Wikipedia

Waddesdon Manor

Waddesdon Manoris acountry housein the village ofWaddesdon,inBuckinghamshire,England. Owned by theNational Trustand managed by the Rothschild Foundation, it is one of the National Trust's most visited properties, with over 463,000 visitors in 2019.[1]

Waddesdon Manor
The north-facing entrancefacade
Map
General information
Architectural styleNeo-Renaissance
ClassificationMuseum
AddressWaddesdon,Aylesbury,Buckinghamshire,HP18 0JH
CountryUnited Kingdom
Coordinates51°50′32″N0°56′16″W/ 51.84222°N 0.93778°W/51.84222; -0.93778
Groundbreaking1874 (est.)
Construction started18 August 1877
Completed1883
Renovated1990–1997
ClientBaron Ferdinand de Rothschild
LandlordNational Trust
Design and construction
Architect(s)Hippolyte Destailleur
Website
Official website
Listed Building– Grade I
Reference no.11117804

The Grade I listed house was built in a mostlyNeo-Renaissancestyle, copying individual features of several Frenchchâteaux,between 1874 and 1889 forBaron Ferdinand de Rothschild(1839–1898) as a weekend residence for entertaining and to house his collection of arts and antiquities. As the manor and estate have passed through three generations of theRothschild family,the contents of the house have expanded to become one of the most rare and valuable collections in the world.[2]In 1957,James de Rothschildbequeathed the house and its contents to the National Trust, opening the house and gardens for the benefit of the general public. Unusually for a National Trust property, the family of James Rothschild, the donor, manage the house. The Rothschild Foundation, chaired byDame Hannah Rothschildcontinues to invest in the property.[3]

History

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1874–1898

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Aerial view of Waddesdon from the north
The Red Drawing Room

In 1874,Baron Ferdinand de Rothschildbought the Waddesdon agricultural estate from theDuke of Marlboroughwith money inherited from his fatherAnselm.Rothschild was familiar with the estate from fox hunting in the locality. At the time of purchase, the estate had no house, park or garden. The site of the future Manor House was a bare hill. Known as Lodge Hill, it had been stripped of its timber by the impoverished Duke of Marlborough prior to the sale.[4]Over the following three years, the summit of the hill was levelled; eventually, on 18 August 1877, the foundation stone was laid.

The first house party was held in May 1880 with seven of Rothschild's close male friends enjoying afireworksdisplay. When, finally, the main house was ready in 1883, Rothschild invited 20 guests to stay. Before his premature death in 1898, on weekends between May and September Rothschild was host to many important guests including the future kingEdward VII.House parties usually involved 14 to 20 guests.[5]

Guests commented on the level of luxury service provided by the 24 house staff.[6]In 1890,Queen Victoriaunusually requested to pay a visit. She was impressed with the beauty of the house and grounds as well as Rothschild's ability to quietly manage the day's events. She was struck by the newly installed electric lights designed to look like candles in the chandeliers, and it is reported that she asked for the room to be darkened to fully witness the effect.[7]

1898–1957

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Plan of Waddesdon's ground floor. 1:Vestibule; 2:Entrance Hall, 3 Red Drawing room; 4:Grey Drawing Room; 5:Library; 6:Baron's Sitting room; 7:Morning Room; 8:West Hall; 9:West Gallery; 10:East Gallery; 11:Dining Room; 12:Conservatory; 13:Breakfast Room; 14:Kitchen; 15:Servant's Hall; 16:Housekeeper's Rooms; 17:Site of further servants quarters (not illustrated); 18:Terrace and parterre; 19 North Drive; St:staircases.

