Princess Bejaratana Rajasuda(Thai:เพชรรัตนราชสุดา;1925–2011). In his influential bookImagined Communities,Anglo-Irish political scientist and historianBenedict Andersonspeculated that the king washomosexualand that this would have prevented him from accession if the law of succession had not been reformed.[30]Anderson was the first modern scholar to break the taboo and write about the king's personal preferences.[31]

Succession law

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Main article:1924 Palace Law of Succession

In 1924, Vajiravudh promulgated his Law of Succession, which has since become the code forChakri dynastysuccessions. According to the law, the throne would be passed to the king's sons and grandsons. However, in the case of Vajiravudh who had no sons, the throne would pass to his eldest "true" or full brother, that is, a brother who shared both the same father and mother, QueenSaovabha Phongsri.The law gave priority to the descendants of princes born to Queen Saovabha, then to QueenSavang Vadhana,and then to QueenSukhumala Marasri.The law also forbade princes whose mother was foreign from the throne. This referred to his brother, Prince Chakrabongse, who had married a Russian woman. His son, Prince Chula Chakrabongse, was therefore barred from the throne.

Financial problems and death

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Cremation pyre of King Vajiravudh at night

In 1924, King Vajiravudh, accompanied by Suvadhana, visited the Federated Malay States. The reconciliation with European powers on unequal treaties progressed gradually, while the financial crisis was taking a great toll on Siam as another loan was taken from Britain and the firing of numerous government officials occurred. In 1925 Vajiravudh had to dissolve his Nakorn Sri Thammarat Regiment and merged provinces into larger units to lower maintenance costs.

In November 1925, it was announced that Vajiravudh fell ill.[32]Princess Consort Suvadhana was then pregnant. Vajiravudh then announced his succession instructions: if Princess Suvadhana gave birth to a son, the throne would go to him. If not, the throne would pass to his surviving brother, PrincePrajadhipokof Sukhothai. He barred Princess Inthrasaksachi from being interred with him in the future and instead granted that right to Princess Suvadhana. Vajiravudh also barred his uncle, Prince Damrong, from the government.

On the night of 25 November, Princess Suvadhana gave birth to a princess only two hours before Vajiravudh's death. Vajiravudh glimpsed his sole daughter for the first and only time before his demise on the 26 November 1925. The throne passed to his brother, Prajadhipok, who named Vajiravudh's daughter as PrincessBejaratana.

Tributes to Vajiravudh

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The 1930 poem "Elegia do rei de Sião" ( "Elegy to the King of Siam" ) by Brazilian modernist poetCarlos Drummond de Andradeis dedicated to Vajiravudh.

  • King Vajiravudh on a stamp
  • Statue of the king inLumphini Park,Dusit, Bangkok

Honours

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Styles of
  • King Vajiravudh
  • Rama VI of Siam
Reference styleHis Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty
Royal Monograms of King Vajiravudh
  • Left: ว.ป.ร.6 (VajiravudhParamaRajadhirajaVI)
  • Right: ร.ร.6 (RamaRamadhipatiVI)

Military ranks

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National honours

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Foreign honours

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Ancestry

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Thai:วชิราวุธ;RTGS:Wachirawut
  2. ^fromQueen Maria Christina,Regent of Spain, when he attended the enthronement ceremonies for KingAlfonso XIIIinMadrid.
  3. ^invested by KingEdward VIIat Buckingham Palace after he reached his majority.
  4. ^from EmperorWilhelm IIduring an official visit toBerlin.

