William Jason Morgan(October 10, 1935 – July 31, 2023) was an Americangeophysicistwho made seminal contributions to the theory ofplate tectonicsandgeodynamics.He retired as the Knox Taylor Professoremeritusof geology and professor of geosciences atPrinceton University.[2]He served as avisiting scholarin the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences atHarvard Universityuntil his death.
W. Jason Morgan | |
|---|---|
 Morgan receiving the National Medal of Science fromGeorge W. Bushin 2003 | |
| Born | William Jason Morgan October 10, 1935 Savannah, Georgia,U.S. |
| Died | July 31, 2023(aged 87) |
| Alma mater | |
| Awards |
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| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Geophysicist |
| Institutions | Princeton University |
| Doctoral advisor | Robert H. Dicke |
Early life and education
editMorgan was born on October 10, 1935, in Savannah, Georgia. His father William owned a hardware and dry goods store and his mother Maxie Ponita (Donehoo) Morgan was a French teacher and volunteered with the Girl Scouts of America.[3]
He attendedGeorgia Institute of Technology,initially studying mechanical engineering, but switched to physics halfway through his studies. He graduated in 1957. He was in the Navy for two years working as an instructor at itsNuclear Power School,which directed him toward graduate studies. In 1959, he went to Princeton University, where he completed his PhD in 1964 under the supervision ofRobert H. Dicke.[4]He joined the faculty of the university immediately afterwards.[3]
Morgan's Ph.D. thesis about fluctuations in thegravitational constantwas unrelated to geology. As a post-doctoral fellow, he shared an office with the English geologistFred Vinewho had discovered the bilateral symmetry ofseafloor spreading.After readingH.W. Menard's work he began to consider how great faults and fracture zones might relate to the geometry of spheres.[5]
Career
editHis first major contribution, made in the late 1960s, was to relate the magnetic anomalies of alternating polarity, which occur on the ocean bottom at both sides of amid-ocean ridge,toseafloor spreadingand plate tectonics.
From 1971 on he worked on the further development of theplume theoryofTuzo Wilson,which postulates the existence of roughly cylindrical convective upwellings in the Earth'smantleas an explanation ofhotspots.Wilson originally applied the concept toHawaiiand explained the increase in age of theseamountsof the Hawaii-Emperor chain with increasing distance from the current hotspot location; however, the concept was subsequently applied to many other hotspots by Morgan and other scientists.
"The theory of plate tectonics he published in 1968 is one of the major milestones of U.S. science in the 20th century,"F. A. Dahlen,chair of the Princeton Department of Geosciences, wrote in 2003.[6] "Essentially all of the research in solid-earth geophysical sciences in the past 30 to 35 years has been firmly grounded upon Jason Morgan's plate tectonic theory," Dahlen said. "The scientific careers of a generation of geologists and geophysicists have been founded upon his landmark 1968 paper."[7]
Awards and honors
editMorgan received many honors and awards for his work, among them theBucher Medal(1972), theAlfred WegenerMedal of theEuropean Geosciences Union(1983), theMaurice Ewing Medalof theAmerican Geophysical Union(1987), theJapan Prize(1990), theWollaston Medalof theGeological Society of London(1994)[8]and theNational Medal of Scienceof the USA, award year 2002.[9]
Personal life
editIn 1959, Morgan married Cary Goldschmidt. Together they had two children. She died in 1991.[3]He died inNatick, Massachusettson July 31, 2023, at the age of 87.[10]
Selected publications
edit- Morgan, W. J. (1991) [1968]."Rises, Trenches, Great Faults, and Crustal Blocks"(PDF).Tectonophysics.187(1–3):6–22.Bibcode:1991Tectp.187....6M.doi:10.1016/0040-1951(91)90408-K.1968 JGR publication, full text
- Morgan, W. J. (March 5, 1971). "Convection plumes in the lower mantle".Nature.230(5288):42–43.Bibcode:1971Natur.230...42M.doi:10.1038/230042a0.S2CID4145715.
- Morgan, W. J. (February 1972)."Plate motions and deep mantle convection"(PDF).The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin.56(2):203–213.doi:10.1306/819A3E50-16C5-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
- Morgan, W. J. (1972). "Plate motions and deep mantle convection". In Shagam, R; Hargraves, RB; Morgan, WJ; et al. (eds.).Studies in earth and space sciences: A memoir in honor of Harry Hammond Hess.Geological Society of America Memoirs. Vol. 132. pp.7–22.doi:10.1130/MEM132-p7.ISBN0-8137-1132-0.
- Morgan, W. J. (1981)."Hotspot tracks and the opening of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans".In Cesare Emiliani (ed.).The Oceanic Lithosphere.New York: Wiley. pp.443–489.ISBN0-674-01736-6.
References
edit- ^Laureates of the Japan Prize.japanprize.jp.
- ^Bill Bonini; Laurie Wanat, eds. (Fall 2003)."Jason Morgan Retires"(PDF).The Smilodon: The Princeton Geosciences Newsletter.44(2).Passages about W. Jason Morgan from:
- McPhee, John (1998).Annals of the Former World.New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux.
- ^abcRisen, Clay (August 11, 2023)."W. Jason Morgan, Who Developed Theory of Plate Tectonics, Dies at 87".The New York Times.
- ^Simons, Frederik J (2023)."W. Jason Morgan (Obituary)".Physics Today(December): 52.doi:10.1063/PT.3.5365.
- ^"Plates and Plumes: A Celebration of the Contributions of W. Jason Morgan to the Ongoing Revolution in Earth Dynamics"(PDF).
- ^Princeton geophysicist to receive National Medal of Science.Princeton University press release (October 22, 2003)
- ^"Princeton geophysicist to receive National Medal of Science".
- ^"Wollaston Medal".Award Winners since 1831.Geological Society of London.Archived fromthe originalon March 21, 2009.RetrievedFebruary 25,2009.
- ^National Science Foundation, "W. Jason Morgan",The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details.
- ^"W. Jason Morgan".National Academy of Sciences.RetrievedAugust 12,2023.
External links
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