When Baron Ferdinand died in 1898, the house passed to his sisterAlice de Rothschild.She saw Waddesdon as a memorial for her brother and was committed to preserving it. She did add significant items to the collection, particularly furniture and carpets with French royal provenances,Meissen porcelain,textiles andarmour.[8]

Front entrance

Following Alice de Rothschild's death in 1922, the property and collections passed to her French great-nephewJames A. "Jimmy" de Rothschild,who was married to an English woman,Dorothy Pinto.James further enriched the Manor with objects from the collections of his late father BaronEdmond James de Rothschildof Paris.[9]

James and Dorothy hosted aLiberal Partyrally at Waddesdon in 1928, whereDavid Lloyd Georgeaddressed the crowd.[10]During World War II, children under the age of five were evacuated fromCroydonand lived at Waddesdon Manor, the only time children lived in the house. James and Dorothy also provided asylum at Waddesdon for a group of Jewish boys from Frankfurt.[11]

1957–1997

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When James de Rothschild died in 1957, he bequeathed Waddesdon Manor, 120 acres (49 ha) of grounds and its contents to theNational Trust,to be preserved for posterity. Dorothy moved to nearbyEythropeand the Manor was never again used as a residence. It opened to the public in 1959, with around 27,000 visitors in the first year.[12]Dorothy chaired the new management committee in close collaboration with the National Trust and took a very keen interest in Waddesdon for the remainder of her long life.[13]

Dutch and English paintings in the Morning Room

At Dorothy's death, in 1989, her nephewJacob Rothschildinherited her position and responsibilities. At his initiative, the Manor underwent a major restoration from 1990 to 1997, and the visitor attractions were enhanced, including the creation of the Waddesdon Wine Cellars.

1997–2019

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Until his death in February 2024, Jacob Rothschild chaired the family charity handling Waddesdon's management, the Rothschild Foundation.[14]Waddesdon Manor operates as an independent organisation within the National Trust.

From 2004 to 2006, the Baron's Room and Green Boudoir were restored to reflect Baron Ferdinand's original arrangements.[15]In 2003 a burglary was committed involvingthe Johnson Gang,when approximately 100 gold snuff boxes and other items were stolen from the collection prompting the installation of new security measures.[16]In 2021 one small sweet-box from this theft was identified at auction and returned to Waddesdon.[17]

Since 2004, there has been an exhibitions programme. Notable exhibitions include theLod Mosaicin 2014.[18]Waddesdon was one venue celebrating the work ofHenry Moorein 2015[19]andEliot Hodgkinin 2019.[20]

New works of art have been acquired by the Rothschild Foundation to complement the existing collections at Waddesdon, such asLe Faiseur de Châteaux de CartesbyJean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin,added in 2007.

There has also been a programme of engagement with contemporary artists, beginning withAngus Fairhurstrepresented byArnolfiniin 2009. Works have been sited near the Manor and on the wider estate including byRichard Long,Sarah Lucas.[21]In 2012,Christie'schose the Manor to exhibit sculptures by leading contemporary artists.[22]

Between 2013 and 2017,Bruce Munrohad a residency at Waddesdon Manor, beginning with the music and light pieceCantus Arcticusin the Coach House Gallery in 2013.Winter Light(2013), with its distinctive wigwam-type structures sited in the gardens of the Manor, was Munro's first solo exhibition of his large-scale pieces;Winter Lightreturned in 2016–2017. In 2014, Munro developed his pod-like structures, adding elements of language inSnow Code,shown in the Manor. In...---...SOS,Munro's winter exhibition of 2015–2016,tentswere lit up in tune with sound, in response to images ofdisaster relief.[23]

FlorabyJan Baptist Xavery,bedroom corridor

In 2012,Edmund de Waalexhibited work in the Manor, creating a dialogue between his work and the historical interiors.[24]In 2015, artistJoana Vasconceloswas commissioned to install two sculptures entitledLafitein front of the Manor.[25]In 2016,Kate Maloneexhibited a collection of new work inspired by the people, gardens, collections, and archive.[26]Twoportraitpots of Baron Ferdinand andAlice de Rothschildby Malone remain on display at the Manor.[27]

Architecture

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Prior to the construction of Waddesdon Manor, no house existed on the site. Ferdinand de Rothschild wanted a house in the style of the greatRenaissance châteaux of the Loire Valley.[28]Ferdinand chose as his architectGabriel-Hippolyte Destailleur.[29]Destailleur was already experienced in working in this style, having overseen the restoration of many châteaux in that region, in particular that of theChâteau de Mouchy.

