Winged monkeys

This article is about the fictional characters. For the mammals known as 'flying lemurs', seeColugo.For the rejected hypothesis that bats are related to monkeys, seeflying primate hypothesis.

Winged monkeysare fictional characters that first appeared in the 1900 children's novelThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz,written by the American authorL. Frank Baum.They are described as junglemonkeyswith bird-like feathered wings. They are playful, intelligent, and speak English. They are initially under the control of theWicked Witch of the West,but are later controlled by the protagonist,Dorothy Gale.They lift Dorothy and fly her to two distant locations.

"The monkeys caught Dorothy in their arms and flew away with her" —illustration byW. W. DenslowinThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz(1900)

The Winged Monkeys next appeared in the 1939musical filmadaption of the novel,The Wizard of Oz.In the film they have a much smaller role than in the book, and do not speak (or at least were never given any dialogue), but it was their first appearance in an Oz-based film. After 1939, similar characters have appeared in numerous books, films, computer games and other popular media.

The now widely used but inaccurate termflying monkeyhas been adopted inpsychology,referring to someone who performsenablingwork on behalf of anabusiveperson. It does not really fit with the depiction in the book, where the avian simians are under the magic spell of the Golden Cap, and must obey its wearer.

Wizard of Oz

The Wonderful Wizard of Ozbook (1900)

The Winged Monkeys started as free creatures living in the jungles of the fictionalLand of Ozfrom the children's fiction novelThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz.They were a rather carefree but mischievous bunch, until their king, as a prank, tossedQuelala,a richly dressed human friend of theirs into a deep river, ruining his velvet costume. His fiancée, a princess namedGayelette,was furious since this was their wedding day. She had ruled part of Oz's northern quadrant,Gillikin Country,and was a sorceress. As punishment for the prank, she enslaved them and made them obey the Golden Cap. Any wearer of the cap could make three demands of the monkeys. Later, this cap fell into the hands of theWicked Witch of the West,who used it to make the Monkeys help her in conquering Oz's western quadrant (theWinkie Country), enslave the nativeWinkies,and drive theWizard of Ozout of her territory when he attempted to overthrow her.

After the fictional characterDorothy Galemelted the Wicked Witch, she put on the cap, unaware of its power. When she learns its power, she uses it to influence the Winged Monkeys to transport her and her companions to theEmerald City,during which journey theMonkey Kingtells Dorothy the story of how they were enslaved by Gayelette. Then Dorothy asked them to carry her back toKansas,but the Winged Monkeys could not leave the magical realm of Oz; thus the second request was wasted. Dorothy's third and final request was for them to carry her and her company over the rocky mountains inhabited by the Hammer-Heads, who would not let them pass over their turf.

Dorothy ends up handing the Golden Cap over to the characterGlinda,the beautiful Good Witch of the South. Glinda then ordered the winged monkeys to carry Dorothy's companions back to their new homes in Oz after Dorothy's departure, and then to simply cease to bother people and not play pranks on them anymore. She then gave the Winged Monkeys the cap as their own, breaking the curse and setting them free.

The Wizard of Ozfilm (1939)

In the 1939 filmThe Wizard of Oz,the Monkeys are intelligent enough to obey commands, but do not speak as they do in the book. They abduct Dorothy and her dog Toto and dismantle the Scarecrow, but do nothing to the Tin Man or the Cowardly Lion, leaving them free to put the Scarecrow back together and rescue Dorothy. There is no mention of any three wishes in the film, suggesting that the Monkeys serve the witch out of fear, although the Golden Cap is seen briefly. The analogue to the Monkey King, one Nikko, whose wings have been clipped, is played by dwarf performerPat Walshe.He is seen in several sequences, including when he is ordered by the Witch to throw Toto in a river; an order that Dorothy prevents him from carrying out. Nikko is also shown with the Witch as she angrily throws down the hour glass after the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Cowardly Lion rescue Dorothy, and once more after the Witch has melted. His name is shown only in the credits, as "Nikko" is never spoken on screen.

There is only a glimpse of the Golden Cap in the film: after Dorothy and the Lion awake after Glinda breaks the spell on the poppies conjured by the Witch, she is seen watching them in anger in her crystal ball. Nikko hands her the Golden Cap and she utters the "somebody always helps that girl" line, before throwing the cap across the room angrily. The reason for this brief appearance comes from a scene deleted from the final film. In the script, after the Witch conjures up the poppies that put Dorothy, Toto, and the Lion to sleep, she orders Nikko to fetch the Golden Cap so she can summon the winged monkeys and they can take the Ruby Slippers from the sleeping girl. However, she never gets a chance as the spell is broken before she can. Why the Witch doesn't use the Golden Cap to summon the monkeys when she sends them off into the Winkie Forest to capture Dorothy and Toto is unknown. In the film, the cap looks almost identical to the original artwork by W. W. Denslow in the book.

