William Gaddis

William Thomas Gaddis Jr.(December 29, 1922 – December 16, 1998) was an American novelist. The first and longest of his five novels,The Recognitions,was named one ofTIME magazine's100 best novels from 1923 to 2005 and two others,J RandA Frolic of His Own,won the annual U.S.National Book Award for Fiction. A collection of his essays was published posthumously asThe Rush for Second Place(2002).The Letters of William Gaddiswas published byDalkey Archive Pressin February 2013.

William Gaddis
Gaddis in 1975
Born	William Thomas Gaddis Jr. (1922-12-29)December 29, 1922 New York City, US
Died	December 16, 1998(1998-12-16)(aged 75) East Hampton,New York,US
Education	Harvard University
Period	1955–1998
Genre	Novel
Literary movement	Postmodernism
Notable works	The Recognitions(1955) J R(1975) A Frolic of His Own(1994)
Notable awards	National Book Award
Spouse	Patricia Black Judith Thompson
Children	2

AMacArthur Fellow,Gaddis is widely considered one of the first and most important Americanpostmodern writers.

Life and career

Gaddis was born in New York City to William Thomas Gaddis, who worked "onWall Streetand in politics ", and Edith (Charles) Gaddis, who worked her way up from being secretary to the president of the New York Steam Corporation to an executive position as its chief purchasing agent.When he was three, his parents separated and Gaddis was subsequently raised by his mother inMassapequa,Long Island.At age 5 he was sent to Merricourt Boarding School inBerlin, Connecticut.He continued in private school until the eighth grade, after which he returned to Long Island to receive his diploma at Farmingdale High School in 1941. He entered Harvard in 1941 where he was a member ofThe Harvard Lampoon(where he eventually served as president), but was asked to leave in 1944 due to an altercation with police.He worked as afact checkerforThe New Yorkerfor little over a year (late February 1945 until late April 1946), then spent five years traveling in Mexico, Central America, Spain, France, England, and North Africa, returning to the United States in 1951.

His first novel,The Recognitions,appeared in 1955. A lengthy, complex, and allusive work, it had to wait to find its audience. Newspaper reviewers considered it overly intellectual, overwritten, and disgusting. Seven years later, the book was defended byJack Greenin a series of broadsheets blasting the critics; the series was collected later under the titleFire the Bastards!.

Gaddis then turned topublic relationswork and the making of documentary films to support himself and his family. In this role he worked forPfizer,Eastman Kodak,IBM,and theUnited States Army,among others. He also received aNational Institute of Arts and Lettersgrant, aRockefeller grant,and twoNational Endowment for the Artsgrants, all of which helped him write his second novel. In 1975 he publishedJ R,told almost entirely in unattributed dialogue. Its eponymous protagonist, an 11-year-old, learns enough about the stock market from a class field trip to build a financial empire of his own. Critical opinion had caught up with him, and the book won theNational Book Award for Fiction.

Carpenter's Gothic(1985) offered a shorter and more accessible picture of Gaddis's sardonic worldview, focusing on religious fundamentalism and apocalyptic thinking. Instead of struggling against misanthropy (as inThe Recognitions) or reluctantly giving ground to it (as inJ R),Carpenter's Gothicwallows in it. The continual litigation that was a theme in that book becomes the central theme and plot device inA Frolic of His Own(1994)—which earned him his second National Book Awardand was a finalist for theNational Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction.

Gaddis died at home inEast Hampton, New York,of prostate cancer on December 16, 1998,but not before creating his final work,Agapē Agape(the first word of the title is the Greekagapē,meaning divine, unconditional love), which was published in 2002, a novella in the form of the last words of a character similar but not identical to his creator.The Rush for Second Place,published at the same time, collected most of Gaddis's previously published nonfiction.

