Wikipedia

Vale S.A.

Vale(Portuguese pronunciation:[ˈvali]), formerlyCompanhia Vale do Rio Doce(Doce RiverValley Company),[6]is a Brazilianmultinational corporationengaged in metals and mining and one of the largest logistics operators in Brazil.[7]Vale is the largest producer ofiron oreandnickelin the world. It also produces manganese,ferroalloys,copper,bauxite,potash,kaolin,andcobalt;as of 2014 the company operated ninehydroelectricityplants, and a large network of railroads, ships, and ports used to transport its products.[8]

Vale
Company typePublic
B3:VALE3
NYSE:VALE
BMAD:XVALO
Ibovespa Component
IndustryMetalsandMining[1]
Founded1 June 1942;82 years ago(1942-06-01)(as Companhia Vale do Rio Doce)
Itabira,Minas Gerais,Brazil
FounderVargas Erafederal government of Brazil
HeadquartersRio de Janeiro,Brazil
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Gustavo Pimenta,CEO
Murilo Muller,CFO[2]
ProductsIron ore
Iron ore pellets
Manganese ore
Ferroalloys
Copper
Nickel
Coal
Fertilizers
RevenueIncreaseUS$54.5 billion(2021)[3]
IncreaseUS$ 24.8 billion(2021)[3]
Total assetsDecreaseUS$ 89.4 billion(2021)[3]
Owner
Number of employees
213,413(2021)[3]
In-House:72.266
Outsourced:141.147
SubsidiariesVale Canada
Vale Fertilizantes
Caemi(98,3%)
Samarco(50%)
VLI Multimodal S.A. (37,6%)
MRS Logística(10,9%)
Companhia Siderúrgica do Pecém (50%)
Websitevale

The company has had two catastrophictailings dam failuresin Brazil:Mariana,in 2015, andBrumadinho,in 2019; the Brumadinho dam disaster caused the company to lose its license to operate eight tailings dams inMinas Gerais,[9][10]and its stock to drop nearly 25 percent in price.[11]

Current operations

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Although the company's primary operations are inBrazil,Vale has operations in 30 countries, which are detailed below and on the company's website.[12]

Ownership structure

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The company is listed on the stock exchanges ofSão Paulo,New York City,Jakarta,ParisandMadrid.

Mining business

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Vale'sCarajás Iron Mine,Pará,2009NASAsatellite photo

Iron ore:Vale is the world's largest iron ore producer.[13]Sales of iron ore fines and pellets represented 65% of total company revenues in 2014. In 2014, Vale sold 256 millionmetric tonnesof iron ore fines and 44 million metric tonnes of iron ore pellets.[8]Vale's Mariana Hub was the 9th largest iron ore mining center in the world in 2014, with an output of 39 million metric tonnes.[14]Vale's Serra Sul /S11Dis the largest mining reserve in the world. The company's iron ore mines are primarily inBrazil.[8]

Nickel:Vale is the world's largest nickel producer.[13]Sales of nickel represented 17% of total company revenues in 2014. In 2014, Vale sold 272,000 metric tonnes of nickel.[8]The company owns nickel mines inCanada,Indonesia,New CaledoniaandBrazil.Teslais known to buy the majority of their nickel from Vale.[8]In May 2022, Vale said that it had signed a long-term deal of supplying nickel for Tesla. The agreement involves supplying low-carbon Class 1 nickel which Tesla needs for its electric vehicles' batteries. In line with this, Vale is pushing to increase its exposure to the electric vehicle industry.[15]

Fertilizer products, primarilyphosphatesandnitrogen:Sales of fertilizer products represented 6% of total company revenues in 2014. In 2014, Vale sold 9 million metric tonnes of fertilizer products.[8]

Copper:Sales of copper concentrate represented 4% of total company revenues in 2014. In 2014, Vale sold 353,000 metric tonnes of copper. The company owns copper mines inBrazil,Canada,ChileandZambia.[8]

Manganeseandalloys:Sales of manganese and alloys represented 1% of total company revenues in 2014. In 2014, Vale sold 2 million metric tonnes of manganese and alloys.[8]

Coal:Sales of coal represented 2% of total company revenues in 2014. In 2014, Vale sold 7.5 million metric tonnes of coal. The company owns coal mines inAustraliaandMozambique.[8]

Logistics

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Railroads

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From 2000 to 2006, Vale invested more than $1.3 billion on the acquisition of over 361locomotivesand around 14,090freight cars,those locomotives were primarily foriron oretransportation, but some were for regular cargo.[8]Some of the locomotives purchased were secondhand for refurbishment but at least 55 of the locomotives acquired were new ones of the modelEMD SD70M,each one costing about $2 million.[16][17]

After those investments, Vale became the owner of over 800 locomotives and more than 35,000 freight cars.[8]

Vale owns the concession of three Brazilian railways:Vitória-Minas Railway(EFVM),Ferrovia Centro-Atlântica(FCA) andCarajás railroad(EFC).

