Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters

"MOS:CAPS" redirects here. For the style guideline on capitalization in article titles, seeWikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization).For the guideline on caption construction, seeWikipedia:Captions.

Wikipedia avoids unnecessarycapitalization.InEnglish,capitalization is primarily needed forproper names,acronyms,and for the first letter of a sentence.Wikipedia relies on sources to determine what is conventionally capitalized; only words and phrases that areconsistently capitalized in a substantial majority of independent, reliable sourcesare capitalized in Wikipedia.

There are exceptions for specific cases discussed below.

Do not use for emphasis

Further information:WP:Manual of Style/Text formatting

Initial capitals or all capitals should not be used for emphasis. If wording alone cannot provide the required emphasis, the<em>...</em>HTML element (or its{{em}}template wrapper) should be used:

Use:It is not only alittlelearning that is dangerous.

Avoid:

It is not only a LITTLE learning that is dangerous.

It is not only a Little learning that is dangerous.

It is not only alittlelearning that is dangerous.

This includes over-capitalization forsignification,i.e. to try to impress upon the reader the importance or specialness of something in a particular context. Introduction of aterm of artmay be wikilinked and, optionally,given in non-emphasis italicson first occurrence. Example: useThe community of researchers in a field may produce ascientific consensus,not... may produce a Scientific Consensus.

Acronyms

See also:Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Acronyms

On Wikipedia, mostacronymsare written in all capital letters (such asNATO,BBC,andJPEG). Wikipedia does not follow the practice of distinguishing between acronyms andinitialisms;unless that is their common name, do not writeword acronyms,that are pronounced as if they were words, with an initial capital letter only, e.g., do not writeUNESCOasUnesco,orNASAasNasa.

• Some acronyms (mostly trademarks likeYahoo!andTaser) conventionally or officially use a mixture of capitals and lower-case letters, even non-letters; for any given example, use the spelling found in the majority ofreliable,independent sources(e.g.,LaTeX,M&Ms,3M,andInBev). Do not mimic trademark stylization otherwise.(SeeWP:Manual of Style/Trademarks.)
• Non-trademarked acronyms that have become assimilated into English as everyday words may be written as common nouns when it is conventional to do so (e.g.,scubaandlaser,whereasZIP CodeandbankPINare unassimilated acronyms and are capitalized as such).

Use only source-attested acronyms and initialisms;do not make upnew ones (for example, theWorld Pool-Billiard Associationis the WPA, and it is not referred to as the "WPBA").

"Also known as", when abbreviated on second or later occurrences, or in a table, should be given asa.k.a.orAKA(whichever reads more easily in the context). Do not useaka,A/K/A,or other unusual renderings.

Expanded forms of abbreviations

This section is an excerpt fromWikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Expanded forms.[edit]

Do not apply initial capitals or other forms of emphasis to common-noun phrases just because capitals are used when abbreviating them:

• Incorrect (not a proper name):uses Digital Scanning (DS) technology
• Correct:uses digital scanning (DS) technology
• Correct (proper name):produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

Similarly, when showing the source of anacronym,initialism,orsyllabic abbreviation,emphasizing the letters in the expansion that make up the acronym is unnecessary and potentially distracting:

• Incorrect:FOREX (FOReign EXchange)
• Incorrect:FOREX (foreignexchange)
• Incorrect:FOREX (foreignexchange)
• Correct:FOREX (foreign exchange)

After hyphenation

In article text, do not use a capital letter after a hyphen except for terms that would ordinarily be capitalized in running prose, such as proper names (e.g.demonymsand brand names):Graeco-RomanandMediterranean-style,but notGandhi-Like.Letters used as designations are treated as names for this purpose:a size-A drill bit.(For cases involving titles of people, seeWP:Manual of Style/Biography § Hyphenation and compounds;for titles of works, seeWP:Manual of Style/Titles § Hyphenation.)

All caps and small caps

This section is about using all caps in articles. For the talk page guideline, seeWP:SHOUTING.For misleading or misunderstood shortcuts, seeWP:UPPERCASE.

Avoid writing withall caps(all capital letters), includingsmall caps(all caps at a reduced size), when they have only astylisticfunction. Reduce them totitle case,sentence case,or normal case, as appropriate.

