Yakutsk(/jəˈkuːtsk/yə-KOOTSK)[a]is thecapitaland largest city ofSakha,Russia, located about 450 km (280 mi) south of theArctic Circle.Fueled by the mining industry, Yakutsk has become one of Russia's most rapidly growing regional cities, with a population of 355,443 at the2021 census.[9]
Yakutsk
Якутск | |
|---|---|
City under republican jurisdiction[1] | |
| Other transcription(s) | |
| • Yakut | Дьокуускай |
From top, left to right: Yakutsk from above, Prospekt Lenina, Yakutsk Theater | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Yakutsk  | |
  Yakutsk Location of Yakutsk  Yakutsk Yakutsk (Sakha Republic) | |
| Coordinates:62°01′48″N129°43′48″E/ 62.03000°N 129.73000°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Sakha Republic[2] |
| Founded | 1632 |
| City status since | 1643 |
| Government | |
| • Body | Okrug Council |
| • Head | Evgeny Grigoriev |
| Area | |
• Total | 122 km2(47 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 95 m (312 ft) |
| Population | |
• Total | 282,419 |
• Estimate (2018)[4] | 311,760 (+10.4%) |
| • Rank | 68thin 2010 |
| • Density | 2,300/km2(6,000/sq mi) |
| •Subordinated to | city of republic significanceof Yakutsk[1] |
| •Capital of | Sakha Republic[2] |
| •Capitalof | city of republic significance of Yakutsk[1] |
| •Urban okrug | Yakutsk Urban Okrug[5] |
| •Capitalof | Yakutsk Urban Okrug[5] |
| Time zone | UTC+9(MSK+6 [6]) |
| Postal code(s)[7] | 677xxx |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 4112[8] |
| OKTMOID | 98701000001 |
| City Day | Second Sunday of September |
 | |
Yakutsk has an average annual temperature of −8.0 °C (17.6 °F),[10]winter high temperatures consistently well below −20 °C (−4 °F), and a record low of −64.4 °C (−83.9 °F).[11]As a result, Yakutsk is the coldest major city in the world (although a number of smaller towns in that region are slightly colder).[12]Yakutsk is also the largest city located incontinuous permafrost;the only other large city isNorilsk,also inSiberia.[13]Yakutsk is located in theCentral Yakutian Lowlandand is a major port on theLena River.It is served by theYakutsk Airportas well as the smallerMagan Airport.
Etymology
editThe city was founded in 1632 by theCossacksand was originally called either the Lensky fortress or the Yakutsk fortress. The first version of the toponym came from thehydronym"Lena", the second, from "Yakutia", a synonym forSakha,eventually became the main one in use. In 1708 it received city status as Yakutsk.[14]
History
editThis sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(January 2023) |
TheYakuts,also known as the Sakha people, migrated to the area during the 13th and 14th centuries from other parts of Siberia. When they arrived they mixed with other indigenous Siberians in the area.[15]The Russian settlement of Yakutsk was founded in 1632 as anostrog(fortress) byPyotr Beketov.
Climate
edit| Yakutsk | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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With an intensely continentalsubarctic climate(Köppen climate classificationDfc,closely bordering onDfd,TrewarthaEcbd), Yakutsk has the coldest winter temperatures for any city its size or larger on Earth. Average monthly temperatures in Yakutsk range from +19.9 °C (67.8 °F) in July to −37.0 °C (−34.6 °F) in December. Yakutsk is the largest city built on continuouspermafrost,[16]and many houses there are built on concretepiles.
The lowest temperatures ever recorded on Earth outsideAntarcticaandGreenlandhave occurred in the basin of theYana Riverto the northeast of Yakutsk. Although winters are extremely cold and long–Yakutsk has never recorded a temperature above freezing between 10 November and 14 March inclusive–summers are sunny, warm and occasionally hot (though short), with daily maximum temperatures exceeding +30 °C (86 °F), making the seasonal temperature differences for the region the greatest in the world at 102 °C (184 °F).[17]The lowest temperature recorded in Yakutsk was −64.4 °C (−83.9 °F) on 5 February 1891 and the highest temperatures +38.4 °C (101.1 °F) on 17 July 2011 and +38.3 °C (100.9 °F) on 15 July 1942. The hottest month in records going back to 1834 has been July 1894, with a mean of +23.2 °C (73.8 °F),[11]and the coldest, January 1900, which averaged −51.4 °C (−60.5 °F).[18]Yakutsk is the largest city in the world with an average winter temperature of below −30 °C (−22 °F).[citation needed]
Yakutsk is an inland location, being almost 1,000 km (620 mi) from the Pacific Ocean, which coupled with the high latitude means exposure to severe winters and also lack of temperature moderation. July temperatures soar to an above-normal average for this latitude, with the average being several degrees hotter than more southerly Far East cities such asVladivostokorYuzhno-Sakhalinsk.The July daytime temperatures are even hotter than some maritime subtropical areas. The warm summers ensure that Yakutsk, despite its freezing winters, is far south of thetree line.In winter, Yakutsk instead is between 35 °C (63 °F) and 40 °C (72 °F) colder than the mildest cities on similar latitudes inScandinavia.