Ferrovia Centro-Atlântica and Vitória a Minas railroads
  • Vitória a Minas railroad — Vale operates under a 30-year contract this 905 km,1,000 mm(3 ft3+3⁄8in) railroad, which is used to transport iron from theIron QuadrangleinMinas Geraisto thePort of Tubarãoin the state ofEspírito Santo.The concession expires in 2027. This railroad also carried 1.1 million passengers in 2006.
  • Carajás railroad — The concession of this 892 km,1,600 mm(5 ft 3 in) gauge railroad also expires in 2027, it links Carajás iron ore mines in the state of Pará toPonta da Madeiraport terminal in the state ofMaranhão.Vale operates a train of 3.2 km and 340 cars on this railroad.
  • Ferrovia Centro-Atlântica[18]— Vale controls this railroad through the subsidiaryFCA.As it is shown on theVale's operations mapabove, this 7,000 km,1,000 mm(3 ft3+3⁄8in) railroad extends through 6Brazilian states,this railroad originally belonged to theRFFSA.Vale's concession of this railroad expires in 2026.
  • Vale also has a stake in railway operators in Mozambique and Malawi via theNacala Logistics Corridor.[19]

Ports and container terminals

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Brazil
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On February 5, 2019, the state court of the Province ofMinas Geraisordered Vale to halt use of eight of its tailings dams, including the Laranjeiras dam at Brucutu.[9]

  • Port of Tubarão— Vale owns and operates this port located inVitória, Brazilin the state of Espírito Santo.[20]It's the largest iron ore embarking port in the world.[21]Around 80 million metric tonnes of iron ore (30% of the company's annual production) are shipped through this port.[8]
  • Ponta da Madeira— Located in the state ofMaranhão,it ships around 70 million metric tonnes mostly of iron ore, but also ofmanganeseandcopperfor the company; it is being upgraded for theS11Dproject
  • Port of Sepetiba — Vale operates two maritime terminals in the Port of Sepetiba area located in the state ofRio de Janeiro,together they ship around 60 million metric tonnes of iron ore.
  • Feijão mine— site of theBrumadinho dam disasteron 25 January 2019.

Vale also operates port terminals in the state ofSergipeand two others in the state ofEspírito Santo.

Malaysia
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  • Teluk Rubiah Maritime Terminal (TRMT), a state of the art maritime terminal in the state ofPerak,operates as a distribution centre for iron ore in the Asia Pacific region.

Ships

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Vale has also entered the shipping business by ordering 35Very Large Ore Carriers(VLOC) to transport iron ore between South America and Asia. These 362-metre (1,188 ft), 400,000DWTships are the longest and largest dry bulk carriers in the world. The first ship,Vale Brasil,was delivered in March 2011.[22]

Energy

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Vale's energy business is focused on power production to fulfill the needs of its mining operations, as well as supplying the general Brazilian power grid. In 2005, it consumed 16.9 TWh of electrical power, accounting for 4.4% of Brazil's total consumption in that year.[citation needed][23][24]

Vale has participation in 8hydroelectric plants,with 7 of these located in the state ofMinas Gerais.Vale's investment in hydroelectric power plants totals $880 million.[25]The company also plans to build a 600 MW thermoelectric power plant in the state ofPará.[26]

Vale's Hydroelectric power plants[26][27]
Name Location Production Capacity Vale's Ownership Vale's Investment Start of Operations
Aimorés Minas Gerais 330 MW 51% $141 million July 2005
Candonga Minas Gerais 140 MW 50% $46 million September 2004
Capim Branco I Minas Gerais 240 MW 48.42% $90 million February 2006
Capim Branco II Minas Gerais 210 MW 48.42% $90 million May 2007
Estreito Tocantins 1,087 MW 30% $355 million August 2009
Funil Minas Gerais 180 MW 51% $49 million December 2002
Igarapava Minas Gerais 210 MW 38.15% $88.1 million January 1999
Porto Estrela Minas Gerais 112 MW 33.33%% $20 million September 2001

