Wikipedia

Xu Huang

For the gymnast, seeHuang Xu.

Xu Huang(pronunciationⓘ) (died 227),[1]courtesy nameGongming,was a Chinese military general serving under the warlordCao Caoin the lateEastern Han dynastyof China. He later served in the state ofCao Weiduring theThree Kingdomsperiod under the first two rulers,Cao PiandCao Rui,before his death at the start of Cao Rui's reign. Xu Huang is best noted for breaking the siege at theBattle of Fanchengin 219 by routing the enemy commanderGuan Yuon the field.

Xu Huang
Từ hoảng
AQing dynastyillustration of Xu Huang
General of the Right ( hữu tướng quân )
In office
220(220)–227(227)
MonarchCao Pi
General Who Pacifies Bandits ( bình khấu tướng quân )
In office
214(214)–220(220)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
ChancellorCao Cao
General Who Sweeps Across the Wilderness
( hoành dã tướng quân )
In office
207(207)–214(214)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
ChancellorCao Cao(from 208)
Personal details
BornUnknown
Hongtong County,Shanxi
Died227[1]
ChildrenXu Gai
OccupationMilitary general
Courtesy nameGongming ( công minh )
Posthumous nameMarquis Zhuang ( tráng hầu )
PeerageMarquis of Yangping
( dương bình hầu )
In thisChinese name,thefamily nameisXu.

Chen Shou,who wrote the third-century historical textSanguozhi,named Xu Huang as one of theFive Elite Generalsof Cao Wei, alongsideYu Jin,Zhang He,Yue JinandZhang Liao.[2]

Early life and service under Yang Feng

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Xu Huang was born in Yang County ( dương huyện ),Hedong Commandery,which is located southeast of present-dayHongtong County,Shanxi,[3]in the lateEastern Han dynasty.He served as a minor official in the commandery office in his youth. Later, he became a subordinate ofYang Feng,a formerWhite Wave Banditwho later became a general under the Han central government. Xu Huang later followed Yang Feng to attack rebels and was commissioned as a Cavalry Commandant ( kỵ đô úy ) as a reward for his efforts.[4]

Between 192 and 195,Li JueandGuo Sicontrolled the Han central government and held the figureheadEmperor Xianhostage in the imperial capital,Chang'an(present-dayXi'an,Shaanxi).[5]In 195, internal conflict broke out between Li Jue and Guo Si, whose respective factions started warring with each other in the streets of Chang'an. Yang Feng and Xu Huang were Li Jue's subordinates at the time. In the same year, Xu Huang managed to convince Yang Feng to escort Emperor Xian from Chang'an back to the old Han imperial capital,Luoyang.After Emperor Xian made it safely to Anyi County ( an ấp huyện; west of present-dayXia County,Shanxi), he rewarded Xu Huang by granting him the peerage of a Marquis of a Chief Village ( đô đình hầu ).[6]

After they returned to Luoyang with Emperor Xian, internal conflict broke out between the generalsHan XianandDong Cheng,who were among those who escorted the emperor back to Luoyang. During this time, Xu Huang persuaded Yang Feng to summon the warlordCao Caoto Luoyang to help them deal with the crisis and protect the emperor. In early 196,[7]Cao Cao and his troops showed up in Luoyang and fetched Emperor Xian to their base in Xu ( hứa; present-dayXuchang,Henan), which became the new Han imperial capital. Yang Feng initially wanted to heed Xu Huang's suggestion and join Cao Cao, but ultimately refused and went his own way. Xu Huang followed him.[8]

In late 196,[7]after Cao Cao defeated Yang Feng in battle atLiang State( Lương quốc; around present-dayShangqiu,Henan), Xu Huang pledged allegiance to Cao Cao.[9]

Cao Cao's campaigns in central and northern China

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Main article:Battle of Guandu

Cao Cao sent Xu Huang with an army to attack rebels at Juan County ( cuốn huyện; west of present-dayYuanyang County, Henan) and Yuanwu County ( nguyên võ huyện; present-day Yuanyang County, Henan). Xu Huang defeated them and was promoted to Major-General ( tì tướng quân ).[10]