References

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  1. ^We Love Mahavajiravudh."สมเด็จพระมหาธีรราชเจ้า: พระราชประวัติ รัชกาลที่ 6".Kingramavi.blogspot.Retrieved14 July2019.
  2. ^"Place of peace and tranquility".Bangkok Post.Retrieved11 February2024.
  3. ^Worachart Michubut. History of King Vajiravudh. Lecture Transcript, Vajiravudh School Website, Bangkok, accessed 2020.
  4. ^ab"Germany".The Times.No. 36783. London. 2 June 1902. p. 7.
  5. ^"Court Circular".The Times.No. 36875. London. 17 September 1902. p. 7.
  6. ^Royal Military College Sandhurst.
  7. ^"Court News".The Times.No. 36894. London. 9 October 1902. p. 4.
  8. ^"พระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้า vs สมเด็จกรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ".Reurnthai.Retrieved3 February2012.
  9. ^Klomsuan, Kantika (2013).The Siamese Kingdom Exhibition(in Thai). Bangkok.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^"The First Siamese Kingdom International Expo in the Reign of King Rama VI".silpa-mag.7 May 2021.
  11. ^Edward Van Roy. "Siamese Melting Pot", (2018).
  12. ^Pakorn Nilprapunt (2 April 2012) [2006]."Martial Law, B.E. 2457 (1914) unofficial translation"(PDF).Thailand Law Forum.Office of the Council of State (Thailand).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 16 April 2013.Retrieved30 May2014.Reference to Thai legislation in any jurisdiction shall be to the Thai version only. This translation has been made so as to establish correct understanding about this Act to the foreigners.
  13. ^"History".กระทรวงเกษตรและสหกรณ์[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives]. Archived fromthe originalon 17 November 2021.Retrieved30 August2021.
  14. ^"Rice Breeding and R&D Policies in Thailand".Food and Fertilizer Technology CenterAgricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP).26 April 2018.Retrieved30 August2021.
  15. ^Boontanondha, Thep."King Vajiravudh and the Making his Military Image".Academia.Paper presented at the 8th Singapore Graduate Forum on SE Asian Studies.Retrieved7 July2016.
  16. ^Chakrabongse, Chula (1967).Lords of Life. A History of the Kings of Thailand.Alvin Redman Ltd.
  17. ^Mann, Neela (2015)."The extraordinary story of the letters between Maynard Willoughby Colchester Wemyss and King Rama VI of Siam".
  18. ^Letter, King Rama VI to Wemyss, Gloucester Archives, Gloucester, UK, 28 July 1921
  19. ^Sanderson Beck: Vietnam and the French: South Asia 1800-1950, paperback, 629 pages
  20. ^ไทยกับสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 1Archived6 August 2017 at theWayback Machineat knowledge.eduzones
  21. ^Phusrisom, K (2020).Soldiers of Siam: A First World War Chronicle.Durham, UK: Lemongrass Books. p. 31.ISBN978-1-9163563-0-6.
  22. ^Phusrisom, K (2016)."The Siamese Expeditionary Force of World War One and the Spanish Flu".Hektoen International Journal of Medical Humanities.Fall 2016.
  23. ^"Internet Archive: The War of Polish Succession".Retrieved6 October2019.
  24. ^"Elementary, My Dear Wat:" influence and imitation in the early crime fiction of 'Late-Victorian' Siam by Rachel Harrison, inChewing Over the Pest: Occidental Narrative in Non-Western Readings,Rachel Harrison ed.
  25. ^https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/274812/183281Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 112, Pt. 1, June 2024 by Tony Waters, pp. 191–
  26. ^Vajiravudh, H M King (1913).The story of Tao Sên-pom(in Thai). Cragside House, Rothbury, England.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  27. ^Han, Enze (2024).The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.p. 127.ISBN978-0-19-769659-0.
  28. ^Chaloemtiarana, Thak (25 December 2014)."Are We Them? Textual and Literary Representations of the Chinese in Twentieth-Century Thailand".Southeast Asian Studies.3(3).Retrieved28 April2020.
  29. ^Zenner, Walter P. (1 January 1991).Minorities in the Middle: A Cross-Cultural Analysis.SUNY Press.ISBN978-0-7914-0642-7.
  30. ^Benedict Anderson(1991).Imagined Communities.New York&London:Verso Books.p. 21.ISBN0-86091-329-5.
  31. ^Reynolds, Craig J. (2014)."Homosociality in modern Thai political culture".Journal of Southeast Asian Studies.45(2): 258–277.doi:10.1017/S0022463414000095.S2CID159778879.
  32. ^"พระราชประวัติพระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว".Archived fromthe originalon 8 April 2009.Retrieved26 April2009.
  33. ^Archived copyArchived14 August 2016 at theWayback Machine
  34. ^Archived copyArchived14 August 2016 at theWayback Machine
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  49. ^ราชกิจจานุเบกษา,ข่าวสมเด็จพระบรมโอรสาธิราช สยามมกุฎราชกุมารเสด็จเมืองปารีศ,เล่ม ๑๙, ตอน ๔๓, ๑๑ มกราคม พ.ศ. ๒๔๔๕, หน้า ๘๓๓

Further reading

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  • Greene, Stephen Lyon Wakeman.Absolute Dreams. Thai Government Under Rama VI, 1910-1925.Bangkok: White Lotus, 1999.
  • Vella, Walter Francis.Chaiyo! King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism.Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1978.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related toVajiravudh.
Vajiravudh (Rama VI)
Born:1 January 1881Died:25 November 1925
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Siam
23 October 1910 – 26 November 1925 		Succeeded by
Thai royalty
Preceded by Crown Prince of Siam
4 January 1895 – 23 October 1910 		Vacant
Title next held by
Vajiralongkorn
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vajiravudh&oldid=1259279157"