The climate is quite dry, with most of the annual precipitation occurring in the summer months, due to the intenseSiberian Highforming around the very cold continental air during the winter. However, summer precipitation is not heavy since the moist southeasterly winds from the Pacific Ocean lose their moisture over the coastal mountains well before reaching the Lena Valley.
| Climate data for Yakutsk/Jakutskweather station(WMOidentifier: 24959), 98.3mamsl,1991−2020, extremes 1829–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −11.5 (11.3) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
8.3 (46.9) |
21.1 (70.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.4 (95.7) |
38.4 (101.1) |
35.4 (95.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
18.6 (65.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
38.4 (101.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −34.0 (−29.2) |
−27.9 (−18.2) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
2.6 (36.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.8 (78.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−22.3 (−8.1) |
−34.4 (−29.9) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −36.9 (−34.4) |
−32.9 (−27.2) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
15.6 (60.1) |
6.4 (43.5) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−25.9 (−14.6) |
−37.0 (−34.6) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −39.8 (−39.6) |
−37.2 (−35.0) |
−26.0 (−14.8) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
1.5 (34.7) |
9.8 (49.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.3 (48.7) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
−29.6 (−21.3) |
−39.5 (−39.1) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −63.0 (−81.4) |
−64.4 (−83.9) |
−54.9 (−66.8) |
−41.0 (−41.8) |
−18.1 (−0.6) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
−40.9 (−41.6) |
−54.5 (−66.1) |
−59.8 (−75.6) |
−64.4 (−83.9) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 10 (0.4) |
9 (0.4) |
6 (0.2) |
8 (0.3) |
20 (0.8) |
30 (1.2) |
40 (1.6) |
37 (1.5) |
30 (1.2) |
19 (0.7) |
17 (0.7) |
9 (0.4) |
235 (9.3) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 27 (11) |
31 (12) |
33 (13) |
21 (8.3) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
4 (1.6) |
15 (5.9) |
22 (8.7) |
33 (13) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 3 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 75 |
| Average snowy days | 26 | 24 | 16 | 9 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 3 | 24 | 27 | 25 | 157 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 76 | 76 | 70 | 59 | 53 | 56 | 62 | 68 | 71 | 78 | 78 | 75 | 69 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 20.7 | 102.6 | 252.8 | 296.8 | 288.2 | 334.8 | 334.0 | 262.9 | 170.1 | 96.3 | 66.9 | 11.5 | 2,251.1 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат[19] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:NOAA[20] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Jakutsk/Yakutsk Airport(YKS)weather station(ICAOcode:UEEE), 100mamsl,between 1985−2015 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Averagedew point°C (°F) | −42 (−44) |
−37 (−35) |
−24 (−11) |
−11 (12) |
−2 (28) |
7 (45) |
11 (52) |
9 (48) |
1 (34) |
−11 (12) |
−30 (−22) |
−41 (−42) |
−14 (6) |
| Source:Time and Date[21] | |||||||||||||
Economy
edit
The primary economic activity stems from mining activities in the region, particularlycoal,gold,anddiamonds,with multiple mining companies having set up their headquarters in the city.[22]Precious stones and metals, particularly diamonds, as well as coal, are Yakutsk's major exports.[22]The export volume was $5.55 billion in 2021, making it the 16th largest out of eighty-five of Russia's federal subjects, although it contracted sharply (under $1 billion) in 2022.[23]
Yakutsk Airportis the main airport,[22]andYakutia Airlineshas its head office in the city, operating flights between Yakutsk and other main Russian cities.[24]
Tourism as an economic sector plays a small but growing role, thanks to the city's unique cultural heritage and natural attractions such as theLena Pillars Nature Park,a UNESCO World Heritage site, and thePermafrost Kingdom,which is a tourist complex dedicated to showcasing the unique features of the region's permafrost.[25]With the Lena River navigable in the summer, there are boat cruises offered, including upriver to the Lena Pillars, and downriver tours which visit spectacular scenery in the lower reaches and theLena Delta.[26]
In recent years, housing construction, with an emphasis on providing affordable housing, has been a focus, which was accompanied by the growth in the construction materials manufacturing.[22]
A sizeable portion of the republic's agricultural sector is located in Yakutsk, which accounts for 89% of the republic's meat and 34% of the republic's dairy production.[22]
Culture
editThere are several theaters in Yakutsk: the State Russian Drama Theater, named afterA. S. Pushkin;the Sakha Theater, named afterP. A. Oiyunsky;the Suorun Omoloon Young Spectator's Theater; and the State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater, named after D. K. Sivtsev.
