Wikipedia

Vietnamese people

"Viet" redirects here. For other uses, seeViet (disambiguation),Viets (disambiguation),andVietnamese (disambiguation).
"Người Việt" redirects here. For the California newspaper, seeNguoi Viet Daily News.

TheVietnamese people(Vietnamese:người Việt,lit. 'Việt people'or'Việt humans') or theKinh people(Vietnamese:người Kinh,lit. 'Metropolitan people'), also recognized as theViet people[67]or theViets,are aSoutheast Asianethnic groupnative to modern-dayNorthern VietnamandSouthern Chinawho speakVietnamese,the most widely spokenAustroasiatic language.

Vietnamese people / Kinh people
Viet
người Việt / người Kinh
Total population
c.89 million
Regions with significant populations
Vietnam82,085,826(2019)[1]
United States2,300,000(2022)[2]
Cambodia400,000–1,000,000[3]
Japan565,026(2023)[4]
France300,000[5]–350,000[6][7]
Australia334,781(2021)[8]
Canada275,530(2021)[9]
Taiwan259,375(2024)[a]–470,000[18][19]
Germany215,000(2024)[20]
South Korea209,373(2022)[b]
Russia13,954[22]–150,000[23]
Thailand100,000[24][25]–500,000[26]
Laos100,000[27]
United Kingdom90,000[28]–100,000[29][30]
Malaysia80,000[31]
Czech Republic60,000–80,000[32]
Poland40,000–50,000[32]
Angola40,000[33][34]
Mainland China42,000[35][36]–303,000[37][c]/33,112 (2020)[38][d]
Norway28,114(2022)[39]
Netherlands24,594(2021)[40]
Sweden21,528(2021)[41]
Macau20,000(2018)[42]
United Arab Emirates20,000[43]
Saudi Arabia20,000[44][45][46]
Slovakia7,235[47]–20,000[48]
Denmark16,141(2022)[49]
Singapore15,000[50]
Belgium12,000–15,000[51]
Finland13,291(2021)[52]
Cyprus12,000[53][54]
New Zealand10,086(2018)[55]
Switzerland8,000[56]
Hungary7,304(2016)[57]
Ukraine7,000[58][59]
Ireland5,000[60]
Italy5,000[61]
Austria5,000[62][63]
Romania3,000[64]
Bulgaria2,500[65]
Languages
Vietnamese
Religion
PredominantlyVietnamese folk religionsyncretized withMahayana Buddhism.Minorities ofChristians(mostlyRoman Catholics) and other groups.[66]
Related ethnic groups
OtherVieticethnic groups
(Gin,Muong,Chứt,Thổpeoples)
This article containsVietnamesetext.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofchữ Nôm,chữ Hánandchữ Quốc ngữ.

Vietnamese Kinh people account for just 85.32% of the population ofVietnamin the2019 census,and are officially designated and recognized as theKinhpeople (người Kinh) to distinguish them from the otherminority groupsresiding in the country such as theHmong,Cham,orMường.The Vietnamese are one of the four main groups ofVieticspeakers in Vietnam, the others being theMường,Thổ,andChứt people.They are related to theGinpeople, a minority ethnic group in China.

Terminology

According to Churchman (2010), all endonyms and exonyms referring to the Vietnamese such asViet(related to ancient Chinese geographical imagination),Kinh(related to medieval administrative designation), orKeeuandKæw(derived from Jiāo giao, ancient Chinese toponym for Northern Vietnam,Old Chinese*kraw) byKra-Daispeaking peoples, are related to political structures or have common origins in ancient Chinese geographical imagination. Most of the time, the Austroasiatic-speaking ancestors of the modern Kinh under one single ruler might have assumed for themselves a similar or identical social self-designation inherent in the modern Vietnamese first-person pronounta(us, we, I) to differentiate themselves with other groups. In the older colloquial usage,tacorresponded to "ours" as opposed to "theirs", and during colonial time they were "nước ta"(our country) and"tiếng ta"(our language) in contrast to"nước tây"(western countries) and"tiếng tây"(western languages).[68]