• Reduce newspaper headlines and other titles from all caps to title case – or to sentence case if required by thecitation styleestablished in the article. For example, replace the headline or title "WAR BEGINS TODAY" with"War Begins Today"or, if necessary,"War begins today".
• Reduce track titles on albums where all or most tracks are listed in all capitals.For which words should be capitalized, seeWP:Manual of Style/Titles § Capital letters.
• Reduce court decisions from all caps. WriteRoe v. Wade,even though the decision as issued readsROE v. WADE.
• Reduce proclamations, such as those for theMedal of Honor,from all capitals.
• Reduce text written in all capitals in trademarks –seeWP:Manual of Style/Trademarks.
• Reduce Latin quotations and terms from all capitals,and put them in italics as non-English. As this is a form of transliteration, the LatinVshould be normalized tovoru,as appropriate, per modern conventions for rendering Latin.(See below for a linguistics exception. See alsoWP:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Non-English language terms.)
• Reduce names of companies or other trademarks from all caps to sentence case, unless they are acronyms or initialisms, even if the company normally writes them in all caps. See alsoWikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks.
• Do not write with all capitals for emphasis; italics are preferred(see§ Do not use for emphasis,above).In quoted material,all caps or small caps for emphasis should be replaced with italicemphasisor, in an already italic passage, boldface (with HTML<strong>or{{strong}}).

Certain material may be written with all capitals or small capitals:

• Acronyms and initialisms(see§ Acronyms,above);these are given in all caps, not small caps.
  • There are some exceptions on Wikipedia. Acronyms that have been fully assimilated into English as words are given in lowercase (laser,scuba), as are various Latinisms such asam,pm;seeWP:Manual of Style/Abbreviationsfor details.
  • Some uses of small caps that are common in thehouse stylesof particular publishers are not used on Wikipedia; the most common are for Roman numerals (useXIV,notXIV) and for acronyms for eras (useBCE,AD,etc., notBCE,AD).
• In religion, renderings of theTetragrammaton(YHWH) – but not ofAdonai– can be formatted with the templates{{LORD}}and{{GOD}},when the distinction is important. These employ a mixture of all caps and small caps common in many Bible editions: LORD.Do not style these or similar words in colored text.
• Certain citation styles (e.g.,Bluebook) require that certain parts of a citation, such as author names in Alpha betical reference sections, be written in small caps. If an article has been consistently using such a citation style, itshould be respected,absent a consensus to change the style. For readability, this should be done with the template{{sc1}},which distinguishes the case of the input, giving uppercase full-size and lowercase in a readable small-caps size; this makes the output both moreaccessibleand accurate to copy-paste:{{sc1|DeVoto}}visually producesDeVoto,which copy-pastes as DeVoto. However, if such a citation style is not already established at an article, it is better avoided, as it is difficult to read and complicates the markup.
• The names ofUnicodecode points are conventionally given in small caps using the template{{unichar}}or similar. Example:the characterU+2053⁓SWUNG DASH.This is only done when presenting tables of Unicode data, and when discussing code point names as such. Otherwise prefer unstyled, plain-English character names (whether they coincide with code point names or not):the hyphen and the en dash,nottheHYPHEN-MINUSand theEN DASH.
• Textual excerpts, inscriptions, example words, and letterforms in classical Latin, Greek, and otherunicasescripts may be given in all caps or preferably small caps (the template{{sc2}}is intended for this purpose) to reflect the letterforms of that era. This should only be done when it is contextually useful, as inlinguisticmaterial and descriptions ofartifacts.Examples: letterforms atGaulish language § Orthography,and excerpts atDuenos inscription.This usage should preserve the original orthography to the extent possible in Unicode (e.g., use ofVin Latin for bothvandu). When rendered this way, such material need not be italicized as non-English.When it is not possible to render such material as text, a photograph may prove useful, ifa free one is available.
• In linguistics andphilology,glossingof text or speech uses small caps for thestandardized abbreviationsoffunctional morphemetypes (e.g.,PL,AUX); this is done with the linguistics template{{gcl}},or by feeding a lowercase value to the generic template{{sc}}.On first occurrence, use a piped link around the template:[[Plural|{{sc|pl}}]].This style is not used forlexicalglosses ofcontent morphemes;thesego in single quotesin a linear (inline) gloss (e.g., inSpanishperro,'dog'), but no markup at all in aninterlinear gloss.
• A further linguistics use of smallcaps ({{sc2}}) is representation of alexical set;this markup is used in various linguistic articles and in our own reader-facing documentation that involves lexical sets, such asHelp:IPA/English.

Anglo-and similar prefixes

Most words with prefixes such asAnglo-,Franco-,etc., are capitalized. For example,Anglo-Saxon,Anglo-FrenchandAnglo-Normanare all capitalized. However, there is some variation concerning a small number of words of French origin. In French, these words are not capitalized, and this sometimes carries over to English. There are variations, and since editors often refer to only one dictionary, they may unwittingly contraveneWikipedia:Manual of Style § Varieties of Englishby changing a usage to that which is more common in their own national dialect. The main (but not mandatory) exceptions to the capitalization rule are the following.