During the battles between Cao Cao andLü BuinXu Provincein 198, Xu Huang attacked and defeated Lü Bu's subordinates Zhao Shu ( Triệu thứ ) and Li Zou ( Lý Trâu ). With aid fromShi Huan,he also defeated and killed Sui Gu ( khôi cố ) inHenei Commandery( hà nội quận; around present-dayJiaozuo,Henan).[11]

In the year 200,[12]during theBattle of Guandubetween Cao Cao andYuan Shao,Xu Huang participated in the early skirmishes atBoma( bạch mã; nearHua County, Henan) andYan Ford( duyên tân; present-dayYanjin County, Henan) where he helped to defeat the warlordLiu Bei– who had joined Yuan Shao after losingXu Province– and Yuan Shao's generalsYan LiangandWen Chou.He was promoted to Lieutenant-General ( thiên tướng quân ) for his achievements, and later joinedCao Hongin eliminating rebels led by Zhu Bi ( chúc cánh tay ) at Yin gian g ( thủy ẩn cương; southwest of present-dayXuchang,Henan).[13]

Yuan Shao had stored his supplies at a depot in Gushi ( cố thị; southwest of present-day Yanjin County, Henan). Cao Cao sent Xu Huang andShi Huanto attack this position. They defeated the defenders at Gushi and burnt down Yuan Shao's grain carts, forcing Yuan Shao to call for relief supplies in response to this raid. Xu Huang received the title of a Marquis of a Chief Village ( đô đình hầu ) for his contributions.[14]

A few years later, Xu Huang joined Cao Cao on a campaign against the heirs of Yuan Shao, who had died in 202.[15]In 203,[15]Han Fan ( Hàn phạm ), the Prefect of Yiyang County ( dễ dương huyện; northeast of present-dayHandan,Hebei), pretended to surrender to Cao Cao while buying time to strengthen his defences. Xu Huang then wrote a letter to Han Fan, tied it to an arrow and fired it into the county. Han Fan became convinced after reading Xu Huang's letter and decided to surrender Yiyang County without putting up resistance.[16]

Before the fall of Yiyang County, Xu Huang went to see Cao Cao and asked him to refrain from massacring the population after Han Fan surrendered. The rationale of their final decision was entirely based on tactical consideration, which was to induce other enemy territories into voluntarily surrendering by setting an example. Cao Cao approved Xu Huang's suggestion.[17]

Xu Huang later set up an ambush and routed the Yuans' forces at Maocheng ( mao thành ), defeatedYuan Tanat theBattle of Nanpi,and suppressed a revolt inPingyuan Commandery( bình nguyên quận; around present-dayDezhou,Shandong). He also participated in Cao Cao's campaign againstYuan Shang,Yuan Xiand theWuhuantribes which led to theBattle of White Wolf Mountainin 207. Xu Huang was further promoted to General Who Sweeps Across the Wilderness ( hoành dã tướng quân ) for his contributions in battle.[18]

Battle of Jiangling

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Main article:Battle of Jiangling (208)

In 208, Xu Huang followed Cao Cao to pacifyJing Province(covering present-dayHubeiandHunan), and participated in theBattle of Red Cliffsin the winter of 208–209. When Cao Cao retreated north after his defeat at Red Cliffs, Xu Huang was ordered to stay behind withCao ReninJiangling Countyto resist attacks bySun Quan's forces.[19]

During this time, Xu Huang was stationed at Fancheng ( Phàn Thành; present-dayFancheng District,Xiangyang,Hubei) and he defeated opposing forces in Zhonglu ( trung lư ), Linju ( lâm tự ) and Yicheng ( nghi thành ) counties. During theBattle of Jiangling,he joinedMan Chongin attackingGuan Yuat Han Ford ( hán tân ), and Cao Ren in resisting attacks byZhou Yuat Jiangling.[20]

Cao Cao's northwestern campaigns

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Main article:Battle of Tong Pass (211)