Việt

The term "Việt"(Yue) (Chinese:Càng;pinyin:Yuè;Cantonese Yale:Yuht;Wade–Giles:Yüeh4;Vietnamese:Việt) inEarly Middle Chinesewas first written using thelogograph"戉" for an axe (a homophone), inoracle boneand bronze inscriptions of the lateShang dynasty(c. 1200BC), and later as "Càng".[69]At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang.[70][71]In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middleYangtzewere called theYangyue,a term later used for peoples further south.[70]Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC Yue/Việt referred to theState of Yuein the lower Yangtze basin and its people.[69][70]From the 3rd century BC the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam, with particular ethnic groups calledMinyue,Ouyue(Vietnamese:Âu Việt), Luoyue (Vietnamese:Lạc Việt), etc., collectively called theBaiyue(Bách Việt,Chinese:Bách Việt;pinyin:Bǎiyuè;Cantonese Yale:Baak Yuet;Vietnamese:Bách Việt;"Hundred Yue/Viet"; ).[69][70]The term Baiyue/Bách Việt first appeared in the bookLüshi Chunqiucompiled around 239 BC.[72][73]By the 17th and 18th centuries AD, educated Vietnamese referred to themselves asngười Việt𠊛 càng (Viet people) orngười Nam𠊛 nam (southern people).[74]

Người Việt 𠊛 càng (Vietnamese people) written here in the book, đại Nam Quốc sử diễn ca Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca

Kinh

Beginning in the 10th and 11th centuries, a strand of Viet-Muong (northern Vietic language) with influence from a hypothetic Chinese dialect in northern Vietnam, dubbed as Annamese Middle Chinese, started to become what is now theVietnamese language.[75][76][77]Its speakers called themselves the "Kinh" people, meaning people of the "metropolitan" centered around the Red River Delta withHanoias its capital. Historic and modern chữ Nôm scripture classically uses the Han character ' kinh ', pronounced "Jīng" in Mandarin, and "Kinh" with Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation. Other variants of Proto-Viet-Muong were driven from the lowlands by the Kinh and were calledTrại( trại Mandarin:Zhài), or "outpost" people, "by the 13th century. These became the modernMường people.[78]According to Victor Lieberman,người Kinh(Chữ Nôm:𠊛 kinh ) may be a colonial-era term for Vietnamese speakers inserted anachronistically into translations of pre-colonial documents, but literature on 18th century ethnic formation is lacking.[74]

History

Origins and pre-history

The forerunners of the ethnic Vietnamese descended from asubsetofProto-Austroasiaticpeople who are believed to have originated around the modern borders of southern China, either aroundYunnan,Lingnan,or theYangtze River,as well as mainlandSoutheast Asia.These proto-Austroasiatics also diverged intoMonicspeakers, who settled further to the west, and theKhmericspeakers, who migrated further south. TheMundaof northeastern India were another subset of proto-Austroasiatics who likely diverged earlier than the aforementioned groups, given the linguistic distance in basic vocabulary of the languages. Most archaeologists, linguists, and other specialists, such as Sinologists and crop experts, believe that they arrived no later than 2000 BC, bringing with them the practice of riverine agriculture and in particular, the cultivation of wet rice.[79][80][81][82]Some linguists (James Chamberlain, Joachim Schliesinger) have suggested that Vietic-speaking people migrated from theNorth Central Regionof Vietnam to theRed River Delta,which had originally been inhabited byTaispeakers.[83][84][85][86]However, Michael Churchman found no records of population shifts inJiaozhi(centered around the Red River Delta) in Chinese sources, indicating that a fairly stable population of Austroasiatic speakers, ancestral to modern Vietnamese, inhabited the delta during theHan-Tangperiods.[87]Others[who?]have proposed that northern Vietnam and southern China were never homogeneous in terms of ethnicity and languages but were populated bypeoplewho shared similar customs. These ancient tribes did not have any kind of defined ethnic boundary and could not be described as "Vietnamese" (Kinh) in any satisfactory sense.[88]Attempts to identify ethnic groups in ancient Vietnam are problematic and often inaccurate.[89]