• anglicism,gallicism,etc.: These words are often, but not always, capitalized.Anglicismis less likely to be capitalized in Canada.
• anglicize(anglicise),gallicize(gallicise), etc.:Anglicizeis often capitalized in the US, and sometimes in other countries.Gallicizeis often capitalized in the US, and usually capitalized in other countries.
• anglophile,francophile,etc.: Words in this category are usually capitalized both as nouns and adjectives, except in Canada, where they sometimes are.
• anglophone,francophone,etc.: These words are often capitalized in the US as adjectives, and usually as nouns. They are usually not capitalized in other countries, whether as nouns or adjectives.
• anglophobe,francophobe,etc.: Words in this category are usually capitalized in all countries except Canada, where they sometimes are. The same applies toanglophobic.

Romanize,Latinize,and related words are often lowercased in a linguistic context in particular, butotherwiseusually capitalized;italic[s],in the typography sense, is always lowercase.

Animals, plants, and other organisms

Further information on article titles about organisms, including scientific names and common names and how and when to italicize their display:Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)andWikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)

Scientific names

Scientific namesincludinggenusandspecies(sometimes alsosubspecies,orother infraspecific names) have an initial capital letter for the genus, but not for the [sub]species (and are always italicized):the tulip tree isLiriodendron tulipifera;all modern humans areHomo sapiens.More specifically:

• The names of genera are always capitalized (and italicized), even when not paired with a species name:Allosaurus,Falco,Anas.
• The second part of abinomial species nameis never capitalized, even when derived from a proper name (but is always italicized), and is always preceded by either the genus name, or a capitalized abbreviation of it if the full version has occurred previously in the same text:Thomson's gazelle isEudorcas thomsoniiorE. thomsonii.
• In zoology, the same applies to the third part of atrinomial name:the arctic wolf isCanis lupus arctosorC. l. arctos.
• In botany, the third part of a trinomial is preceded by an indication of rank which is not italicized:Poa secundasubsp.juncifolia,Acanthocalycium klimpelianumvar.macranthum.

Cultivarandcultivar groupnames of plants are not italicized, and are capitalized. Cultivar names appear within single quotes:Malus domestica'Red Delicious'.Cultivar groups do not use quotation marks, but do include and capitalize the word "Group" in the name:Cynara cardunculusScolymus Group.While theICNCPhas recently preferred the term "Group" (used by itself and capitalized) to refer to the cultivar group concept, please use the lower-case phrase "cultivar group" (aside from "Group" within an actual scientific name), as it is both less ambiguous and less typographically confusing to the average reader.

Orders, families and othertaxonomic ranksabove genus level have an initial capital letter (and are not italicized):bats belong to the order Chiroptera;rats and mice are members of the family Muridae and the order Rodentia.However, the English form derived from the Latin name should not be capitalized or italicized:members of the order Chiroptera are chiropterans;members of the family Muridae are murids and members of the order Rodentia are rodents.

Common names

Lower-case initial letters are used for each part of the English (common, vernacular) names of species, genera, families and all other taxonomic levels (bacteria,zebra,bottlenose dolphin,mountain maple,bald eagle), except where they contain aproper name(Przewalski's horse,Amur tiger,Roosevelt elk), or when such a name starts a sentence(Black bears eat white suckers and blueberries). If interpretation could be ambiguous, use links or rewording to make it clearer.

As of 2017,wikiprojects for some groups of organisms are in the process of converting to sentence case where title case was previously used. Some articles may not have been changed yet (this may still be true of someinsectarticles and someplantones, as well as a few onamphibians and reptiles).

Names of groups or types

The common name of agroupof species ortypeof organism is always written in lower case (except where a proper name occurs):

• New World monkeys,slime molds,rove beetles,great apes,mountain dogs,Van cats

This also applies to an individual creature of indeterminate species.

Calendar items

See also:Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Seasons

Capitalize the names of months, days, and holidays:June,Monday,Fourth of July,Michaelmas,the Ides of March. Seasons are uncapitalized (a hot summer) except when personified:soon Spring will show her colors;Old Man Winter.

Celestial bodies

The wordsSun,Earth,MoonandSolar Systemare capitalized (as proper names) when used to refer to a specific celestial body in an astronomical context (The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System;the Moon orbits Earth). They are not capitalized when used outside an astronomical context, such as when referring to sunshine (It was a clear day and the sun felt warm), or when used in a general sense (Io is a moon of Jupiter). However, they are capitalized in personifications, as inSol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the ancient Roman sun god.

Names of planets, moons, asteroids, comets, stars, constellations, and galaxies are proper names and begin with a capital letter (The planet Mars can be seen tonight in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux). The first letter of every word in such a name is capitalized (Alpha Centauriand notAlpha centauri;Milky Way,notMilky way). In the case of compounds with generic terms such ascometandgalaxy(but notstarorplanet), the generic is retained at the end of the name and capitalized as part of it (Halley's Comet is the most famous of the periodic comets;astronomers describe the Andromeda Galaxy as a spiral galaxy). However,Milky Way galaxyis a descriptive phrase, without capitalized "galaxy", and should usually be reduced to the actual name,Milky Way,because that name is not ambiguous. If it is unclear what the Milky Way is in the context, consider using something clearer, likeEarth's galaxy, the Milky Way.Do not capitalize descriptive terms that precede the name of an astronomical object:comet Bradfield 1,galaxy HCM-6A.