Family life

In May 1955 Gaddis eloped with Patsy Thompson Black (1928–2000), a model and actress who had come to New York from North Carolina to break into theater.They had two children: Sarah (b. September 1955)—who wrote a novel,Swallow Hard(1991), inspired by her relationship with her father—and Matthew (b. January 1958). Their marriage ended in divorce in 1965. In 1968 Gaddis married Judith Thompson (1940–2022), a journalist and later an antiques dealer. They separated in 1978, and the following year he reunited with Muriel Murphy Oxenberg (1926–2008), whom he had first met in 1953. They lived together until around the time whenA Frolic of His Ownwas published (1994), which is dedicated to her. Gaddis lived alone for the remainder of his life.

Legacy and influence

Among fans of post-modern fiction, Gaddis is often acknowledged as being one of the greatest of American post-war novelists. A critic who early on appreciated his work and recognized its value isSteven Moore:in 1982 he publishedA Reader's Guide to William Gaddis's "The Recognitions"and in 1989 a monograph on Gaddis in the Twayne series. Gaddis's influence is vast (although frequently subterranean): for example, postmodern authors such asDon DeLilloandThomas Pynchonseem to have been influenced by Gaddis (indeed, upon publication ofV.,Pynchon was actually speculated to have been a pen name for Gaddis due to the similarity of styles and the dearth of information about the two authors; theWanda Tinaskyletters also claimed that Gaddis, Pynchon, and Jack Green were the same person),as well as authors such asJoseph McElroy,William Gass,David Markson,andDavid Foster Wallace,who have all stated their admiration for Gaddis in general andThe Recognitionsin particular.

Jonathan Franzen,who in an essay inThe New Yorkercalled Gaddis "an old literary hero of mine", dubbed him 'Mr. Difficult', stating that "by a comfortable margin, the most difficult book I ever voluntarily read in its entirety was Gaddis' nine-hundred-and-fifty-six-page first novel,The Recognitions."Franzen continued: "In the four decades following the publication ofThe Recognitions,Gaddis's work grew angrier and angrier. It's a signature paradox of literary postmodernism: the writer whose least angry work was written first. "

Characters in fiction based on Gaddis include Harry Lees inChandler Brossard's 1952 novelWho Walk in Darkness,Harold Sand inJack Kerouac's autobiographical 1958 novellaThe Subterraneansand possibly Bill Gray inDon DeLillo's 1991 novelMao II.(DeLillo was a friend of Gaddis.) The characters Richard Whitehurst in Kurt Wenzel'sLit Life: A Novel(2001) and Joshua Gel in Stephen Dixon'sI: A Novel(2002) likely are based on Gaddis. Other authors who allude to Gaddis in their books includeJonathan Franzen(The Corrections),David Markson(Epitaph for a Tramp),Joseph McElroy(A Smuggler's Bible) andStanley Elkin(The Magic Kingdom).

His life and work are the subject of a comprehensive website,The Gaddis Annotations,which has been noted in at least one academic journal as a superior example of scholarship usingnew mediaresources.Gaddis's papers are collected atWashington University in St. Louis.The first book-length biography,Joseph Tabbi'sNobody Grew but the Business: On the Life and Work of William Gaddis,was published byNorthwestern University Pressin May 2015.

His works have been translated into a number of foreign languages, including French, German, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Swedish, Chinese, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Russian.

Awards and honors

Beside the awards for particular works, Gaddis received three other awards and honors:

• TheMacArthur Foundation’s "Genius Award" (1982);
• Election to theAmerican Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters(1989);
• TheLannan Literary Awardfor Lifetime Achievement (1993).

