Xianyang(Chinese:Hàm Dương;pinyin:Xiányáng) is aprefecture-level cityin centralShaanxiprovince, situated on theWei Rivera few kilometers upstream (west) from the provincial capital ofXi'an.Once the capital of theQin dynasty,it is now integrated into theXi'anmetropolitan area, one of the main urban agglomerations innorthwestern China,with more than 7.17 million inhabitants. Its built-up area, consisting of 2 urbandistricts(Qindu and Weicheng), had 945,420 inhabitants at the2010 census.It has a total area of 10,213 square kilometers (3,943 sq mi).
Xianyang
Hàm Dương thị | |
|---|---|
Chenghuang Temple Iharbour Campus ofXi'an Jiaotong University Fenghuangtai | |
 Location of Xianyang Prefecture within Shaanxi | |
| Coordinates (Xianyang municipal government):34°19′48″N108°42′32″E/ 34.3299°N 108.7088°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Shaanxi |
| Municipal seat | Qindu District |
| Area | |
| 10,213 km2(3,943 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 523 km2(202 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| 5,096,001 | |
| • Density | 500/km2(1,300/sq mi) |
| •Urban | 945,420 |
| • Urban density | 1,800/km2(4,700/sq mi) |
| •Metro | Xian |
| GDP[1] | |
| •Prefecture-level city | CN¥215 billion US$34.6 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 43,365 US$6,963 |
| Time zone | UTC+8(China Standard) |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-SN-04 |
| Website | www |
| Xianyang | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 "Xianyang" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | Hàm Dương | ||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | Hàm Dương | ||||||||||
| Postal | Sienyang | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Xianyang is the seat of theXi'an Xianyang International Airport,the main airport servingXi'anand the largest airport inNorthwest China,and one of the 40busiest airportsin the world.[2][3]
Xianyang is one of the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research outputs, as tracked by theNature Index.[4]It is home to the main campus ofNorthwest A&F University(NWAFU), one of the world's top universities inagriculture sciencerelated fields,[5][6]and a member of "Project 985"club which is an organization of 39reputable universitiesin China.
History
editThis articleneeds additional citations forverification.(August 2012) |
Xianyang was among the capital city's environs during theWestern Zhou dynasty,and was made the capital of thestate of Qinin 350 BC during theWarring States periodbefore becoming the capital of China during the short-livedQin dynasty.[7]Because the city lay south of the Jiuzong Mountains and north of theWei River– both sunlight-rich (yang) orientations – it was named "Xianyang", meaning "fullyyang".[7]
UnderDuke Xiao of Qin's reign, ministerShang Yangdesigned Xianyang and in 350 BC organized the relocation of Qin's administration from the old capitalYueyangto the new city, which was then the capital for over 140 years. It was located in the modern day Shaanxi province on the northern bank of theWei River,on the opposite side of whichLiu Bangwould later build theHan dynastycapital ofChang'anonce he became emperor.
In 221 BC,Qin Shi Huangeliminated all six other warring states to establish thefirst centralized empire in Chinese history.Xianyang became the center of politics, economy and culture of the Qin empire. Noble families were compelled to move into Xianyang, and the realm's weapons were gathered in the city to be melted and cast into twelve towering statues. The Emperor had a lavishmausoleumbuilt near the capital, complete with hisTerracotta Army.This and other large undertakings diverted enormous levels of manpower and resources away from agriculture. Coupled with the state's repressive measures on the population, these factors eventually led to the fall of the Qin dynasty and with it the original city of Xianyang.[8]
Qin Shi Huang expanded Xianyang beyond the walls. Then he built replicas of the palaces of all the conquered states along the Wei River. In 220 BC, he built Xin Palace (Tân thành;Xīnchéng) and later renamed it Wei Palace (Vị Thành;Wèichéng), named after the Wei River. He continued with the theme of earth as the mirror of heaven building a network of 300 palaces in the Wei valley connected by elevated roads. In 212 BC, he built the Epang Palace (A Phòng cung;Ēpánggōng).
Shortly after the First Emperor's death in 210 BC revolts erupted. At the beginning of December 207 BC, the last Qin emperorZiyingsurrendered to rebel leaderLiu Bang,who entered Xianyang peacefully without harming the locals. However, Liu Bang was forced to hand the city over to another more ruthless rebel leader,Xiang Yu,whose army greatly outnumbered Liu Bang's. Xiang Yu then killed Ziying and burned Xianyang in 206 BC,[9]destroying the sole surviving copies of severalbanned booksthat were kept in the royal library.[10]
In 202 BC, after defeating Xiang Yu inBattle of Gaixiaand ending theChu-Han contention,Liu Bang was crowned the emperor of the newly establishedHan dynasty,and he built a new capital across theWei Rivermerely miles from the ruins of old Xianyang and named this new cityChang'an.The Han-era town ofAnling(An lăng,tomb ofemperor Hui) was located nearby and houses some of the Han dynasty's mausoleums.
Archeology
editFrom the end of the 1950s until the middle of the 1990s, archeologists discovered and excavated numerous Qin era sites in Xianyang, including palaces, workshops and tombs.