Another theory, based upon linguistic diversity, locates the most probable homeland of the Vietic languages in modern-dayBolikhamsai ProvinceandKhammouane Provincein Laos as well as in parts ofNghệ An ProvinceandQuảng Bình Provincein Vietnam. In the 1930s, clusters of Vietic-speaking communities discovered in the hills of eastern Laos were believed to be the earliest inhabitants of that region.[90]Archaeogenetics demonstrated that before theDong Son period,the Red River Delta's inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic: genetic data from thePhùng Nguyên culture'sMán Bạcburial site (dated 1,800 BC) have close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers such as the Khmer andMlabri.[91][92]Meanwhile, "mixed genetics" from theĐông Sơn culture's Núi Nấp site show affinity with "Dai peoplefrom China,Tai-Kadai speakersfrom Thailand, and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam, including the Kinh ".[93]

According to the Vietnamese legendThe Tale of the Hồng Bàng Clan(Hồng Bàngthị truyện), written in the 15th century, the first Vietnamese were descended from thedragonlordLạc Long Quânand thefairyÂu Cơ.They married and had one hundred eggs, from which hatched one hundred children. Their eldest son ruled as theHùng king.[94]The Hùng kings were claimed to be descended from the mythical figureShen Nong.[95]

Early history and Chinese rule

The earliest reference of the proto-Vietnamese in Chinese annals was theLạc(Chinese: Luo),Lạc Việt,or the Dongsonian,[96]an ancient tribal confederacy of perhaps polyglotAustroasiaticandKra-Daispeakers occupied theRed River Delta.[97][98]The Lạc developed the metallurgicalĐông Sơn cultureand theVăn Langchiefdom,ruled by the semi-mythicalHùng kings.[99]To the south of the Dongsonians was theSa Huỳnh cultureof theAustronesianChamic people.[100]Around 400–200 BC, the Lạc came to contact with theÂu Việt(a splinter group ofTai people) and theSiniticpeople from the north.[101]According to a late-third- or early-fourth-century AD Chinese chronicle, the leader of the Âu Việt,Thục Phán,conquered Văn Lang and deposed the lastHùng king.[102]Having submissions of Lạc lords, Thục Phán proclaimed himself King An Dương ofÂu Lạckingdom.[99]

In 179 BC,Zhao Tuo,a Chinese general who has established theNanyuestate in modern-day Southern China, annexed Âu Lạc, and began the Sino-Vietic interaction that lasted in a millennium.[103]In 111 BC, theHan Empireconquered Nanyue, brought the Northern Vietnam region under Han rule.[104]

By the 7th century to 9th century AD, as theTang Empireruled over the region, historians such asHenri Masperoproposed that Vietnamese-speaking people became separated from other Vietic groups such as theMườngandChứtdue to heavier Chinese influences on the Vietnamese.[105]Other argue that a Vietic migration from north central Vietnam to the Red River Delta in the seventh century replaced the original Tai-speaking inhabitants.[106]In the mid-9th century, local rebels aided byNanzhaotore the Tang Chinese rule to nearly collapse.[107]The Tang reconquered the region in 866, causing half of the local rebels to flee into the mountains, which historians believe that was the separation between theMườngand the Vietnamese took at the end of Tang rule in Vietnam.[105][108]In 938, the Vietnamese leaderNgô Quyềnwho was a native ofThanh Hóa,led Viet forces defeated the ChineseSouthern Hanarmada atBạch Đằng Riverand proclaimed himself king, became the first Viet king of polity that now could be perceived as "Vietnamese".[109]