Vale also operates hydroelectric plants in Canada andIndonesia.[8]

Rebranding

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In November 2007, the company retired the nameCVRDin favour of simplified company name ofVale,and rebranded.[28]

History

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Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (widely known as CVRD prior to 2007) (in English, "Doce RiverValley Company ") was founded inItabira,Minas Gerais,by the Brazilian Federal Government on 1 June 1942.[29]

One year later the Vitória a Minas railroad was inaugurated.[29]

The 1950s marked Companhia Vale do Rio Doce's entry into the global iron ore market, after the company's mine-railroad-port complex was modernized and iron ore prices doubled. At first, sales were mostly to the United States, but exports to Europe increased over the course of the decade.[30]

In 1966, the company inaugurated inEspírito SantothePort of Tubarão,which was to become the most important port for CVRD and is still used to exportiron oremined from theIron QuadrangleinMinas Gerais.[29]

The company acquired a majority interest in theCarajás Mine,with over 1.5 billion tonnes of iron ore in reserves, in 1970.[31]

In 1974, Vale became the world's biggest exporter of iron ore, a title which it still holds today.[31]

In 1982, Vale began to diversify after it started to producealuminiuminRio de Janeiro.[31]

In the early-to-mid-1980s, profits increased considerably under the leadership ofEliezer Batista,father ofEike Batista.[32]

In 1985, Vale started to explore theCarajás Minein the state ofParájust after the1,600 mm(5 ft 3 in) gauge Carajás railroad was opened.

In 1986, Ponta Madeira port terminal, which is still used to export iron ore mined at theCarajás Mine,was inaugurated in the state ofMaranhão.

In March 2017, Vale SA chose acommoditiesindustry veteran, Fabio Schvartsman, aschief executive officer.Schvartsman wasCEOofKlabin SA,Brazil'slargest paper and cardboard producer, for the previous six years.[33]

Privatization in 1997

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In May 1997, despite protests by Vale employees and some politicians, theBrazilian Governmentauctioned a 41.73% interest in the company, which was sold for R$3.34 billion (US$3.13 billion). The largest interest purchased was a 16.3% stake purchased by Brazilian steel companyCompanhia Siderúrgica Nacional.[34]

Sale of wood pulp businesses

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In 2001, Vale sold its Cenibra wood pulp business toAracruzandVotorantim Celulose e Papeljointly for US$670.5 million to focus on mining and logistics.[35][36]

In 2002, Vale sold 100,000 acres of land and the eucalyptus forests thereon related to its wood pulp business for R$137 million.[37]

Sale of steel businesses

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In 2000, the company sold its stake in Açominas toGerdauin exchange for preferred shares inGerdau.[38]

In 2001, Vale sold its stake inCompanhia Siderúrgica Nacionalfor R$520 million.[39]

In 2004, Vale sold its stake in CST toArcelorfor US$415.1 million.[40]

In 2006, Vale sold its interest in Siderar toTerniumfor US$107.5 million.[41]

In 2006, the company sold 5,362,928 shares inUsiminasfor or R$378.6 million.[42]In 2007, the company sold the majority of its stake inUsiminas.[43]In 2009, the company sold its remaining stake inUsiminas.[44]

Sale of coal businesses

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In 2014, Vale announced the sale of coal assets inMozambiquetoMitsuiin a $950 million transaction.[45]

In 2015, Vale's Integra coal mine located in Australia's Hunter Valley inNew South Waleswas sold toGlencoreandBloomfieldin a complex multi-party deal.[46]

Acquisitions of Brazilian iron ore companies

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In May 2000, the company acquired Sociomex, owner of theGongo SôcoMine, with proven reserves of approximately 75 million tonnes.[47]

In May 2000, the company also acquired a controlling interest in Samitri, one of the biggest pelletizing companies of Brazil.[48]

In April 2001, the company acquired Ferteco, then the third largest Brazilian producer of iron ore, with a production capacity of 15 million tonnes per year.[49]

In 2006, the company acquired Rio Verde Mineração for $47 million.[50]

Acquisition ofCaemiand acquisition and partial disposition of MBR

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On 1 April 2000, Vale offered to payMitsuiUS$277 million for 50% of the common shares and US$150 million for 40% of the preferred stock inCaemi.Caemi owned MBR, Brazil's second largest iron ore producer, mining over 60 million tonnes per year.[51]