In 210,[21]Xu Huang led his troops to attack rebels inTaiyuan Commandery( Thái Nguyên quận; around present-dayTaiyuan,Shanxi), besieged them in Daling County ( đại lăng huyện; northeast of present-dayWenshui County,Shanxi), and defeated and killed the rebel leader Shang Yao ( thương diệu ).[22]

In 211, whenHan SuiandMa Chaoled a coalition of northwestern warlords to start an uprising inLiang Province(covering parts of present-dayShaanxiandGansu), Cao Cao ordered Xu Huang to move to Fenyin County ( phần âm huyện; southwest of present-dayWanrong County,Shanxi) and pacify the people inHedong Commandery.He also awarded Xu Huang gifts of cattle and alcohol, and allowed him to repair and clean up his ancestors' tombs.[23]

When Cao Cao led his forces toTong Passto engage the coalition, he became worried that he could not cross theWei Riverto attack the enemy so he consulted Xu Huang for advice. Xu Huang suggested to Cao Cao to send him north and cross theYellow Rivervia Puban Ford to circumvent Tong Pass from the west of the river.[a][25]

Cao Cao approved Xu Huang's plan and sent him andZhu Lingto lead 4,000 troops across the river. They crossed Puban and started pitching camps, but before the defence fortification was completed, one of the coalition members, Liang Xing ( lương hưng ), discovered their presence and led some 5,000 troops to attack them. Xu Huang and Zhu Ling managed to hold off Liang Xing and allow Cao Cao and his remaining forces to cross the river.[26]

After Cao Cao's victory at Tong Pass, he sent Xu Huang andXiahou Yuanto pacify the variousDitribes in Yumi County ( du mi huyện; east of present-dayQianyang County,Shaanxi) and Qian County ( khiên huyện; south of present-dayLong County, Shaanxi). Xu Huang and Xiahou Yuan later rendezvoused with Cao Cao's main army atAnding Commandery( yên ổn quận; around present-dayZhenyuan County, Gansu). After Cao Cao had returned toYe(in present-dayHandan,Hebei), he sent Xu Huang and Xiahou Yuan again to suppress revolts in Fu County ( phu huyện; southwest of present-dayHuangling County,Shaanxi) and Xiayang County ( hạ dương huyện; southwest of present-dayHancheng,Shaanxi), where they defeated Liang Xing and forced some 3,000 civilian households into submission.[27]

When Cao Cao embarked on another campaign in western China to attack the warlordZhang LuinHanzhong,he sent Xu Huang with a separate force to pacify the Di tribes living in Du ( độc ) and Chouyi ( thù di ) mountains. Xu Huang succeeded and was promoted to General Who Pacifies Bandits ( bình khấu tướng quân ).[28]Later, Xu Huang also lifted rebels' siege on Zhang Shun ( trương thuận ), one of Cao Cao's officers, and defeated the rebel leader Chen Fu ( trần phúc ) and destroyed some 30 rebel camps.[29]

Hanzhong Campaign

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Main article:Hanzhong Campaign

Cao Cao returned toYe(in present-dayHandan,Hebei) after his victory overZhang Luat theBattle of Yangpingin 215. He left Xu Huang andXiahou Yuanbehind to defendHanzhong Commanderyagainst attacks byLiu Bei.[30]

During this time, Liu Bei sentChen Shito lead troops to cut off Xiahou Yuan's supply routes at Mamingge ( mã minh các ), Hanzhong's main communication line. Xu Huang led a separate detachment to launch a fierce attack on Chen Shi and defeated him. The casualty rate on Chen Shi's side was very high as many of his soldiers were forced to jump off the cliff during the attack.[31]

Cao Cao was delighted when he heard of the victory and he gave orders to Xu Huang: "This pass is a crucial gateway into Hanzhong. Liu Bei intends to isolate the pass and then move on to conquer Hanzhong. You have done well in foiling the enemy's attempt." Cao Cao then personally led reinforcements to Hanzhong Commandery to counter Liu Bei's advances.[32]

Battle of Fancheng

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Main article:Battle of Fancheng