Museums include the National Fine Arts Museum of Sakha; the Museum of Local Lore and History, named afterE. Yaroslavsky;and the only museums in the world dedicated to thekhomusandpermafrost.In September 2020, the Gagarin Center for Culture and Contemporary Art was opened in the Gagarin District of Yakutsk.[27]
In 2021, the construction of the "State Philharmonic of Yakutia. The Arctic Center of Epos and Arts" began.[28]
The annualYsyakhsummer festival takes place the last weekend in June. The traditional Yakut summer solstice festivities include a celebration of the revival and renewal of the nature, fertility and beginning of a new year. It is accompanied by national Yakut rituals and ceremonies, folk dancing, horse racing, Yakut ethnic music and singing, national cuisine, and competitions in traditional Yakut sports.[29]
There is a local punk scene[30]in Yakutsk, with many bands.
The city has an increasingly vibrant film industry that has been gaining international recognition over recent years for its unique style and the way its filmmakers portray the region and its people.[31]The regional film industry has come to be nicknamed "Sakhawood".[32]
People in Yakutsk wear very fluffy and fuzzy clothing, and to cope with extremely cold weather they shelter indoors in warm housing, which is believed to reduce their increase in winter mortality rates compared to winter in milder regions of the world.[33]
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 6,535 | — |
| 1926 | 10,558 | +61.6% |
| 1939 | 52,882 | +400.9% |
| 1959 | 74,330 | +40.6% |
| 1970 | 107,617 | +44.8% |
| 1979 | 152,368 | +41.6% |
| 1989 | 186,626 | +22.5% |
| 2002 | 210,642 | +12.9% |
| 2010 | 269,601 | +28.0% |
| 2021 | 355,443 | +31.8% |
| Source: Census data | ||
According to the results of the2021 Census,the population of Yakutsk was 355,443 in the city proper and 372,928 in the city's urban area, which is one third of the total population ofSakha.[9]
In the2021 Census,the following ethnic groups were listed:[34]
Religion
edit
Orthodox Christianityis the most widely professed faith in Yakutsk, with significant populations of the adherents ofShamanismandRodnovery.A sizeable share of the city's residents isnon-religious.The city's two main ethnic groups, theTurkicspeakingYakutsand theSlavicspeakingRussians,are primarilyChristian.The world largest temple of theAiyy Faithis also located in Yakutsk.
Administrative and municipal status
editYakutsk is thecapitalof the Sakha Republic.[2]As aninhabited locality,Yakutsk is classified as a city under republic jurisdiction.[1]Within theframework of administrative divisions,it is, together with thesettlementofZhatayand eleven rural localities, incorporated as thecity of republic significanceof Yakutsk—an administrative unit with a status equal to that of thedistricts.[1]As amunicipal division,Yakutsk and the eleven rural localities are incorporated asYakutsk Urban Okrug.[5]The settlement of Zhatay is not a part of Yakutsk Urban Okrug and is independently incorporated as Zhatay Urban Okrug.[5]
| Towns Cities | Population | Male | Female | Inhabited localities in jurisdiction |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| City of Yakutsk (Якутск) |
360,194 | 170,872 (47.4%) | 189,322 (52.6%) | |
| Urban settlements | Population | Male | Female | Inhabited localities in jurisdiction |
| Zhatay Urban Okrug (Жатай) |
11,436 | 5,647 (49.4%) | 5,789 (50.6%) | |
| Rural settlements | Population | Male | Female | Rural localities in jurisdiction* |
| Tulagino-Kildemsky Nasleg (Тулагино-Кильдемский) |
3,898 | 1,898 (48.7%) | 2,000 (51.3%) |
|
| Khatassky Nasleg (Хатасский) |
8,836 | 4,273 (48.4%) | 4,563 (51.6%) |
|
Divisional source:[35]
Population source:[3]
*Administrative centers are shown inbold
Transportation
editYakutsk is a destination of theLena Highway.The city's connection to that highway is only usable by ferry in the summer, or in the dead of winter, by driving directly over the frozenLena River,since Yakutsk lies entirely on its western bank, and there is no bridge anywhere in the Sakha Republic that crosses the Lena. In the dead of winter, the frozen Lena River makes for a passable highway for ice truckers using its channel to deliver provisions to far-flung outposts. The river is impassable for long periods of the year when it contains loose ice, when the ice cover is not thick enough to support traffic, or when the water level is too high and the river is turbulent with spring flooding. The highway ends on the eastern bank of Lena inNizhny Bestyakh(Нижний Бестях), anurban-type settlementof some four thousand people. Nizhny Bestyakh is connected withMagadanby theKolyma Highway.