The terrace andparterregarden at Waddesdon Manor, overlooked by the building's south facade

Through Destailleur's vision, Waddesdon embodied aneclecticstyle based on the châteaux so admired by his patron, Baron Ferdinand. The towers at Waddesdon were based on those of theChâteau de Maintenon,and the twinstaircase towers,on the north facade, were inspired by the staircase tower at theChâteau de Chambord.[30]However, following the theme of unparalleled luxury at Waddesdon, the windows of the towers at Waddesdon were glazed, unlike those of the staircase at Chambord. They are also far more ornate.

The structural design of Waddesdon was not entirely retrospective. Hidden from view were the most modern innovations of the late 19th century including asteelframe, which took the strain of walls on the upper floors, and which consequently permitted the layout of these floors to differ completely from the lower floors.[31]The house also had hot and cold running water in its bathrooms, central heating, and an electric bell system to summon the numerous servants. The building contractor was Edward Conder & Son.[31]

After the Manor was completed in 1883, Ferdinand quickly decided it was too small, as his architect had prophesied. The Bachelors' Wing to the east was extended after 1885 and the Morning Room, built in late-Gothic style,was added to the west after 1888.[32]The stables to the west of the Manor were built in 1884. Ferdinand and his stud groom devised the plan, working with Conder. Destailleur designed the façades in a French 17th-century style.[33]

Wine Cellars

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Wine Cellars

The Wine Cellars in the Manor were created during the Centenary Restoration and opened in 1994. They are modelled on the private cellars atChâteau Lafite Rothschild.More than 15,000 bottles are stored in the Cellars, some 150 years old, the majority from theChâteau Lafite RothschildandChâteau Mouton Rothschildestates. It is the largest private collection of Rothschild wines in the world. There are also wine labels designed by artists such asSalvador DalíandAndy Warhol.[34]

Collections

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Pedestal clock attributed toAndré-Charles Boulle,movement byGeorge Graham,1720–1725

Once his château was complete, Baron Ferdinand installed his extensive collections of English 18th-centuryportraitsby artists likeGainsboroughandReynolds,as well as French 18th-centuryboiseries,Savonneriecarpets,GobelinsandBeauvaistapestries, furniture,Sèvresceramics, books, Dutch paintings andRenaissancetreasures.

The Elephant Automaton in the East Gallery

Works were acquired for their exquisite quality and fine provenance, particularly those belonging to French royalty of theAncien Régime.One of the highlights of the collection is the extraordinary musicalautomatonelephant, dating from 1774 and made by the FrenchclockmakerH Martinet.[35]

Grey Drawing Room with fine 18th-century French panelling and aSèvresship-vase in situ

Of the ten surviving examples of theSèvres pot-pourri vase in the shape of a shipfrom the 1760s, three are at Waddesdon, including one with a very rare scene of a battle connected to theSeven Years' War.[36]

The restored Smoking Room with Renaissance treasures

In the 1890s, Baron Ferdinand focused on the Renaissance collection for his small museum in the New Smoking Room.[37]This collection was bequeathed to theBritish Museumand is now known as theWaddesdon Bequest.[38]

The interior of Waddesdon Manor was photographed in 1897 for Baron Ferdinand's privately publishedThe Red Book.[39]

Subsequent members of the family added noted collections of paintings,Limoges enamel,arms and armour,maiolica,manuscripts, prints and drawings.