Compass points

Points of the compass (north,north-east,southeast,etc.), and their derived forms (northern,southeasterly,etc.) are not generally capitalized:nine miles south of Oxford,a northern road.They are capitalized only when they form part of a proper name, such asGreat North Road.

Doubts frequently arise when referring to regions, such aseastern SpainandSouthern California.If one is consistently capitalized in reliable sources (as withNorth Korea,Southern CaliforniaorWestern Europe), then the direction word in it is capitalized. Otherwise it is not, as witheastern Spainorsouthwest Poland.If you are not sure whether a region has attained proper-name status, assume it has not.

Follow the same convention for related forms: a person from theSouthern United Statesis aSoutherner.

Compound compass points are usually fully compounded inAmerican English,for examplenorthwest,while inBritish Englishthey are sometimes written as separate words or hyphenated, as innorth-west.This also affects names of regions such asSoutheastern United StatesandSouth East England.Finer compass points take a hyphen after the first word, regardless, and never use a space:south-southeastorsouth-south-east,but notsouth-south east,south southeast,etc.

Geological periods

The names of formally definedgeological periodsand the rock layers corresponding to them are capitalized. Thus theDevonian Periodor theLate Cretaceous Epochare internationally defined periods of time, whereas thelate Cretaceousis an unspecified time towards the end of the Cretaceous. Do not capitalize outside a complete formal name: thusthe Devonian is a periodrather thanthe Devonian is a Period.

Headings, headers, and captions

Main page:Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Section headings

Usesentence case,nottitle case,in all section headings. Capitalize the first character of the first element if it is a letter, but leave the rest lower case except for proper names and other items that would ordinarily be capitalized in running text.

Use:Economic and demographic shifts after World War II

Avoid:Economic and Demographic Shifts After World War II

The same applies to thetitles of articles,table headers and captions,the headers ofinfoboxesandnavigation templates,andimage captions and alt text.(For list items, see next section.)

Linking is easier if titles are in sentence case. It is easier for articles to be merged or split if headings resemble titles.

Initial letters in sentences and list items

The initial letter in a sentenceis capitalized. This does not apply if it begins with a letter which is always left uncapitalized (as in "eBay";see§ Items that require initial lower case,below), although it is usually preferable to recast the sentence.

When an independent clause ends with a dash or semicolon, the first letter of the following word should not be capitalized, even if it begins a new independent clause that could be a grammatically separate sentence:Cheese is a dairy product; bacon is not.For guidance after colons, seeWP:Manual of Style § Colons.

In a list, if each item of the list is a complete sentence, then it should be capitalized like any other sentence. If the list items are sentence fragments, then capitalization should be consistent – sentence case should be applied to either all or none of the items. SeeWP:Manual of Style § Bulleted and numbered lists.

Items that require initial lower case

In contexts where the case of symbols is significant, like those related toprogramming languages,mathematical notation(for example, the mathematical constanteis not equivalent toE), or the names ofunits of physical quantitiesor their symbols, the correct case should always be retained, even in situations where normal rules would require capitalization, such as at the beginning of a sentence.Try to avoid putting such lowercase symbols (or any non- Alpha betic ones) at the start of a sentence within running text.(See alsoWikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics.)

Some individuals do not want their personal names capitalized. In such cases, Wikipedia articles may use lower-case variants of personal names if they have regular and established use in reliable third-party sources (for example,k.d. lang). When such a name is the first word in a sentence, the rule forinitial letters in sentences and list itemsshould take precedence, and the first letter of the personal name should be capitalized regardless of personal preference.

For proprietary names such asAdidas(written as "adidas" by the company itself) andeBay,see§ Trademarks,below.

If an article title begins with such a letter that needs to be in lower case (as in the above examples), use the{{lowercase}}template or equivalent code. Note that it is not currently possible to makecategoriesdisplay with an initial lowercase letter in an article's category box. Hence the link toCategory:eBayat the foot of the articleeBaymust display as "EBay". Similarly the article titleeBaywill be displayed as "EBay" in the category listing.