Medieval and early modern period

One of the traditional costumes of Vietnamese people

Ngô Quyềndied in 944 and his kingdom collapsed into chaos and disturbances between twelve warlords and chiefs.[110]In 968, a leader namedĐinh Bộ Lĩnhunited them and established the Đại Việt (Great Việt) kingdom.[111]With assistance of powerful Buddhist monks, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh choseHoa Lưin the southern edge of theRed River Deltaas the capital instead of Tang-eraĐại La,adopted Chinese-style imperial titles, coinage, and ceremonies and tried to preserve the Chinese administrative framework.[112]The independence of Đại Việt, according to Andrew Chittick, allows it "to develop its own distinctive political culture and ethnic consciousness."[113]In 979, EmperorĐinh Tiên Hoàngwas assassinated, and QueenDương Vân Ngamarried with Dinh's generalLê Hoàn,appointed him as Emperor. Disturbances in Đại Việt attracted attention from the neighbouring ChineseSong dynastyandChampaKingdom, but they were defeated by Lê Hoàn.[114]AKhmer inscriptiondated 987 records the arrival of Vietnamese merchants (Yuon) inAngkor.[115]Chinese writers Song Hao,Fan ChengdaandZhou Qufeiall reported that the inhabitants of Đại Việt "tattooed their foreheads, crossed feet, black teeth, bare feet and blacken clothing."[116]The early 11th-centuryChaminscription of Chiên Đàn,My Son,erected by king of ChampaHarivarman IV(r. 1074–1080), mentions that he had offered Khmer (Kmīra/Kmir) and Viet (Yvan) prisoners as slaves to various local gods and temples of the citadel of Tralauṅ Svon.[117]

Successive Vietnamese royal families from the Đinh, Early Lê, Lý dynasties and (Hoa)/Chinese ancestry Trần and Hồ dynasties ruled the kingdom peacefully from 968 to 1407. EmperorLý Thái Tổ(r. 1009–1028) relocated the Vietnamese capital fromHoa LưtoĐại La,the center of theRed River Deltain 1010.[118]They practiced elitist marriage alliances between clans and nobles in the country. Mahayana Buddhism became state religion, Vietnamese music instruments, dancing and religious worshipping were influenced by both Cham, Indian and Chinese styles,[119]while Confucianism slowly gained attention and influence.[120]The earliest surviving corpus and text in theVietnamese languagedated early 12th century, and survivingchữ Nômscript inscriptions dated early 13th century, showcasing enormous influences of Chinese culture among the early Vietnamese elites.[121]

The MongolYuan dynastyunsuccessfully invaded Đại Việt in the 1250s and 1280s, though they sacked Hanoi.[122]TheMing dynastyof China conquered Đại Việt in 1406, brought the Vietnamese under Chinese rule for 20 years, before they were driven out by Vietnamese leaderLê Lợi.[123]The fourth grandson of Lê Lợi, EmperorLê Thánh Tông(r. 1460–1497), is considered one of the greatest monarchs in Vietnamese history. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, education, and fiscal reforms he instituted, and a cultural revolution that replaced the old traditional aristocracy with a generation of literati scholars, adopted Confucianism, and transformed a Đại Việt from a Southeast Asian style polity to a bureaucratic state, and flourished. Thánh Tông's forces, armed withgunpowderweapons, overwhelmed the long-term rivalChampain 1471, then launched an unsuccessful invasion against the Laotian andLan Nakingdoms in the 1480s.[124]

16th century – Modern period

Vietnamese soldiers in 1828
Vietnamesebureaucrat officials,1883–1886
Vietnamese farmers in 1921

With the death of Thánh Tông in 1497, the Đại Việt kingdom swiftly declined. Climate extremes, failing crops, regionalism and factionism tore the Vietnamese apart.[125]From 1533 to 1790s, four powerful Vietnamese families – Mạc, Lê, Trịnh and Nguyễn – each ruled on their own domains. In northern Vietnam (Đàng Ngoài–outer realm), the Lê emperors barely sat on the throne while the Trịnh lords held power of the court. The Mạc controlled northeast Vietnam. The Nguyễn lords ruled the southern polity of Đàng Trong (inner realm).[126]Thousands of ethnic Vietnamese migrated south, settled on the old Cham lands.[127]European missionaries and traders from the sixteenth century brought new religion, ideas and crops to the Vietnamese (Annamese). By 1639, there were 82,500 Catholic converts throughout Vietnam. In 1651,Alexandre de Rhodespublished a 300-pagescatechisminLatinand romanized-Vietnamese (chữ Quốc Ngữ) or theVietnamese Alpha bet.[128]

The Vietnamese Fragmentation period ended in 1802 as EmperorGia Long,who was aided by French mercenaries defeated theTay Sonkingdoms and reunited Vietnam. Through assimilation and brutal subjugation in the 1830s byMinh Mang,a large chunk of indigenousChamhad been assimilated into Vietnamese. By 1847, the Vietnamese state under EmperorThiệu Trị,people that identified them as "người Việt Nam" accounted for nearly 80 percent of the country's population.[129]This demographic model continues to persist through theFrench Indochina,Japanese occupationand modern day.

Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became theFrench colony of Cochinchina.[130]By 1884, the entire country had come under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates ofAnnamandTonkin.The three Vietnamese entities were formally integrated into the union ofFrench Indochinain 1887.[131][132]The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.[133]A Western-style system of modern education introduced newhumanistvalues into Vietnam.[134]

Vietnamese soldiers in 1972

Despite having a long recorded history of the Vietnamese language and people, the identification and distinction of 'ethnic Vietnamese' or ethnic Kinh, as well as other ethnic groups in Vietnam, were only begun by colonial administration in the late 19th and early 20th century. Following colonial government's efforts of ethnic classificating, nationalism, especiallyethnonationalismand eugenicsocial Darwinismwere encouraged among the new Vietnamese intelligentsia's discourse. Ethnic tensions sparked by Vietnamese ethnonationalism peaked during the late 1940s at the beginning phase of theFirst Indochina War(1946–1954), which resulted in violence between Khmer and Vietnamese in theMekong Delta.

The mid-20th century marked a pivotal turning point with theVietnam War,a conflict that not only left an indelible impact on the nation but also had far-reaching consequences for the Vietnamese people. The war, which lasted from 1955 to 1975, resulted in significant social, economic, and political upheavals, shaping the modern history of Vietnam and its people. Following theend of the Vietnam Warin 1975, the post-war era brought economic hardships and strained social dynamics, prompting resilient efforts at reconstruction, reconciliation, and the implementation of economic reforms such as theĐổi Mớipolicies in the late 20th century. Later, North Vietnam's Soviet-style social integrational and ethnic classification tried to build an image of diversity under the harmony of socialism, promoting the idea of the Vietnamese nation as a 'great single family' comprised by many different ethnic groups, and Vietnamese ethnic chauvinism was officially discouraged.

Religions

Main article:Religion in Vietnam

Religion in Vietnam (2019)[1]

Vietnamese folk religionor non religious (86.32%)
Catholicism(6.1%)
Buddhism(4.79%)
Hoahaoism(1.02%)
Protestantism(1%)
Others (0.77%)

According to the 2019 census, the religious demographics of Vietnam are as follows:[1]

It is worth noting here that the data is highly skewed, as a large majority of Vietnamese may declare themselves atheist, yet practice forms of traditional folk religion or Mahayana Buddhism.[135]

Estimates for the year 2010 published by the Pew–Templeton Global Religious Futures Project:[136][unreliable source?]

  • Vietnamese folk religion, 45.3%
  • Unaffiliated, 29.6%
  • Buddhism, 16.4%
  • Christianity, 8.2%
  • Other, 0.5%

Diaspora

Main article:Overseas Vietnamese
Map of the countries with a significant Vietnamese population
VietnameseNew Yearparade, San Jose, California, United States

Originally from northern Vietnam and southern China, the Vietnamese have expanded south and conquered much of the land belonging to the formerChampaKingdom andKhmer Empireover the centuries. They are the dominant ethnic group in most provinces of Vietnam, and constitute a small percentage of the population in neighbouringCambodia.

Beginning around the sixteenth century, groups of Vietnamese migrated to Cambodia and China for commerce and political purposes. Descendants of Vietnamese migrants in China form theGinethnic group in the country and primarily reside in and aroundGuangxi Province.Vietnamese form the largest ethnic minority group in Cambodia, at 5% of the population.[137]Under theKhmer Rouge,they were heavily persecuted and survivors of the regime largely fled to Vietnam.