Waddesdon's internationally famous collection has thus been formed principally by four members of the Rothschild family: Baron Ferdinand (1839–1898), his sisterAlice de Rothschild(1847–1922), their cousinEdmond James de Rothschild(1845–1934) andJacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild(1936–2024).[40]

Gardens

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Baron Ferdinand wanted a garden to entertain his guests during his weekend house parties. To make the gardens, extensivelandscapingof the hill was carried out, including leveling the top of the hill. The gardens and landscape park were laid out by the French landscape architectElie Lainé.An attempt was made to transplant full-grown trees bychloroformingtheir roots, to limit the shock. While this novel idea was unsuccessful, many very large trees were successfully transplanted. Elaborate flower beds were planted, centred on the south Parterre. Several artificial rock formations were created byJames Pulham,including to house mountain goats and llamas, part ofFerdinand'szoo.[41]Altogether, the creation of his garden cost £153,000, which (in terms of average wages then and in 2015) equates to £68.8 million.[42]

After her brother's deathAlicebrought the care she had taken with her garden atEythropeto Waddesdon. Alice was a keen gardener with a good understanding of flowers and plants; she would often walk around and weed the paths. With her head gardener, George Frederick Johnson who worked at Waddesdon from 1905 to 1954, Alice grew flowers for competition.[43]Alice was responsible for introducing three-dimensional bedding in the shape of a bird, recreated in the gardens today.[44]

Three-dimensional bedding in the shape of a bird

UnderJames,the gardens were less impressive. The South Parterre was grassed over in the 1930s. It was replanted with flowers for the opening of the house under the National Trust in 1959.[45]

As part of the 1990s restoration, Beth Rothschild led a team reintroducing Ferdinand's colour scheme oftrees,shrubsandbedding plants.Thecarpet beddingis now designed on computer allowing the schemes to be quickly installed. The patterns change each year to reflect different themes.[46]

The gardens are listed Grade I on theRegister of Historic Parks and Gardens.[47]

Garden trees

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Though thetreesare not of a great age there are many specimens ofdeciduousandconiferoustrees that have now reached maturity creating the desired effect in the Waddesdonlandscape.Some of these trees were planted in the 1870s and responsibility for this fell to William Barron whose job it was to transplant trees from the surrounding countryside to give the grounds of Waddesdon a sense of maturity, creating vistas and focal points under the instructions fromElie Lainé.[48]

Deciduoustrees were selected on their form, flowering and array of autumnal colour.Coniferswere selected for their evergreen nature, cones and berries. Today many species such aschestnuts,limesandmaplesas well asyew,cedarsandredwoodscan be seen.

From Baron Ferdinand's time to today, distinguished visitors have been invited to plant memorial trees.Queen Victoria,KingEdward VII,KingGeorge VandQueen Marywere early royal visitors.[49]Charles III(as Prince of Wales) and Prime Ministers SirJohn MajorandTony Blairhave also planted trees.

Garden sculptures

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Baron Ferdinand acquired many finestatuesandfountainsto add interest to the gardens. A notable feature is his love of 18th-century Italian pieces. The fountains to the north and south of the house include sculptures ofPluto,Proserpina,tritonsandnereidsoriginally made by Giuliano Mozani around 1720 for theDucal Palace of Colorno.[50]A bust of themuseEratohas been recently attributed toFilippo Parodi.[51]

A fine example of French early 18th-centurysculptureis sited near the Aviary:Apolloby Jean Raon, 1699, associated with a commission atVersailles.There are also Dutch vases in the style ofAlbert Jansz Vinckenbrinckand sculptures byJan van Logteren,the latter were originally displayed atAston Clinton House.[52]

In 2001,Stephen Cox's tomb-like sculptureInterior Space: Terra degli Etruschiwas installed at the end of the Baron's Walk. Inscribed on a nearby marble slab are the names of the Rothschilds who built and have cared for Waddesdon.

Aviary

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Baron Ferdinand also created a cast-ironaviary,inspired by 18th-centurypavilionsat thePalace of VersaillesandChâteau de Chantilly,as well as his childhood home at Grüneburg. It was completed in 1889. Like other members of his family, such asWalter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild,Ferdinand was also a keen animal lover. He stocked the aviary with exotic birds and enjoyed feeding them for his guests.[53]

Waddesdon Manor aviary

The aviary's paint and gilding were restored in 2003 and it now houses endangered species with a focus on breeding programs. It is a registeredzoo.[54]

Estate

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In Ferdinand's time, there was a large kitchen garden and extensiveglass housesgrowing fruit and flowers, including Ferdinand's belovedorchids.They were near the DairyWater gardenwhich has elaborate rock formations byJames Pulham.As part of the day's entertainments, Ferdinand's guests were taken to the ornamental Dairy to taste milk from cows who woreMeissen porcelainname tags.[55]