Construction of ahighwaybridge over theRiver Lenato Yakutsk was approved by presidentVladimir Putinon 9 November 2019. Based upon a design submitted in2008,it would be over 3 km (1.9 mi) long and constructed 40 km (25 mi) upriver atTabaga,where the river narrows and does not create a wide flooded area in spring. The cost of the bridge and its 10.9 km (6.8 mi) of approaches was estimated at 63.7 billion Rubles (83 billion rubles including VAT [НДС]), of which a grant of 54.2 billion Rubles was to be provided, with the remainder to be sourced from investors. The bridge was to be toll-free for cars, with a toll for trucks.[36]Work commenced in 2024, with an estimated cost of 130 billion Rubles and a proposed completion date of 2028.[37]
The bridge had originally been planned to be a dual-userailroadand highway bridge so theAmur Yakutsk Mainline,the North–South railroad being extended from the south, could connect the city with the East–WestBaikal Amur Mainline.The railroad reached the settlement ofNizhny Bestyakh,on the opposite bank of the Lena from Yakutsk, in November 2011.[38]
The 2019 completion of a new rail line to the eastern bank of the Lena permitted the start of passenger rail services between Yakutsk and the rest of Russia.
Yakutsk is also connected to other parts of Russia byYakutsk Airport.
Education and research
editM.K.Ammosov North-Eastern Federal Universityis situated in the city. There is also a branch of theRussian Academy of Sciences,which contains, among other things, theInstitute of Cosmophysical Research,which runs the Yakutsk Extensive Air Shower installation (one of the largestcosmic-ray detectorarrays in the world), and theMelnikov Permafrost Institute,founded in 1960 with the aim of solving the serious and costly problems associated with construction of buildings on frozen soil. In 2020, withglobal heatingthawing the ground, the institute is measuring the rate at which the permafrost is thawing, which affects the city as well as the climate.[39]
At the primary and secondary levels, the city has a number ofUNESCO Associated Schools,including the Sakha-Turkish College, Sakha-French School,Sakha-Korean School,andSchool #16.[40]
Twin towns – sister cities
edit
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^Russian:Якутск,Russian pronunciation:[jɪˈkutsk];Yakut:Дьокуускай,romanized:Cokuuskay,pronounced[ɟ͡ʝoquːskáɪ]
References
edit- ^abcdefRegistry of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of the Sakha Republic
- ^abcConstitution of the Sakha Republic
- ^abThe population density of the Russian Federation by constituent entities of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2010.Gks.ru. Accessed March 29, 2020.
- ^"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года".Federal State Statistics Service.RetrievedJanuary 23,2019.
- ^abcdLaw #174-Z #355-III
- ^"Об исчислении времени".Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации(in Russian). June 3, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 19,2019.
- ^Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post).Поиск объектов почтовой связи(Postal Objects Search)(in Russian)
- ^Телефонные коды городов Большая Телефонная книга(in Russian).RetrievedNovember 10,2010.
- ^ab"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации".Federal State Statistics Service.RetrievedSeptember 1,2022.
- ^"Climate Yakutsk".RetrievedApril 13,2022.
- ^abПогода в Якутске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Июль 2001 г.(in Russian)
- ^Joe Phelan (March 5, 2022)."What is the coldest city in the world?".Live Science.RetrievedApril 13,2022.
- ^Joshua Yaffa (January 20, 2022)."The Great Siberian Thaw".The New Yorker.RetrievedJanuary 20,2022.
- ^Поспелов Е. М. Географические названия мира. Топонимический словарь ISBN 5-17-001389-2
- ^"Download Limit Exceeded".citeseerx.ist.psu.edu.
- ^"Вечная мерзлота и современный климат (geo.web.ru)".geo.web.ru(in Russian).RetrievedDecember 9,2018.
- ^"Greatest temperature range on Earth".Guinness World Records.