Institutions

• Full namesof institutions, organizations, companies, etc. (United States Department of State) are proper names and require capitals. Also treat as a proper name a shorter but still specific form, consistently capitalized in reliable generalist sources (e.g.,US State Departmentorthe State Department,depending on context).
  • Avoid ambiguous use of terms like "city", "state", etc. to indicate a governing body. Write clearly to indicate "the city council", the "state legislature", or "the state government".
  • The wordtheat the start of a name is uncapitalized in running text, regardless of the institution's own usage (members oftheChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saintsnotmembers ofTheChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints).
  • If you are not sure whether the English translation of a foreign name is exact or not, assume it is rough and use lower case (e.g., the French parliament).
• Generic wordsfor institutions, organizations, companies, etc., and rough descriptions of them (university,college,hospital,church,high school) do not take capitals:

Incorrect	(generic):	The University offers programs in arts and sciences.
Correct	(generic):	The university offers programs in arts and sciences.
Correct	(proper name):	The University of Delhi offers programs in arts and sciences.

• Political or geographical unitssuch as cities, towns, and countries follow the same rules: As proper names they require capitals; but as generic words and rough descriptions (sometimes best omitted for simplicity) they do not:

Incorrect	(generic):	The City has a population of 55,000.
Correct	(generic):	The city has a population of 55,000.
Correct	(name of legal entity):	The City of Smithville was incorporated in 1873.
Correct	( "city" omitted):	Smithville has a population of 55,000.
Exception	( "City" used as shortened proper name for theCity of London):	In the medieval period, the City was the full extent of London.
Incorrect	(generic plural):	The Cities of Calgary and Edmonton are in Alberta.
Correct	(generic plural):	The cities of Calgary and Edmonton are in Alberta.
Correct	(plural legal entities):	The City of Calgary and the City of Edmonton have dissimilar rent-control ordinances.

These principles also apply to terms for the output of institutions, companies, and other organizations (act,bill,law,regulation,product,service,report,guideline,etc.).

Military terms

WP:MARINE redirects here. You may also be looking forWikipedia:WikiProject Oceans,Wikipedia:WikiProject Marine lifeorWikipedia:WikiProject Seattle Mariners.

The general rule is that wherever a military term is an accepted proper name, as indicated by consistent capitalization in sources, it should be capitalized. Where there is uncertainty as to whether a term is generally accepted, consensus should be reached on the talk page.

• Military ranks follow the same capitalization guidelines as given under§ Titles of people,below. For example,Brigadier General John Smith,butJohn Smith was a brigadier general.
• Formal names of military units, including armies, navies, air forces, fleets, regiments, battalions, companies, corps, and so forth, are proper names and should be capitalized. However, the words for types of military unit (army, navy, fleet, company, etc.) do not require capitalization if they do not appear in a proper name. Thus,the American army,butthe United States Army.Unofficial but well-known names should also be capitalized (the Green Berets,theGuard).

  Correct:the Fifth Company; the Young Guard; the company rallied.

  Incorrect:The Company took heavy losses. The 3rd battalion retreated.

• Accepted names of wars, battles, revolts, revolutions, rebellions, mutinies, skirmishes, fronts, raids, actions, operations, and so forth are capitalized if they are usually capitalized in sources (Spanish Civil War,Battle of Leipzig,Boxer Rebellion,Action of July 8, 1716,Western Front,Operation Sea Lion). The generic terms (war, revolution, battle) take the lowercase form when standing alone (France went to war;The battle began;The raid succeeded). Words such ascampaign,offensive,siege,action,pocket,etc., are typically not frequently capitalized in sources, so are lowercase in Wikipedia (Bougainville campaign,American logistics in the Normandy campaign).
• Proper names of specificmilitary awards and decorationsare capitalized (Medal of Honor,Victoria Cross).
• Terms such as soldier, sailor, airman, marine, and coast guardsman are not capitalized when describing an individual or a group, but are when used as a rank (see above).

  Correct:The soldiers landed on the beach.

  Incorrect:John Doe is a Marine

Musical and literary genres

Names of genres (such as musical or literary) are not capitalized unless they contain a proper name. For example:

Incorrect:The Rouge Admins are a Goa Trance band.

Incorrect:The Rouge Admins are a goa trance band.

Correct:The Rouge Admins are a Goa trance band.

Incorrect:YouTube Poop is a type of video mashup.

Correct:YouTube poop is a type of video mashup.

Incorrect:Asimov is widely considered a master of Science Fiction.

Correct:Asimov is widely considered a master of science fiction.

Radio formats such asadult contemporaryorclassic rockare also not capitalized.The same goes for dance,including types, genres, styles, moves, and social activities (ballets de cour,ballroom dancing,traditional square dance,rock step,line dancing). Proper names, as always, are excepted:St. Louis shag.

Proper names

In English,proper names,which can be either single words or phrases, are typically capitalized. Such names are frequently a source of conflict, especially when different cultures, using different names, claim someone or something as their own. (Avoidedit warringor pushing aparticular viewpoint.) Wikipedia does not adjudicate such disputes, but as a general rule uses the name which is likely to be most familiar to readers of English. Alternative names oftenare also given,for greater clarity and fuller information.