In recent years, commissions to contemporary architects have occurred on the wider estate.Windmill Hill Archive(2011) was designed by Stephen Marshall.[56]Flint House(2015) was designed by Skene Catling de la Peña.[57]It won RIBA House of the Year in 2015.[58]

In 2012, it was announced that Waddesdon Manor would be one of the sites for Jubilee Woodlands, designated by theWoodland Trustto commemorateQueen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.[59]

Film and television

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Many films have been shot at Waddesdon Manor, including theCarry OnfilmDon't Lose Your Head(1966);Never Say Never Again(1983);An Ideal Husband(1999);Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...(2001),Ladies in Lavender(2004);Ripley Under Ground(2005);The Queen(2006);The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor(2008);Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows(2011);A Little Chaos(2014);Victor Frankenstein(2015),Our Kind of Traitor(2016); andThe Infiltrator(2016).[60]

Waddesdon Manor has also been used as a location for a number of television programmes. These includeHowards' Way(1985),Downton Abbey(2011),And Then There Were None(BBC One,2015),The Crown(2016)[60]andEndeavour.[61]

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Notes

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  1. ^"ALVA - Association of Leading Visitor Attractions".alva.org.uk.Retrieved23 October2020.
  2. ^Matthew Ponsford (4 October 2019)."History's riches: Inside the private collection of a Rothschild heir".cnn.Retrieved25 August2020.
  3. ^Jane Withers (29 January 2016)."Inside Lord Jacob Rothschild's Monolithic English Country Estate".vogue.Retrieved25 August2020.
  4. ^Hall, pp. 37–41
  5. ^The Rothschild ArchiveRetrieved 28 September 2015; Hall, pp. 153,162
  6. ^Hall, pp. 156, 160
  7. ^Hall, p. 172
  8. ^Hall, pp. 180–91
  9. ^Girouard, p. 55
  10. ^Selection of pamphlets & leaflets,(Liberal Publication Dept., 1928), p. 213; see alsoWaddesdon Manor, acc. no. 894,Retrieved 11 January 2016
  11. ^The Cedar Boys, Waddesdon Manor, 1944Retrieved 17 May 2017
  12. ^Hall, p. 268
  13. ^Rothschild, 1979
  14. ^The Rothschild FoundationRetrieved 29 September 2015;"THE ROTHSCHILD FOUNDATION, registered charity no. 1138145".Charity Commission for England and Wales.previously""The Alice Trust", registered charity no. 290859".Charity Commission for England and Wales.Retrieved 28 September 2015
  15. ^Hall, p. 299
  16. ^Gold box theft of 2003,Waddesdon Manor website;"Police arrest gang",The Guardian,Retrieved 28 September 2015
  17. ^Sherwood, Harriet."Gold box stolen in 2003 Waddesdon Manor heist is returned home".The Guardian.No. 24 April 2022.Retrieved24 April2022.
  18. ^Cristina Odone (21 June 2014)."Lord Rothschild interview".The Spectator.Retrieved 28 September 2015
  19. ^Exhibition review: Henry Moore at YSP, Waddesdon and Leeds Art GalleryRetrieved 28 September 2015
  20. ^Exhibition review of Brought to Life: Eliot Hodgkin RediscoveredRetrieved 7 August 2019
  21. ^Rachel Spence (12 May 2012)."Art, chez Rothschild".Financial Times.Retrieved 28 September 2015
  22. ^Christie's at Waddesdon ManorRetrieved 28 September 2015
  23. ^Winter LightRetrieved 28 September 2015;List of exhibitions by Bruce MunroRetrieved 18 May 2017