The musical number "The Jitterbug" dealt with a magic insect sent by the Witch to weaken the invaders before the Monkeys arrived to catch them. The visual footage is lost, but the soundtrack survives, and the song is often incorporated into stage productions based on the movie, with extra activity for the Monkeys to perform.

Appearances in later media

• A particularly clumsy and incompetent band of Winged Monkeys serves a resuscitatedWicked Witch of the Westin the 1964 animated television specialReturn to Oz.
• In theJumanjifilm, a pack of monkeys that were released from the board game come across an electronics store where the TVs are playing the 1939 film scene featuring the Winged Monkeys. They begin hopping like in the movie and steal television sets from the store.
• In the film version ofThe Wiz,the African-American rock adaptation ofThe Wizard of Oz,the Flying Monkeys are a motorcycle gang, whose leader is named Cheetah, after theTarzancharacter.Not actually winged in this adaptation, they are however bonded, centaur-style, to their motorcycles, which bear metal wings; these dissolve with the Wicked Witch's other magic, as the Monkeys' legs are restored to them. In gratitude, they carry Dorothy and her friends back to the Emerald City.
• The Winged Monkeys subsequently appear in the early 1990s cartoon version ofThe Wizard of Oz,with one of them named Truckle (voiced byPat Fraley) serving as the Wicked Witch of the West's chief sidekick. He is shown as capable of speech and even gets to wear the Ruby Slippers for a brief time. Truckle led the winged monkeys that were loyal to the Wicked Witch of the West into performing a ritual that would resurrect her.
• InGregory Maguire'srevisionistnovelsWicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the WestandSon of a Witch,the flying monkeys were created byElphaba(the Witch) as part of her experiments on the nature of the soul and what distinguishes non-speaking animals from Animals. In these novels, most of the flying monkeys cannot speak, but Elphaba's favorite (namedChistery), has a distinctive speech pattern characterized by the repetition of similar-sounding words. This speech pattern becomes less pronounced inA Lion Among MenandOut of Oz,the third and fourth volumes in Maguire's "Wicked Years"cycle.
• InThe Muppets' Wizard of Oz,the Winged Monkeys had been a rather peaceful group of "motorcycle enthusiasts" and are played bySal Minella,Sweetums,Crazy Harry,Black Dog, Calico, Old Tom, Spotted Dick, and Aretha fromFraggle Rock.The winged monkeys were placed under the Wicked Witch of the West's control when she took possession of their Magic Biker Cap. Forced to do her bidding, the winged monkeys rode their motorcycles through the skies of Oz, performing the Wicked Witch of the West's dirty work. Once the Witch was defeated upon melting in a bathtub filled with tap water, Dorothy returned the Magic Biker Cap to Sal Minella, thereby restoring the Winged Monkeys' independence.
• The 2007Sci Fitelevision miniseriesTin Mandepicts a re-imagining of Baum's world of Oz, including bat-winged monkeys called "Mobats" that are thefamiliarsof thesorceressAzkadelliawhich come fromtattooson her body.
• InBill Willingham'sVertigocomic book seriesFables,a winged monkey namedBufkinis a clerk and librarian in the Business Office belonging to the government ofFabletown,a community of refugee fairy-tale characters ( "Fables" ) living in modern-day New York City.
• Winged monkeys or flying monkeys have been mentioned in television series such asThe Simpsons,Buffy the Vampire SlayerandTwo and a Half Men,and have appeared or been referenced in films such asHunter,Wayne's World,JumanjiandInkheart.
• The winged monkeys appear inDorothy and the Witches of Ozin the Ozian invasion of Manhattan.
• Winged apes called "Clakars"appear inWhile the Gods LaughbyMichael Moorcock,the second publishednovelettefeaturing his characterElric of Melniboné;the novelette was later republished in different collections.
• The winged monkeys were referred to by the Master Creator, Michael Blaine.
• The winged monkeys appear inOz the Great and Powerful.Oscar Diggs befriended a winged monkey named Finley (voiced byZach Braff) after using an illusion to save him from a lion. The film also included WingedBaboonswhich make up the armies of Theodora and Evanora. Unlike Finley who can speak and behave like a human, the Winged Baboons are feral, vicious and cannot speak. The Baboons have leatherybat-like wings, whereas Finley has elegant wings like aswan.
• In the music video "Heretics and Killers" by Canadian band Protest The Hero, the band is seen performing in winged monkey suits. A newspaper at the beginning also indicates the monkeys are out of work, so they try finding ways to make money.