Xu Huang's most glorious moment in his military career came at theBattle of Fanchengin 219. When Fancheng ( Phàn Thành; in present-dayXiangyang,Hubei) and Xiangyang were besieged by Liu Bei's generalGuan Yu,Cao Cao first sentYu Jinto lead a relief force to lift the siege but Yu Jin's seven armies were destroyed by a flood. Cao Cao then ordered Xu Huang to lead a second relief force to lift the siege.Cao Ren,the general defending Fancheng, and Lü Chang ( Lữ thường ), who defended Xiangyang, were both under siege for months.[33]

Knowing that most of his soldiers were composed of new recruits without training, Xu Huang did not go straight into battle but camped behind the enemy at Yanglingbei ( dương lăng pha; northwest of present-day Xiangyang, Hubei) to impose a deterrent effect.[34]In the meantime, Cao Cao sent subordinates Xu Shang ( từ thương ) and Lü Jian ( Lữ kiến ) to assist Xu Huang and instructed Xu Huang to advance only when Xu Shang, Lü Jian and all other reinforcements had arrived.[35]

At the time, Guan Yu had set up a camp at Yancheng ( yển thành; north of present-day Xiangyang, Hubei). When Xu Huang showed up, he ordered his troops to pretend to dig trenches around Yancheng to fool the enemy into thinking that they were trying to cut off the supply routes leading to Yancheng. The enemy fell for his ruse, burnt down their camp and abandoned their position, thus allowing Xu Huang to gain a foothold at Yancheng.[36]After capturing Yancheng, Xu Huang pressed on and set up two linked camps about 30zhangsaway from Guan Yu's encirclement.[37]Before Xu Huang attacked, Cao Cao sent Yin Shu ( ân thự ), Zhu Gai ( chu cái ) and other officers to lead another 12 military units to support him.[38]

Guan Yu's encirclement was made up of five camps – one main camp leading the siege and four supporting camps. Xu Huang deliberately spread news that he was going to attack the main camp to trick Guan Yu into strengthening his defences at the main camp. In the meantime, he secretly sent his forces to attack the four supporting camps[39]and succeeded in destroying them. When Guan Yu saw that the four camps were down, he personally led 5,000 troops to engage the enemy. Xu Huang launched a fierce attack on Guan Yu and succeeded in defeating him and lifting the siege on Fancheng. During Xu Huang's attack, many of Guan Yu's soldiers panicked and fled towards the nearbyHan River,where they drowned.[40]

When Cao Cao heard of the victory, he praised Xu Huang: "The enemy formation was very thick, yet you managed to achieve victory and destroyed their camps and killed so many of their men. I have fought in battles for over 30 years, but I have never heard of any person in history who attempted to break a siege by launching a direct attack on the enemy's encirclement. The situation at Fancheng and Xiangyang was much worse than that at Ju and Jimo.[b]Your achievements are comparable to those ofSun WuandRangju."[c][41]

TheShu Ji( Thục nhớ ) recorded an incident about Xu Huang meeting Guan Yu on the battlefield. Xu Huang had a close personal friendship with Guan Yu. They often chatted about other things apart from military affairs. When they met again at Fancheng, Xu Huang gave an order to his men: "Whoever manages to take Guan Yunchang's head will be rewarded with 1,000jinof gold. "Guan Yu was shocked and he asked Xu Huang:" Brother, what are you talking about? "Xu Huang replied:" This is an affair of the State. "[42]

Upon Xu Huang's return, Cao Cao went sevenliout ofXuchangto greet him, giving him full credit for securing Fancheng and Xiangyang.[43]Throughout the field reception, the soldiers of other commanders shifted about in order to get a better view of Cao Cao, but Xu Huang's men stood stationary in neat files. Seeing this, Cao Cao remarked: "General Xu has truly inherited the style ofZhou Yafu."[44]

Service under Cao Pi and Cao Rui

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Following Cao Cao's death in March 220, his sonCao Pisucceeded him and inherited hisvassalking title as the King of Wei ( Ngụy vương ).[45]Xu Huang continued to be heavily trusted by Cao Pi, and he was appointed General of the Right ( hữu tướng quân ) and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Lu District ( lục hương hầu ).[46]