For information on the use of proper names as article titles, seeWikipedia:Article titles.See alsoWikipedia:Use English.
For use of diacritics (accent marks), seeWikipedia:Manual of Style § Spelling and romanization.
For treatment of trademarks, seeWikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks.

Peoples and their languages

See also:Wikipedia:Naming conventions (languages)

Names for peoples and cultures, languages and dialects, nationalities, ethnic and religious groups, demonyms, and the like are capitalized, including in adjectival forms (Japanese cuisine,Cumbrian dialect). Cultural terms may lose their capitalization when their connection to the original culture has been lost (or there never really was one). Some fairly conventionalized examples arefrench fries,typographicalromanization,english(cue-ball spin) in pool playing,scotch-doubles tournament,bone china,gum arabic,byzantine('overly complex'). Some are more transitional and can be written either way:latinizationof names,dutch date,lynching,andrussian roulette.Always capitalized:French cuisine,cultural Romanization,English billiards,Scotch whisky,Arabic coffee,liturgical Latinization,the Byzantine Empire,Dutch oven.Avoid over-capitalizing adjectival forms of such terms in other languages, most of which do not capitalize as much as English does. E.g., the book titleDiccionario biográfico español('Spanish Biographical Dictionary')does not capitalizetheeofespañol.If in doubt, check how multiple high-quality reliable sources in English treat the name or phrase.

Combining forms are also generally capitalized where the proper name occurs: (pan-Celticism,Austro-Hungarian,un-American). Some may be fully fused and decapitalized if the name is mid-word; e.g.,unamerican,panamerican,transatlantic,andantisemitismare well-attested. There is no consensus on Wikipedia for or against either form. However, preferanti-Semitismin proximity to other such terms (Tatarophobia,etc.), else the lower-casing ofSemiticmay appear pointed and insulting. Similarly, forconsistency within the article,preferun-Americanandpan-Americanin an article that also usesanti-American,pan-African,and similar compounds.(See alsoWP:Manual of Style § US and U.S.,for consistency between country abbreviations.)

Where a common name in English encompasses both a people and their language, that term is preferred, as inSwahili peopleandSwahili languagerather thanWaswahiliandKiswahili.

Ethno-racial"color labels"may be given capitalized (BlackandWhite) or lower-case (blackandwhite).The capitalized form will be more appropriate in the company of other upper-case terms of this sort (Asian–Pacific, Black, Hispanic, Native American, Indigenous,and White demographic categories).Brownshould not be used in Wikipedia's own voice, as it is ambiguous, and in the currently popular sense isinformal,anAmericanism,and aneologistic usagewhich conflicts with prior more specific senses. The old epithetsRedandYellow,plusColored(in the American sense) andNegro,are generally taken to be offensive, and should only be used in quotations. When used in the context of direct quotations, titles of works, and organization names ( "... Dr.Fu Manchu,the yellow peril incarnate in one man "; E. R. Baierlein'sIn the Wilderness with the Red Indians;National Association for the Advancement of Colored People;United Negro College Fund),follow the original's spelling.The termColouredin reference to a specific ethnic group of Southern Africa is not a slur, and is capitalized;person/people of colo[u]ris not offensive, and not capitalized.

For eponyms more broadly, seeWP:Manual of Style § Eponyms

Personal names

Main page:Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography § Names

See also:Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)andWikipedia:WikiProject Anthroponymy

Personal namesare the names given to people, but can be used as well for some animals (like race horses) and natural or man-made inanimate objects (like ships and geological formations). As proper nouns, these names are almost always first-letter capitalized. An exception is made when the lowercase variant has received regular and established use in reliable independent sources. In these cases, the name is still capitalized when at the beginning of a sentence, per the normal rules of English. Minor elements in certain names are not capitalized, but this can vary by individual:Marie van Zandt,John Van Zandt.Use the style that dominates for that person in reliable sources; for aliving subject,prefer the spelling consistentlyused in the subject's own publications.

Place names

Main page:Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Geographical items

See also:Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)

Geographicalorplace namesare the nouns used to refer to specific places and geographic features. These are treated like other proper names and take an initial capital letter on all major elements:Japan,Mount Everest,Gulf of Tonkin.Terms for types of places and features do not take capitals:the town hall;the capital city;an ocean;the savannah;karst topography.

Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents

See also:Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles § Religious texts

Names of organized religions (as well as officially recognized sects), whether as a noun or an adjective, and their adherents start with a capital letter. Unofficial movements, ideologies or philosophies within religions are generally not capitalized unless derived from a proper name. For example,Islam,Christianity,Catholic,Pentecostal,andCalvinistare capitalized, whileevangelicalismandfundamentalismare not.