The acquisition was approved by European regulators subject to conditions.[52]

In September 2003, Vale purchased an additional stake in Caemi from Mitsui for US$426.4 million.[53]

On 23 January 2006, the company announced astock swapmerger to acquire the interest Caemi that it did not already own.[54]

In 2007, increased its ownership in MBR by purchasing additional interests fromMitsuifor US$114.5 million.[55]

Also in 2007, Vale announced that it will lease the shares of MBR that it did not already own from their 7 Japanese shareholders for a 30-year period. The agreement required the company to pay a total of US$60.5 million in 2007 and US$48.1 million annually for a 30-year period and gave it total control of MBR.[56]

In 2015, Vale announced the sale of a 36.4% interest in MBR for R$4 billion.[57]

Diversification intonon-ferrous metals,coalandphosphate

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In 2001, Vale increased its copper mining operations by purchasing the Sossego mine in Carajas, in northern Brazil, for $48.5 million.[58]

In 2005, Vale acquiredCanico Resource,owner of anickelmine in Brazil, after increasing its offer to $865 million.[59][60]

In October 2006, Vale acquired Canadian-based nickel producerIncofor $18.9 billion, including $17.7 billion in cash and the assumption of $1.2 billion in debt.[61]To gain approval from Canadian authorities, Vale promised to continue investments in Canada and not lay off people for 3 years after closing.[62]

In 2007, Vale made a major entry into coal mining by acquiring AMCI Holdings Australia for AU$835 million.[63]

In 2010, Vale launched a public offer to acquire fertilizer and copper producer Paranapanema.[64][65]

In 2010, Vale acquired a controlling interest in Fosfertil via a series of transactions.[66][67]

In June 2011, Jason Chenier and Jordan Fram were killed at the 3,000 foot level of theFrood MinenearSudbury, Ontario.[68]

In 2011, the company sold its aluminum business to Norsk Hydro in a US$5.27 billion transaction.[69]Norsk Hydro thus became a truly integrated aluminium company. This gave Hydro the world's largestaluminarefinery and aimed to "secure raw materials for more than a hundred years of aluminum production". Hydro gained a largebauxitesupply, including control of theParagominas mine,one of the largest bauxite mines in the world. It also gained largealuminarefining and aluminum production capacity, including a 51 percent stake in theAlbrasaluminum plant and 91 percent ownership of Alunorte, then the world's largest alumina refinery and now the largest outside China.[70][71]

In July 2012, Vale sold its ferro-manganese plants inEuropetoGlencorefor $160 million.[72]

In 2014, Vale sold its interest in Fosbrasil S.A., a manufacturer of phosphate-based products toIsrael Chemicals Ltdfor $52 million.[73][74]

In 2015, the company announced that it would sell a 25% interest in gold produced from its Salobo mine, located in Brazil, toSilver Wheatonfor US$900 million.[75]

In 2015, the company entered into aletter of intentto sell bauxite assets toNorsk Hydro.[76]

On 26 November 2015, Vale announced that it planned to reduce itsbudgetforcapital expendituresfrom US$8 billion in 2015 to US$6.2 billion in 2016, with further reductions to US$4–5 billion by 2018.[77]

In May 2023 it was announced byEduardo BartolomeothatMark Cutifaniwould be appointed as Chair of the newVale Base Metals(VBM) subsidiary in a spin-off event.[78]Vale was looking to divest from its tar baby,[79]as early as December 2022.[80]As the time VBM was a supplier toTeslaandGeneral Motors.[80]Reports were afoot that GM,Mitsui,and theSaudi Public Investment Fundwere interested buyers of a 10% stake.[80]Former Tesla executiveJerome Guillenwould join the "energy transition board" of VBM along with Cutifani.[81]

Vale spun out its metals business as a separate ringfenced entity headquartered in Toronto, with an independent board chaired by Cutifani. That process completed in July 2023. The unit was then one of the world’s largest producers of nickel, copper, and cobalt, and has operations across the globe. The parent company's chief executive stated that Cutifani could help the division explore a future “liquidity event”.[81][82]In early 2023, the parent company earned 80% of its profits in its South American iron mines, and the balance from its Base Metals group.[78]

Disasters and incidents

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A village flooded in theMariana dam disaster(2015). The dam was a property ofSamarco,ajoint venturebetween Vale andBHP.