• The winged monkeys appear in the third season ofOnce Upon a Time.This culminates in a plotline revolving around the winged monkeys taking Storybrooke's s inhabitants one by one to convert into winged monkeys. After the Wicked Witch's defeat, everyone who was turned into a flying monkey return to their human forms.
• The winged monkeys appeared in the 2013 animated filmLegends of Oz: Dorothy's Return(based onDorothy of Oz) with their vocal effects provided byScott Menville,Alan Shearman, Randi Soyland, and Flip Waterman. The winged monkeys are servants of the Jester where the flying monkey named "You" (voiced by Randi Soyland) is his main servant.
• A winged monkey skin exists for Brightwing inHeroes of the Storm.More of the creatures are said to inhabit its Luxorian setting.
• The Mexican animated filmGuardians of Ozhas Ozzy as its main character.
• The flying monkeys appear in theLego Dimensionsvideo game. The flying monkeys are only affected by their master the Wicked Witch of the West, witnessed the disappearing of Dorothy via the vortex and battleGandalf,Batman,and Wyldstyle.
• In a Danny Shanahan cartoon from theNew Yorker(September 26, 2016), a surgeon tells a flying monkey that the witch is dead by touching him on the shoulder and saying, "Ding-dong."
• The flying monkeys also make a cameo appearance inThe Lego Batman Movie.They appear alongside the Wicked Witch of the West and various other villains in thePhantom Zone.One of the Monkeys spoke during the film where he toldJokerto get on with his plan to get out of the Phantom Zone. The flying monkeys are later seen alongside the other villains attackingGotham City.
• In the ITV (and PBS) sitcomVicious,Freddie (Ian McKellen), who incessantly insults Mildred (Hazel Stewart), the mother of his partner Stuart (Derek Jacobi), observes that one can be sure that Stuart's mother has indeed arrived if one looks out the window and sees flying monkeys.
• The Flying Monkeys appear inDorothy and the Wizard of Oz.Some of them are on the side of the Wicked Witch of the West's niece Wilhemina and are often led by Wilhelmina's Flying Monkey minions Frank and Lyman (voiced bySteve BlumandJess Harnell).
• In the third volume ofShazam!,the winged monkeys are shown as inhabitants of the Magiclands location called the Wozenderlands. Working for the Wicked Witches of the North, South, East, and West, they pursue theWhite Rabbitin order to take him prisoner. The White Rabbit runs from the winged monkeys and is saved from them byMamaragan,Eugene Choi, and Pedro Peña.
• In the 2008 animated seriesThree Delivery,a boy turns into a flying monkey from eating a fortune cookie created with the Fu Fortune Cookie recipe, which can make whatever fortune that is written comes true. He would then use the recipe to turn other children into flying monkeys (including Tobey) to make friends under the mantle of "The Monkey King".
• InThe Super Hero Squad Showepisode "Night in the Sanctorum!",Enchantressuses her magic to create an illusion of "winged primates of peril" (with real exploding fruit) to bombard Super Hero City so the Lethal Legion can seek the wreckage for Infinity Fractals.
• In the 2017 seriesEmerald City,the Flying Monkeys are mechanical creatures that the Wizard uses to spy on his subjects that can record and play what they have seen.
• In theAmazon VideoseriesLost in Oz,the Flying Monkeys are just regular monkeys with jetpack robotic wings who serve Fitz, the apprentice of Langwidere.
• Although not a direct adaptation to the literature itself, the 2013Super Sentaiseries,Zyuden Sentai Kyoryugerfeatures theDeboth Army's members being themed after the characters inThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz.Resentful KnightEndolfis designed with the motif of winged monkeys, whose possession of Dogold's shock restrains parallels his source of inspiration's fate of being enslaved to the Golden Cap.

In psychology

The erroneous termflying monkeyhas been used inpsychologyto refer toenablersof an abusive person, such as anarcissistor asociopath.It particularly indicates someone who does work on the behalf of the abuser, as the Winged monkeys do for the witch in the original book.

The abuser will typically use family, friends, or coworkers who are loyal and/or subservient to them as flying monkeys to subvert or attack their intended targets. The flying monkey may act as a courier of information between parties, or as someone who pleads the case on behalf of the abuser. The flying monkeys themselves might buy into the abuser's false personality, might be too afraid of the abuser to stand up to them, or may themselves suffer from a mental disorder that the abuser exploits, such as having narcissistic or sociopathic tendencies themselves.