In late 220, Cao Pi usurped the throne fromEmperor Xian,ended theEastern Han dynasty,and established the state ofCao Wei (or Wei)with himself as the new emperor.[45]After his coronation, Cao Pi promoted Xu Huang from a district marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Yang" ( dương hầu ).[47]

Later, Cao Pi ordered Xu Huang andXiahou Shangto lead an army to attack Shangyong Commandery ( thượng dung quận; in present-day northwesternHubei). After completing his mission, Xu Huang moved to the garrison at Yangping County ( dương bình huyện; present-dayShen County,Shandong), so his marquis title was changed to "Marquis of Yangping" ( dương bình hầu ).[48]

Cao Pi died in 226 and was succeeded by his sonCao Ruias the emperor of Wei.[49]During that time, Xu Huang successfully repelled an invasion onXiangyangby theWugeneralZhuge Jin.For his contributions, he was awarded another 200 taxable households in his marquisate, bringing the total number to 3,100.[50]

When Xu Huang became seriously ill later, he gave instructions that he was to be given a simple burial after his death. He died in 227 and was granted theposthumous title"Marquis Zhuang" ( tráng hầu ), which literally means "robust marquis".[51]

Xu Huang's son, Xu Gai ( từ cái ), inherited his father's peerage as the Marquis of Yangping. After Xu Gai died, his son Xu Ba ( từ bá ) succeeded him as the next Marquis of Yangping.Cao Ruilater divided their marquisate and awarded marquis titles to two descendants of Xu Huang.[52]

Appraisal

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Chen Shou concluded Xu Huang's biography in theSanguozhiwith a brief appraisal:

"Xu Huang led a humble and simple life and he was very self-disciplined. When he went into battle and realised he could not win, he would still encourage his men to fight on in pursuit of glory and they did not rest or have meals until they had won. He often sighed: 'The people in the past complained that they did not have a chance to meet and serve a wise lord. Now, I am privileged to have encountered one, so I should do my best to serve him instead of seeking to increase my personal fame!' He did not maintain a wide social network throughout his life."[53]

InRomance of the Three Kingdoms

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Xu Huang is a character in the 14th-century historical novelRomance of the Three Kingdoms,which romanticises the events before and during theThree Kingdomsperiod of China. He makes his first appearance in Chapter 13 as a subordinate ofYang Feng.Xu Huang and Yang Feng escortEmperor Xianback toLuoyangafter the emperor escapes fromLi JueandGuo Si's clutches inChang'an.

WhenCao Caocomes to Luoyang to fetch the emperor to his base inXuchang,Yang Feng sends Xu Huang to stop him. Cao Cao knows on first sight that Xu Huang is an extraordinary man so he ordersXu Chuto duel with Xu Huang. Neither side can gain an advantage over each other after 50 bouts, and by then, Cao Cao is very impressed by Xu Huang's skill. Not wanting either of the two men to get hurt, Cao Cao calls for Xu Chu to retreat.Man Chong,one of Cao Cao's subordinates, knows that his lord wants to recruit Xu Huang so he volunteers to persuade Xu Huang to defect to their side. That very night, Man Chong disguises himself as a common soldier, sneaks into Xu Huang's tent and manages to convince him to switch allegiance to Cao Cao. Man Chong then suggests that Xu Huang slays Yang Feng to prove his loyalty to Cao Cao, but Xu Huang refuses to kill his former superior out of respect for him.[54]

In the novel, Xu Huang meets his end during theXincheng Rebellionwhen he is struck by an arrow in the forehead fired by the rebel leaderMeng Da.His men immediately take him back to camp, where the physician removes the arrow and tries to heal him, but Xu Huang eventually dies later that night. The novel states that he is 59 years old at the time of his death. This figure, however, is not supported by any evidence from historical records.[55]