Proper namesand conventional titles referencing deities are capitalized:God,Allah,Freyja,the Lord,the Supreme Being,the Messiah.The same is true when referring to important religious figures, such as Muhammad, by terms such asthe Prophet.Common nounsnot used as titles should not be capitalized:the Norse gods,personal god,comparison of supreme beings in four indigenous religions.In biblical and related contexts,Godis capitalized only when it is a title for the deity of theAbrahamic religions,andprophetis generally not capitalized.HeavenandHellare capitalized when referring to a specific place (Christians believe Jesus ascended to Heaven) but lowercase in other circumstances (the heavens opened up with rain; the ice cream was heavenly; reading this book was hell for him).

Transcendent ideas in the Platonic sense may also begin with a capital letter:GoodandTruth.However, this can often seem stilted, biased, or even sarcastic, so it is best avoided when possible (e.g., confined to directly quoted material, or used in a philosophical context in which the usage is conventional); usean inquest seeking justice for the victims,notJustice.Nouns (other than names) referring to any material or abstract representation of any deity, human or otherwise, are not capitalized:an avatar of Shiva,an ikon of Saint John,Gabriel, a messenger of God,the crow as a manifestation of the Irish goddess Morrígan(notAvatar,Ikon,Messenger,Crow,orManifestation).

Except in direct quotation,pronounsfor deities and figures of veneration are not capitalized, even if they are capitalized in scripture or according to a religious convention:Jesus addressed his followers,notJesus addressed His followers.

The names of major works of scripture, such as the Bible, the Quran, the Talmud, and the Vedas, should be capitalized (but are often not italicized). The adjectivebiblicalshould not be capitalized.Quranicis normally capitalized, but usage varies fortalmudic,vedic,etc. Be consistent within an article.

Do not capitalize terms denoting types of religious or mythical beings, such asangel,fairy,ordeva.The personal names of individual beings are capitalized as normal (the archangel Gabriel). An exception to the general rule is made when such terms are used to denote races and the like inspeculative fiction,in which case they are capitalized if the work capitalizes them (the Elves of Tolkien's Middle-earth).

Spiritual or religious events are capitalized only when referring to proper names of specific incidents or periods (the Great Floodandthe Exodus;butancient Egyptian myths about the Nile's annual flooding,andan exodus of refugees from Soviet religious persecution).

Doctrines, ideologies, philosophies, theologies, theories, movements, methods, processes, systems or schools of thought and practice, and fields of academic study or professional practice arenotcapitalized, unless the name derives from a proper name. E.g., lowercaserepublicanrefers to a general system of political thought (republican sentiment in Ireland); uppercaseRepublicanis used in reference tospecific political partieswith this word in their names (each being a proper-noun phrase) in various countries (a Democratic versus Republican Party stalemate in the US Senate). Nevertheless, watch for idiom, especially a usage that has become disconnected from the original doctrinal/systemic referent and is often lower-cased in sources (in which case, do not capitalize):Platonic idealismbutaplatonicrelationship;theDraconian constitutionof Athensbutcomplained of draconian policies at her workplace.Doctrinal topics, canonical religious ideas, and procedural systems that may be traditionally capitalized within a faith or field are given in lower case in Wikipedia, such asa virgin birth,original sin,transubstantiation,andmethod acting.

Science and mathematics

In the names of scientific and mathematical concepts, only proper names (or words derived from them) should be capitalized:Hermitian matrixorLorentz transformation,Down syndrome.However, some conventionalized exceptions exist, such asabelian groupandBig Bangtheory.In some specialized fields, acharacter other than the firstis considered the "first letter" for sentence- and title-case capitalization purposes.

For more guideline material relating to mathematics and sciences, see:Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers,andCategory:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science).

Sports, games, and other activities

Trademarked sports and games are capitalizedlike any other trademarks.Those that are published works (board games, roleplaying games, video games) are italicized like titles of other major works:Scrabble,Dungeons & Dragons,The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind.Non-stand-alone add-on publications, such as RPG modules andDLCsare minor works and take quotation marks. Sport and game rule books and rule sets are also capitalized, italicized works; named chapters within them take quotation marks, and may be given in sentence case or title case as appropriate for the context, as with chapters of other works.(For more information on titles of works, seeWP:Manual of Style/Titles.)

Terms relating to trademarked sports, games, and activities are capitalized if they are usually capitalized in the context of this activity:ability scoresinDungeons & Dragons,card names inMagic: The Gathering,etc. However, generic terms such ashit point,victory point,orplayer characterare not capitalized.

Sports, games, and other activities that are not trademarked or copyrighted are not capitalized (except where one contains a proper name or acronym, or begins a sentence). This includes groups of sports or games (winter sports,carom billiards,trick-taking card games), traditional sports including modern ones (field hockey,triathlon,BASE jumping), traditional games (Texas hold 'em poker,chess,spin-the-bottle), folk and social dances and dance styles (kołomyjka,Viennese waltz,line dancing), and other such group and solo activities (flash mob,hackathon,birthday party,workout,biology class,political rally,binge-watch,speed dating,tweeting).