  24. ^Mark Brown (20 April 2012)."Edmund de Waal turns Amber Eyes towards Waddesdon".The Guardian.Retrieved 26 April 2017
  25. ^Joana Vasconcelos in conversation with Jacob Rothschild about the Lafite sculpture at WaddesdonRetrieved 28 September 2015
  26. ^'From the Manor drawn',"Ceramic Review",July/Aug 2016
  27. ^Kate Malone: Inspired by WaddesdonRetrieved 18 May 2017
  28. ^Girouard, p. 22
  29. ^Girouard, p. 23
  30. ^Girouard, p. 24
  31. ^abGirouard, p. 34
  32. ^Bruno Pons,Waddesdon Manor Architecture and Panelling: The James A. de Rothschild Bequest at Waddesdon Manor(London, 1996), pp. 77–95
  33. ^Hall, p. 66
  34. ^Schwartz, pp. 118–120
  35. ^A Marvellous ElephantRetrieved 28 September 2015
  36. ^Pot-pourri vase, 1761, Waddesdon Manor, acc. no. 2315Retrieved 11 January 2016
  37. ^Katy Barrett (15 May 2015)."In praise of the Waddesdon Bequest".Apollo.Retrieved 28 September 2015
  38. ^The Waddesdon Bequest A Rothschild RenaissanceRetrieved 28 September 2015
  39. ^Waddesdon Manor blog entry, with link to the whole book online.
  40. ^Art Collections at Waddesdon ManorRetrieved 21 June 2016
  41. ^Hall, pp. 64–66, 127
  42. ^Floud, Roderick,An Economic History of the English Garden,p. 12, 2019, Allen Lane,ISBN9780241235577
  43. ^Hall, pp. 194–206
  44. ^Schwartz, p. 127
  45. ^Hall, pp. 267–68
  46. ^Hall, pp. 286–91
  47. ^Historic England,"Waddesdon Manor (1000446)",National Heritage List for England,retrieved9 February2016
  48. ^Graham Stuart Thomas,Great gardens of Britain,(Mayflower: 1979), p. 236
  49. ^D. de Rothschild, pp. 54–55
  50. ^T. Hodgkinson,Sculpture: The James A de Rothschild Collection at Waddesdon Manor(1970)
  51. ^Maichol Clemente, 'Un busto di Filippo Parodi a Waddesdon Manor',Arte Veneta,68 (2012), pp. 258–259
  52. ^Michael Hall, 'An acquisitive gene: Lord Rothschild's collecting for Waddesdon', "Apollo" (July-Aug 2007), pp. 44–49
  53. ^Hall, pp. 66, 125
  54. ^The Aviary at Waddesdon ManorRetrieved 20 June 2016
  55. ^Schwartz, pp. 132–133
  56. ^"Whistle down the windmill".World Architecture News.Retrieved29 September2015.
  57. ^Wainwright, Oliver (10 July 2015)."Flint House".The Guardian.Retrieved29 September2015.
  58. ^"Flint House wins".Royal Institute of British Architects.25 November 2015.Retrieved 4 January 2016
  59. ^Queen's Jubilee wood at Waddeson Manor needs volunteersRetrieved 28 September 2015
  60. ^ab"IMDb, Waddesdon Manor Location".IMDb.Retrieved15 May2017.
  61. ^IMDb list

References

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  • Girouard, Mark,A Hundred Years at Waddesdon,published by Rothschild Waddesdon, 1998,ISBN0-9527809-2-5
  • Hall, Michael andJohn Bigelow Taylor,Waddesdon Manor: The Heritage of a Rothschild House(Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2002)ISBN0-8109-0507-8
  • Rothschild, Mrs. James de [Dorothy],The Rothschilds at Waddesdon Manor(Collins, 1979)ISBN0-00-216671-2
  • Schwartz, Selma, "The Waddesdon Companion Guide", 3rd revised ed., (The Alice Trust, Waddesdon Manor, 2008) ISBN

Further reading

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  • Carr, Norman; Gurney, Ivor (1996).Waddesdon's Golden Years: 1874–1925.Waddesdon Manor: The Alice Trust.ISBN978-0-9527809-1-5.
  • Thornton, Dora (2015).A Rothschild Renaissance: The Waddesdon Bequest.London: British Museum Publications.ISBN978-0714123455
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