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Xu Huang is featured as a playable character inKoei'sDynasty WarriorsandWarriors Orochivideo game series. He also appears in all instalments of Koei'sRomance of the Three Kingdomsstrategy game series.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Pei Songzhipointed out thatChen Shoumade a mistake when he quoted Xu Huang referring to himself as "your subject" ( thần ) in front of Cao Cao because Cao Cao was not a vassal king yet at the time.[24]
  2. ^Cao Cao was referring to the military exploits ofTian Dan,a general of theQi statein theSpring and Autumn period.In 284 BCE, Tian Dan successfully defended the city of Ju ( cử; formerly theJu state,which was annexed by Qi) from an attack by theYan state.He defeated Yan forces again later in 279 BCE at the siege ofJimo( tức mặc ) by using the "Fire Cattle Columns" strategy.
  3. ^"Rangju" refers toTian Rangju,a general of theQi statein theSpring and Autumn periodwho was famous for his military discipline.

References

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  1. ^ab( quá cùng nguyên niên hoăng,...)Sanguozhivol. 17.
  2. ^( bình rằng: Thái Tổ kiến tư võ công, mà khi chi lương tướng, ngũ tử vì trước. Với cấm nhất hào nghị trọng, nhiên phất khắc này chung. Đóng mở lấy xảo biến thành xưng, nhạc tiến lấy kiêu quả hiện danh, mà giám này hành sự, chưa phó sở nghe. Hoặc chú nhớ có để sót, chưa như trương liêu, từ hoảng chi bị tường cũng. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  3. ^( từ hoảng tự công minh, Hà Đông dương người cũng. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  4. ^( vì quận lại, từ Xa Kỵ tướng quân dương phụng thảo tặc có công, bái kỵ đô úy. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  5. ^Sima (1084),vols. 60-61.
  6. ^( Lý Giác, Quách Tị chi loạn Trường An cũng, hoảng nói phụng, lệnh cùng thiên tử còn Lạc Dương, phụng từ này kế. Thiên tử qua sông đến an ấp, phong hoảng đô đình hầu. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  7. ^abSima (1084),vol. 62.
  8. ^( cập đến Lạc Dương, Hàn xiêm, đổng thừa ngày tranh đấu, hoảng nói phụng mệnh về Thái Tổ; phụng dục từ chi, hối hận. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  9. ^( Thái Tổ thảo phụng với lương, hoảng toại về Thái Tổ. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  10. ^( Thái Tổ thụ hoảng binh, sử đánh cuốn, nguyên võ tặc, phá chi, bái tì tướng quân. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  11. ^( tòng chinh Lữ Bố, đừng hàng bố đem Triệu thứ, Lý Trâu chờ. Cùng sử hoán trảm khôi cố với hà nội. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  12. ^Sima (1084),vol. 63.
  13. ^( từ phá Lưu Bị, lại từ tươi tỉnh trở lại lương, rạng sáng mã, tiến đến duyên tân, phá hề văn, bái thiên tướng quân. Cùng tào hồng đánh [] cường tặc chúc cánh tay, phá chi,...)Sanguozhivol. 17.
  14. ^(... Lại cùng sử hoán đánh Viên Thiệu vận xe với cố thị, công nhiều nhất, phong đô đình hầu. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  15. ^abSima (1084),vol. 64.
  16. ^( Thái Tổ ký vây nghiệp, phá Hàm Đan, dễ dương lệnh Hàn phạm ngụy lấy thành hàng mà cự thủ, Thái Tổ khiển hoảng công chi. Hoảng đến, phi thỉ trong thành, vì trần thành bại. Phạm hối, hoảng triếp hàng chi. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  17. ^( lát sau ngôn với Thái Tổ rằng: “Nhị Viên chưa phá, chư thành chưa hạ giả khuynh nhĩ nhi thính, hôm nay diệt dễ dương, ngày mai toàn lấy tử thủ, khủng Hà Bắc vô đúng giờ cũng. Nguyên công hàng dễ dương lấy kỳ chư thành, tắc đều trông chừng.” Thái Tổ thiện chi. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  18. ^( đừng thảo mao thành, mai phục binh giấu đánh, phá tam truân. Từ phá Viên đàm với nam da, dẹp yên nguyên phản tặc, khắc chi. Tòng chinh đạp đốn, bái hoành dã tướng quân. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  19. ^Sima (1084),vol. 65.