Likewise, venue types, sports equipment, game pieces, rules, moves, techniques, jargon, and other terms relating to sports, games, and activities are given in lower case and without special stylization such as italics (with the standard exceptions; e.g., capitalize proper names, italicize non-English words):football pitch,pool cue,queen of diamonds,infield fly rule,triple Lutz,semi-massé,spear tackle).

There are occasional, conventionalized variances, e.g.:

• The names of standardchess openingsare capitalized (Queen's Gambit,Neo-Grünfeld Defence).
• The name of the gameGois capitalized.
• TheMcTwist,an aerial skateboarding move, is named for its inventor,Mike McGill,and would be confusing as "mctwist".
• Olympic[s]andParalympic[s]are capitalized, including when used as adjectives.

Specific competition titles and events (or series thereof) are capitalized if they are usually capitalized in independent sources:WPA World Nine-ball Championship,Tour de France,Americas Cup.Generic usage is not:a three-time world champion,international tournaments.None take italics or other special markup.

The above rules of thumb should also be applied toglossary entries;they are collectively an exception to the general practice of starting all list items with a capital letter, since upper-casing them all confuses readers as to which are proper names.(For our most-developed example of a glossary article, seeGlossary of cue sports terms.)

There are also three related naming-conventions guidelines:

• WP:Naming conventions (sports teams)
• WP:Naming conventions (sportspeople)
• WP:Naming conventions (video games)

Variousgames-andsports-related wikiprojectsalso provideadvice essaysthat often include topical style, naming, and layout tips. (However, many aren't well-maintained, and may conflict with some current guideline and policy wording; remember that they are essays.)

Capitalization ofThe

See also:Wikipedia:Naming conventions (definite or indefinite article at beginning of name)

Do not ordinarily capitalize the definite article after the first word of a sentence;however, some idiomatic expressions, including the titles of artistic and academic works, should be quoted exactly, according to common usage.

Correct	(generic):	an article about theUnited Kingdom
Incorrect:		an article aboutThe United Kingdom(a redirect)
Correct	(title):	J. R. R. Tolkien wroteThe Lord of the Rings.
Incorrect:		J. R. R. Tolkien wrotetheLord of the Rings.(a redirect)
Correct	(title):	Homer wrote theOdyssey.
Incorrect:		Homer wroteThe Odyssey.(a redirect)
Correct	(exception):	public transport inThe Hague
Incorrect:		public transport in theHague(a redirect)
Correct:		weather inthe Bahamas
Incorrect:		weather inThe Bahamas
Correct	(exception):	competed inThe Open Championship(a specific golf tournament conventionally styled this way)
Incorrect:		competed inThe British Open(a redirect from a description not a name)

This also applies to indefinite articles (a,an):System of a DownnotSystem of A Down.Other than titles of works, proper names starting with a required indefinite article that would be exceptions, likeA Split-Second,are very rare.

There are special considerations for:band names·institution names·nicknames·titles of works·trademarks.

Titles of people

Main page:Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography § Titles of people

• In generic use,apply lower case to words such aspresident,king,andemperor(De Gaulle was a French president;Louis XVI was a French king;Three prime ministers attended the conference).
• Directly juxtaposed with the person's name,such words begin with a capital letter (President Obama,notpresident Obama). Standard or commonly used names of an office are treated as proper names (David Cameron was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom;Hirohito was Emperor of Japan;Louis XVI was King of France). Royal styles are capitalized (Her Majesty;His Highness); exceptions may apply for particular offices.
• For fuller details, seeWikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies § Titles of people.

Titles of works

Main page:WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works § Capital letters

In English-language titles, every word is capitalized, except forarticles,short coordinating conjunctions, and short prepositions. The first and last words within a title (and within a subtitle) are capitalized regardless of their grammatical role. This is known astitle case.Capitalization of non-English titles varies by language.

This is not applied to Wikipedia's own articles, which are given insentence case:capitalize the first letter, and proper names (e.g.,List of cohomology theories,Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez administration).

Trademarks

Main page:Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks

For trademarks, editors should choose among styles already in common use (not invent new ones) and, among those, use the style that most closely resembles standard English text formatting and capitalization rules. For trademarks that are given in mixed or non-capitalization by their owners (such asadidas), follow the formatting and capitalization used byindependentreliable sources. When sources are mixed, follow the standard formatting and capitalization used forproper names(in this case, as in most,Adidas). The mixed or non-capitalized formatting should be mentioned in the article lead, or illustrated with a graphical logo.

Trademarks beginning with a one-letter lowercase prefix pronounced as a separate letter, followed by a capitalized second letter, such asiPodandeBay,are written in that form if this has become normal English usage for that name. For considerations relating to such items, see§ Items that require initial lower caseabove andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks § Trademarks that begin with a lowercase letter.