Works

Fiction

• The Recognitions(1955)
• J R(1975)
• Carpenter's Gothic(1985)
• A Frolic of His Own(1994)
• Agapē Agape(completed 1998, published 2002)

Non-fiction

• The Rush for Second Place(collection, published 2002)

Short fiction and excerpts

Title	Publication	Collected in
"Le Chemin des Anes"	New World Writing1 (1952)	fromThe Recognitions
"J.R. or The Boy Inside"	The Dutton Review1 (1970)	fromJR
"Untitled Fragment from Another Damned, Thick, Square Book"	Antaeus13/14 (Spring-Summer 1974)
"Nobody Grew But the Business"	Harper's(June 1975)
"Szyrk v. Village of Tatamount et al. in the United States District Court, Southern District of Virginia, No. 105-87"	The New Yorker(October 12, 1987)	fromA Frolic of His Own
"Jake's Dog"	The Missouri Review27.2 (Fall 2004)	-
"The Rehearsal"		-
"A Father Is Arrested"		-
"In Dreams I Kiss Your Hand, Madam"	Ninth Letter4.2 (Fall-Winter 2007)	fromThe Recognitions

See also

• List of novelists from the United States

External links

• The Gaddis Annotations,a comprehensive scholarly site
• The William Gaddis Papersat Washington University in St. Louis
• The William Gaddis pagesat The Modern Word
• Zoltán Abádi-Nagy (Winter 1987)."William Gaddis, The Art of Fiction No. 101".Paris Review.Winter 1987 (105).
• John Sherry (June 1999)."In Recognition. Remembering William Gaddis".Hamptons Country.
• William GaddisatLibrary of CongressAuthorities, with 15 catalog records

Further reading

• Alberts, Crystal; Leise, Christopher; Vanwesenbeeck, Birger, eds. (2009).William Gaddis, 'The Last of Something'.Jefferson: McFarland & Company.ISBN978-0-7864-4309-3.
• Harold, Bloom, ed. (2004).William Gaddis.Bloom's Modern Critical Views. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.ISBN978-0791076644.
• Brunel, Jean-Louis; Gresset, Michel, eds. (1994).William Gaddis.Profils Americains. Vol. 6.
• Chetwynd, Ali, and Marie Fahd, eds.Gaddis at His Centenary. Electronic Book Review,February 2024:https://electronicbookreview /gathering/william-gaddis-at-his-centenary/
• Comnes, Gregory (1994).The Ethics of Indeterminacy in the Novels of William Gaddis.Gainesville: University Press of Florida.ISBN978-0813012513.
• Félix, Brigitte, ed. (2007).Reading William Gaddis: A Collective Volume of Essays on William Gaddis's Novels, from J R to Agape Agape.Orléans: Presses Universitaires d'Orléans.
• Green, Jack(1992).Fire the Bastards!.Normal, Illinois: Dalkey Archive Press.Reprint with an introduction by Steven Moore.
• Johnston, John (1990).Carnival of Repetition: Gaddis's "The Recognitions" and Postmodern Theory.Penn Studies in Contemporary American Fiction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN9780812281798.JSTORj.ctv5132hq.
• Knight, Christopher J. (1997).Hints & Guesses: William Gaddis's Fiction of Longing.Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.ISBN9780299153045.
• Kuehl, John Richard; Moore, Steven, eds. (1984).In Recognition of William Gaddis.Syracuse University Press.ISBN978-0815623069.
• Moody, Rick, ed. (2003)."William Gaddis: A Portfolio".Conjunctions.41:373–415.
• Moore, Steven (1982).A Reader's Guide to William Gaddis's The Recognitions.Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.ISBN9780803230729.Expanded edition onThe Gaddis Annotations.
• Moore, Steven (2015).William Gaddis: Expanded Edition.New York: Bloomsbury Academic.doi:10.5040/9781501304941.ISBN978-1-6289-2645-3.
• O’Brien, John, ed. (1982). "William Gaddis / Nicholas Mosley Number".Review of Contemporary Fiction.2(2):4–56.
• Tabbi, Joseph (2015).Nobody Grew but the Business On the Life and Work of William Gaddis.Evanston: Northwestern University Press.ISBN9780810131422.
• Tabbi, Joseph; Shavers, Rone, eds. (2007).Paper Empire: William Gaddis and the World System.University of Alabama Press.ISBN9780817354060.
• Wolfe, Peter (1997).A Vision of His Own: The Mind and Art of William Gaddis.Madison & Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.ISBN978-0838636947.