  20. ^( tòng chinh Kinh Châu, đừng truân phàn, thảo trung lư, lâm tự, nghi thành tặc. Lại cùng mãn sủng thảo Quan Vũ với hán tân, cùng tào nhân đánh Chu Du với Giang Lăng. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  21. ^Sima (1084),vol. 66.
  22. ^([ Kiến An ] mười lăm năm, thảo Thái Nguyên phản giả, vây đại lăng, rút chi, trảm tặc soái thương diệu. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  23. ^( Hàn toại, mã siêu hạng phản quan hữu, khiển hoảng truân phần âm lấy vỗ Hà Đông, ban ngưu rượu, lệnh thượng tổ tiên mộ. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  24. ^( thần tùng chi vân: Án hoảng với khi chưa ứng xưng thần, sao chép giả lầm cũng. ) Pei Songzhi's annotation inSanguozhivol. 17.
  25. ^( Thái Tổ đến Đồng Quan, khủng không được độ, triệu hỏi hoảng. Hoảng rằng: “Công thịnh binh với này, mà tặc không còn nữa đừng thủ bồ phản, biết này vô mưu cũng. Nay giả thần tinh binh độ bồ phản tân, vì quân trước trí, lấy tiệt này, tặc nhưng bắt cũng.” )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  26. ^( Thái Tổ rằng: “Thiện.” Sử hoảng lấy bước kỵ 4000 người độ tân. Làm hố sách chưa thành, tặc lương hưng đêm đem bước kỵ 5000 hơn người công hoảng, hoảng đánh đi chi, Thái Tổ quân đến độ. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  27. ^( toại phá siêu hạng, sử hoảng cùng Hạ Hầu uyên bình du mi, khiên chư để, cùng Thái Tổ sẽ yên ổn. Thái Tổ còn nghiệp, sử hoảng cùng Hạ Hầu uyên bình phu, hạ dương dư tặc, trảm lương hưng, hàng 3000 dư hộ. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  28. ^( tòng chinh trương lỗ. Đừng khiển hoảng thảo công độc, thù di chư sơn để, toàn hàng chi. Dời bình khấu tướng quân. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  29. ^( giải tướng quân trương thuận vây. Đánh tặc trần phúc chờ 30 dư truân, toàn phá chi. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  30. ^( Thái Tổ còn nghiệp, lưu hoảng cùng Hạ Hầu uyên cự Lưu Bị với dương bình. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  31. ^( bị khiển trần thức chờ mười dư doanh tuyệt mã minh các nói, hoảng đừng chinh phá chi, tặc tự đầu sơn cốc, nhiều người chết. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  32. ^( Thái Tổ nghe, cực hỉ, giả hoảng tiết, lệnh rằng: “Này các nói, Hán Trung chi hiểm yếu yết hầu cũng. Lưu Bị dục đoạn tuyệt ngoại nội, lấy lấy Hán Trung. Tướng quân nhất cử, khắc đoạt tặc kế, thiện chi thiện giả cũng.” Thái Tổ toại tự chí dương bình, dẫn ra Hán Trung chư quân. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  33. ^( phục khiển hoảng trợ tào nhân thảo Quan Vũ, truân uyển. Sẽ sông Hán bạo ải, với cấm chờ không. Vũ vây nhân với phàn, lại vây tướng quân Lữ thường với Tương Dương. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  34. ^( hoảng sở đem nhiều tân tốt, lấy vũ khó cùng tranh phong, toại trước chí dương lăng pha truân. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  35. ^( Thái Tổ phục còn, khiển tướng quân từ thương, Lữ kiến chờ nghệ hoảng, lệnh rằng: “Cần binh mã tập đến, nãi đều trước.” )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  36. ^( tặc truân yển thành. Hoảng đến, quỷ nói làm đều hố, kỳ dục tiệt sau đó, tặc thiêu truân đi. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  37. ^( hoảng đến yển thành, hai mặt liên doanh, hơi trước, đi tặc vây ba trượng sở. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  38. ^( chưa công, Thái Tổ trước sau khiển ân thự, chu cái chờ phàm mười hai doanh nghệ hoảng. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  39. ^( tặc vây đầu có truân, lại đừng truân bốn trủng. Hoảng giương giọng đương công vây đầu truân, mà mật công bốn trủng. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  40. ^( vũ thấy bốn trủng dục hư, tự đem bước kỵ 5000 xuất chiến, hoảng đánh chi, rút đi, toại truy hãm cùng đều nhập vây, phá chi, hoặc tự đầu miện thủy chết. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  41. ^( Thái Tổ lệnh rằng: “Tặc vây hố sừng hươu mười trọng, tướng quân trí chiến toàn thắng, toại hãm tặc vây, nhiều chém đầu lỗ. Ngô dụng binh 30 năm hơn, cập sở nghe cổ chi thiện dụng binh giả, không có tiến nhanh kính nhập địch vây giả cũng. Thả phàn, Tương Dương chi ở vây, quá cử, tức mặc, tướng quân chi công, du tôn võ, nhương tư.” )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  42. ^( Thục nhớ rằng: Vũ cùng hoảng túc yêu nhau, dao cộng ngữ, nhưng nói bình sinh, không kịp quân sự. Giây lát, hoảng xuống ngựa tuyên lệnh: “Đến Quan Vân Trường đầu, tiền thưởng ngàn cân.” Vũ kinh sợ, gọi hoảng rằng: “Đại huynh, ra sao ngôn tà!” Hoảng rằng: “Này quốc việc nhĩ.” )Shu Jiannotation inSanguozhivol. 36.
  43. ^( hoảng chấn lữ còn ma pha, Thái Tổ nghênh hoảng bảy dặm, trí rượu đại hội. Thái Tổ cử chi rượu khuyên hoảng, thả lao chi rằng: “Toàn phàn, Tương Dương, tướng quân chi công cũng.” )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  44. ^( khi chư quân toàn tập, Thái Tổ án hành chư doanh, sĩ tốt hàm ly trận xem, mà hoảng quân doanh chỉnh tề, tướng sĩ trú trận bất động. Thái Tổ than rằng: “Từ tướng quân có thể nói có chu á phu chi phong rồi.” )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  45. ^abSima (1084),vol. 69.
  46. ^( văn đế tức vương vị, lấy hoảng vì hữu tướng quân, tiến phong lục hương hầu. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  47. ^( cập tiễn tộ, tiến phong dương hầu. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  48. ^( cùng Hạ Hầu thượng thảo Lưu Bị với thượng dung, phá chi. Lấy hoảng trấn dương bình, tỉ phong dương bình hầu. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  49. ^Sima (1084),vol. 70.
  50. ^( minh đế vào chỗ, cự Ngô đem Gia Cát cẩn với Tương Dương. Tăng ấp 200, cũng tiền tam ngàn một trăm hộ. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  51. ^( bệnh nặng, di lệnh liễm lấy khi phục.... Quá cùng nguyên niên hoăng, 謚 rằng tráng hầu. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  52. ^( tử cái tự. Cái hoăng, tử bá tự. Minh đế phân hoảng hộ, phong hoảng con cháu hai người liệt hầu. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  53. ^( tính tiết kiệm sợ thận, tướng quân thường xa thám báo, trước vì không thể thắng, sau đó chiến, truy bôn tranh lợi, sĩ không rảnh thực. Thường than rằng: “Cổ nhân hoạn không tao minh quân, nay hạnh ngộ chi, thường lấy công tự hiệu, gì dùng tư dự vì!” Chung không quảng giao viện. )Sanguozhivol. 17.
  54. ^Sanguo Yanyich. 13.
  55. ^Sanguo Yanyich. 94.
  • Chen, Shou(3rd century).Records of the Three Kingdoms(Sanguozhi).
  • de Crespigny, Rafe(2007).A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD.Leiden: Brill.ISBN9789004156050.
  • Luo, Guanzhong(14th century).Romance of the Three Kingdoms(Sanguo Yanyi).
  • Pei, Songzhi(5th century).Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms(Sanguozhi zhu).
  • Sima, Guang(1084).Zizhi Tong gian.
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