Administrative divisions
edit| Map | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2004 est.) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
| Weicheng District | Vị Thành khu | Wèichéng Qū | 400,000 | 272 | 1,471 |
| Yangling District | Dương lăng khu | Yánglíng Qū | 140,000 | 94 | 1,489 |
| Qindu District | Tần đều khu | Qíndū Qū | 450,000 | 251 | 1,793 |
| Xingpingcity | Hưng bình thị | Xīngpíng Shì | 560,000 | 496 | 1,129 |
| Binzhoucity | Bân châu thị | Bīnzhōu Shì | 330,000 | 1,202 | 275 |
| Sanyuan County | Tam nguyên huyện | Sānyuán Xiàn | 400,000 | 569 | 703 |
| Jingyang County | Kính Dương huyện | Jīngyáng Xiàn | 500,000 | 792 | 631 |
| Qian County | Càn huyện | Qián Xiàn | 560,000 | 994 | 563 |
| Liquan County | Lễ tuyền huyện | Lǐquán Xiàn | 460,000 | 1,017 | 452 |
| Yongshou County | Vĩnh thọ huyện | Yǒngshòu Xiàn | 190,000 | 869 | 219 |
| Changwu County | Trường võ huyện | Chángwǔ Xiàn | 170,000 | 583 | 292 |
| Xunyi County | Tuần ấp huyện | Xúnyì Xiàn | 270,000 | 1,697 | 159 |
| Chunhua County | Thuần hóa huyện | Chúnhuà Xiàn | 200,000 | 965 | 207 |
| Wugong County | Võ công huyện | Wǔgōng Xiàn | 410,000 | 392 | 1,046 |
Chinese Bureau of Statistics lists the urban population of the city at 316,641 (1990 Census), rising to 814,625 (2000 Census), and 835,648 in 2010 Census.[11]
Climate
edit| Climate data for Xianyang (Qindu District,1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.0 (60.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
34.6 (94.3) |
37.8 (100.0) |
41.7 (107.1) |
39.6 (103.3) |
39.2 (102.6) |
36.8 (98.2) |
31.1 (88.0) |
24.4 (75.9) |
22.4 (72.3) |
41.7 (107.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
9.1 (48.4) |
15.1 (59.2) |
21.5 (70.7) |
26.4 (79.5) |
31.5 (88.7) |
32.5 (90.5) |
30.2 (86.4) |
25.1 (77.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
12.3 (54.1) |
6.3 (43.3) |
19.5 (67.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
2.6 (36.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
14.1 (57.4) |
19.3 (66.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
24.4 (75.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
6.0 (42.8) |
0.5 (32.9) |
13.1 (55.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.1 (22.8) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
8.6 (47.5) |
13.4 (56.1) |
18.8 (65.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
20.9 (69.6) |
15.9 (60.6) |
9.2 (48.6) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
8.7 (47.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −16.3 (2.7) |
−12.4 (9.7) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
2.4 (36.3) |
8.7 (47.7) |
14.7 (58.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
−18.6 (−1.5) |
−18.6 (−1.5) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 6.2 (0.24) |
8.8 (0.35) |
22.1 (0.87) |
34.6 (1.36) |
49.8 (1.96) |
60.5 (2.38) |
82.8 (3.26) |
84.6 (3.33) |
89.4 (3.52) |
54 (2.1) |
21.9 (0.86) |
4.5 (0.18) |
519.2 (20.41) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.5 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 7 | 8.8 | 8 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 11.4 | 9.6 | 5.7 | 2.8 | 85.7 |
| Average snowy days | 4.3 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 12.6 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 64 | 63 | 62 | 66 | 65 | 61 | 69 | 75 | 78 | 78 | 74 | 66 | 68 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 134.4 | 132 | 169.8 | 194.4 | 211.3 | 211 | 223.2 | 200.8 | 143.1 | 138 | 135.5 | 141 | 2,034.5 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 43 | 42 | 46 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 51 | 49 | 39 | 40 | 44 | 46 | 46 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[12][13] | |||||||||||||
Education
editXianyang is home to the main campus ofNorthwest A&F University(NWAFU), one of the world's top universities inagriculture sciencerelated-fields,[5][6]and a member of "Project 985"club which is an organization of 39reputable universitiesin China.
National
Public
Transport
editReferences
edit- ^Thiểm Tây tỉnh thống kê cục, quốc gia thống kê cục Thiểm Tây điều tra tổng đội (August 2016).《 Thiểm Tây thống kê niêm giám －2016》.Trung Quốc thống kê nhà xuất bản.ISBN978-7-5037-7918-3.Archived fromthe originalon 2017-05-29.
- ^"2020 Airport Traffic Report"(PDF).Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.July 2021. p. 30.Retrieved26 Sep2021.
- ^2019 Annual Airport Traffic Report(PDF).United States: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 2020.
- ^"Nature Index 2018 Science Cities | Nature Index Supplements | Nature Index".natureindex.Retrieved2020-11-26.
- ^ab"U.S. News & World Report: Best Global Universities for Agricultural Sciences".U.S. News & World Report.Retrieved13 September2022.
- ^ab"ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects: Agricultural Sciences".shanghairanking.Retrieved2022-09-13.
- ^abTrung Quốc cổ kim địa danh đại từ điển(in Chinese (China)).Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House.2005. p. 2134.ISBN978-753261743-2.
- ^Meyer 1997,pp. 91–95.
- ^Cotterell, page 29.
- ^Meyer, Milton Walter (1997).Asia: a concise history.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 92.ISBN0847680681.OCLC33276519.
- ^"China: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information".citypopulation.de.Retrieved4 April2018.
- ^Trung Quốc khí tượng số liệu võng – WeatherBk Data(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved24 September2023.
- ^ "Experience Template"Trung Quốc khí tượng số liệu võng(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved24 September2023.
Further reading
edit- Cotterell, Arthur (2007).The Imperial Capitals of China - An Inside View of the Celestial Empire.London, England: Pimlico.ISBN978-1-84595-009-5.
External links
edit