DuringFrench colonialism,Vietnam was regarded as the most important colony in Asia by the French colonial powers, and the Vietnamese had a higher social standing than other ethnic groups in French Indochina.[138]As a result, educated Vietnamese were often trained to be placed in colonial government positions in the other Asian French colonies of Laos and Cambodia rather than locals of the respective colonies. There was also a significant representation of Vietnamese students in France during this period, primarily consisting of members of the elite class. A large number of Vietnamese also migrated to France as workers, especially duringWorld War IandWorld War II,when France recruited soldiers and locals of its colonies to help with war efforts in metropolitan France. The wave of migrants to France during World War I formed the first major presence of the Vietnamese in France and the Western world.[139]

Congregation of the Mother Coredemptrix in Carthage, Missouri

When Vietnam gained its independence from France in 1954, a number of Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government also migrated to France. During the partition of Vietnam intoNorthandSouth,a number of South Vietnamese students also arrived to study in France, along with individuals involved in commerce for trade with France, which was a principal economic partner with South Vietnam.[139]

Ethnolinguistic groups of Mainland Southeast Asia

Forced repatriation in 1970 and deaths during theKhmer Rougeera reduced theVietnamesepopulation inCambodiafrom between 250,000 and 300,000 in 1969 to a reported 56,000 in 1984.[140]

Thefall of Saigonand end of theVietnam Warprompted the start of the Vietnamese diaspora, which saw millions of Vietnamese fleeing the country from the new communist regime. Recognizing an international humanitarian crisis, many countries accepted Vietnameserefugees,primarily the United States, France, Australia and Canada.[141]Meanwhile, under the new communist regime, tens of thousands of Vietnamese were sent to work or study inEastern Bloccountries ofCentralandEastern Europeas development aid to the Vietnamese government and for migrants to acquire skills that were to be brought home to help with development.[142]However, after thefall of the Berlin Wall,a vast majority of these overseas Vietnamese decided to remain in their host nations.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^The number of Vietnamese nationals currently in Taiwan with a valid residence permit was 259,375 as of 30 April 2024 (155,147 males, 104,228 females). The number of Vietnamese nationals with a valid residence permit in Taiwan (including those currently not in Taiwan) was 295,051 as of 30 April 2024 (174,108 males, 120,943 females).[10]The number of foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin in Taiwan was 111,529 as of April 2022 (2,383 males, 109,146 females).[11]According to theTaiwanese Ministry of the Interior,between 1993 and 2021, 94,015 Vietnamese nationals became naturalized citizens in the Republic of China.[12]It was also estimated that 70% ofVietnamese brides in Taiwanhad obtained Taiwanese nationality as of 2014,[13]with many renouncing Vietnamese citizenship in the process of naturalization, in accordance withTaiwanese law.[14]
    An estimated 200,000 children were born to Vietnamese mothers and Taiwanese fathers, according to a report byVoice of Vietnamin 2014.[15]According toTaiwanese Ministry of Education,in 2021, 105,237 children born to foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin were enrolled in educational institutions across Taiwan (4,601 in kindergartens, 23,719 in primary schools, 17,904 in secondary schools, 31,497 in high schools, and 27,516 in universities/colleges),[16]a decrease of nearly 3,000 students compared to the previous year, which recorded a total of 108,037 students (5,168 in kindergartens, 25,752 in primary schools, 22,462 in secondary schools, 33,430 in high schools, and 21,225 in universities/colleges).[17]
  2. ^According to a report released by theMinistry of the Interior and Safety,as of 2022, there were 209,373 Vietnamese nationals in South Korea (those without Korean nationality), including 41,555 foreign workers; 36,362 marriage immigrants; 68,181 international students and 63,274 people classified as "Others". Additionally, the report revealed that 50,660 Vietnamese individuals had acquired Korean nationality, and there were also 103,295 children born to parents of Vietnamese origin in South Korea.[21]
  3. ^This data only included Vietnamese Nationals in Mainland China, ExcludingGin peopleand data inHong Kong,Macau andTaiwan.
  4. ^this data only includedGin peoplein Mainland China.

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  17. ^109 năm học độ các cấp trường học tân trụ dân con cái đi học tình hình chung(PDF)(Report). Department of Statistics – Ministry of Education, Taiwan. November 2021.Retrieved29 May2022.
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Bibliography

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