Bento Rodrigues dam collapse

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Main article:Mariana dam disaster

On 5 November 2015, theMariana dam disastercaused 19 deaths and massive environmental contamination when atailings damcollapsed at theSamarcomining site, co-owned by Vale andBHP.Heavy metalcontamination of theDoce Rivercaused water emergencies in many downstream cities which depend on the river for drinking water. Activities at the mine were suspended, and the companies agreed to pay compensation of R$4.4 billion (US$1.55 billion).[83]

An investigation into the disaster commissioned by BHP, Vale and Samarco found the collapse was due to a variety of construction and design flaws.[84]In June 2018, Samarco, Vale and BHP signed an agreement to drop a US$7 billion lawsuit and allow two years for the companies to address the greater US$55 billion suit seeking social, environmental and economic compensation.[85]

Brumadinho dam disaster

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Main article:Brumadinho dam disaster

On 25 January 2019, theBrumadinho dam disasteroccurred at the Córrego do Feijão mine in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, releasing 3 billion gallons of mine waste,[86]in a wave of red iron ore which destroyed the mine's cafeteria, where many workers were present and died, and which flooded the town ofBrumadinho.[87]270 were killed.[88]In 2020, prosecutors found that Vale had falsified safety reports for at least ten of its dams. They later charged sixteen officials of Vale including its CEO, with manslaughter.[89]

In 2021, Vale agreed to pay victims $7 billion. Though substantially deadlier, the environmental devastation was not as severe as with Bento Rodrigues.

Following the Córrego do Feijão disaster, a Brazilian court ordered Vale to stop disposing of tailings at eight dams.[86]

Tax dispute

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In 2013, Vale S.A. agreed to pay the equivalent of $9.5 billion to settle a tax dispute with the Brazilian authorities regarding its overseas profits from 2003 to 2012.[90]

Totten Mine

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On September 28, 2021, thirty-nine miners were trapped underground for 24 hours at the Totten Mine in Ontario after the entrance shaft became obstructed.[91]

Criticism

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In January 2012, Vale received the "people's choice"Public Eye Awardas the corporation with the most "contempt for the environment and human rights" in the world. Vale received 25,000 votes, with theBelo Monte Damcited as a reason.[92]

During the interim between the two dam disasters of 2015 and 2019; Vale had denied owning an upstream tailings waste structure such as collapsed, causing theBrumadinho damto burst.[11]

Following the 2019 disaster,BBC Newsreported that "Correspondents say the alarm system the company had installed to warn residents of any risk did not go off."[93]

In February 2021, an agreement was signed that required Vale to pay over $7 billion in compensation to the families of the victims.[94]$55 million was the settlement cost to the company for its role in making false certifications in regards to the 2019 disaster which the company reached with the U.S.Securities and Exchange Commissionin late March 2023.[95]

Carbon footprint

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Vale reported TotalCO2e emissions(Direct + Indirect) for 31 December 2020 at 10,250[96]Kt (-1,850 /-15.3% y-o-y). This is a higher rate of decline than over the period since 4Q'18 (-10.9% CAGR).

Vale's TotalCO2e emissions(Direct + Indirect) (in kilotonnes)
Dec 2016 Dec 2017 Dec 2018 Dec 2019 Dec 2020
13,300[97] 14,100[97] 14,500[97] 12,100[97] 10,250[97]

References

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  2. ^"Vale: Leadership".
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  8. ^abcdefghijklm"ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934".sec.gov.Retrieved14 November2024.
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  80. ^abc"Vale mulls listing base metals unit following minority stake sale".16 March 2023.
  81. ^ab"Vale taps ex-Anglo CEO Cutifani to chair battery metals board".
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  83. ^"BHP Billiton reaches $1.55bn settlement with Brazil over dam collapse".Australian Associated Press. 2 March 2016.Retrieved20 March2016– viaThe Guardian.
  84. ^"Samarco dam disaster probe reveals construction and design flaws".ABC News.29 August 2016.Retrieved10 February2022.
  85. ^"BHP signs deal to suspend $55b Samarco lawsuit for two years".ABC News.25 June 2018.Retrieved10 February2022.
  86. ^ab"Court Orders Vale To Stop Using Tailings Dams As Death Toll Climbs Above 120", by Vanessa Roma, February 4, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  87. ^Phillips, Dom (26 January 2019)."Hundreds feared dead as Brazil dam collapse releases mud tide".The Observer.ISSN0029-7712.Retrieved26 January2019.
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