- ^"Погода в Якутске - климатический монитор за январь 2001 года".pogodaiklimat.ru.
- ^"Climate Jakutsk".Pogoda.ru.net.RetrievedNovember 8,2021.
- ^"Jakutsk 1991–2020".NOAA.RetrievedOctober 30,2023.
- ^"Climate & Weather Averages at Jakutsk weather station".Time and Date.RetrievedFebruary 7,2022.
- ^abcde"Investor's Guide to the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)"(PDF).PwC.2015. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 31, 2022.
- ^"REPUBLIC OF SAKHA (YAKUTIA) | OEC".OEC — The Observatory of Economic Complexity.RetrievedMarch 9,2023.
- ^"About UsArchived2010-10-04 at theWayback Machine."Yakutia Airlines.Retrieved on July 18, 2010. "JSC" Air Company Yakutia "Address: 9 Bykovsky St., Yakutsk, Russia, 677014." Russian address: "Contact UsArchived2010-10-04 at theWayback Machine.""ОАО «Авиакомпания «Якутия» Адрес: Республика Саха (Якутия), 677014, г. Якутск, ул. Быковского, 9 "
- ^"Yakutsk".RetrievedMarch 9,2023.
- ^"Yakutsk, Siberia: How to celebrate summer in the world's coldest city".Travel.June 25, 2019. Archived fromthe originalon March 18, 2021.RetrievedMarch 9,2023.
- ^"Доев Дмитрий:" За пять лет в Якутии появилось почти три тысячи новых мест в учебных заведениях "".SakhaLife.August 31, 2022.RetrievedMarch 23,2023.
- ^"Доев Дмитрий:" С помощью ГЧП в Якутии создана принципиально новая база для учреждений образования и культуры "".
- ^"Celebrate Ysyakh festival in Yakutsk…".Air Russia.
- ^Sanna, Jacopo (January 11, 2019)."The Punk Scene in Yakutsk, Russia Turns Isolation Into Inspiration".Bandcamp Daily.RetrievedFebruary 12,2019.
- ^"Why the Film Industry Is Thriving in the Russian Wilderness".Time.RetrievedAugust 27,2021.
- ^Luxmoore, Matthew (June 13, 2021)."Deep In Siberia, 'Sakhawood' Is Putting The Global Film Industry On Alert".Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.RetrievedAugust 27,2021.
- ^Donaldson, G C; Ermakov, S P; Komarov, Y M; McDonald, C P; Keatinge, W R (October 10, 1998)."Cold related mortalities and protection against cold in Yakutsk, eastern Siberia: observation and interview study".BMJ: British Medical Journal.317(7164): 978–982.doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7164.978.ISSN0959-8138.PMC28681.PMID9765165.
- ^"Город Якутск: жители сквозь призму статистики"[City of Yakutsk: residents through the prism of statistics].District administration of the city of Yakutsk(in Russian). April 7, 2023. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^City of Republic Significance YakutskOfficial website of the Sakha Republic
- ^"По ленинским мостам - Инфраструктурный проект для Якутска одобрен президентом",Коммерсантъ(in Russian), no. 211, November 18, 2019
- ^"Берега реки Лены свяжут за 130 миллиардов: в Якутии началось строительство Ленского моста » Новости на Vostok.Today – никакой пропаганды, только новости!".Новости на Vostok.Today – никакой пропаганды, только новости!(in Russian).RetrievedJuly 22,2024.
- ^"Russian Berkakit-Tommot-Nizhny Bestyakh line completed".
- ^Will Vernon (September 18, 2020)."Siberia's bizarre bumps (video)".BBC News.
- ^Nikolaev, Michael E. (January 7, 2007)."The Most Valuable Possession of a Society is Education".Yakutia Today.RetrievedAugust 4,2009.
- ^"Города-побратимы".moiyakutsk.ru(in Russian). Moi Yakutsk.RetrievedJune 26,2020.
- ^"Осмата по големина страна в света – на гости във Велинград".velingrad-bg(in Bulgarian). Velingrad. May 1, 2018.RetrievedJune 26,2020.
Bibliography
edit- Верховный Совет Республики Саха (Якутия). 4 апреля 1992 г. «Конституция (основной закон) Республики Саха (Якутия)», в ред. Конституционного закона №1077-З №1035-IV от 8 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (основной закон) Республики Саха (Якутия)». Опубликован: "Якутские ведомости", №7, 26 апреля 1992 г.(Supreme Council of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic.April 4, 1992Constitution (Basic Law) of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic,as amended by the Constitutional Law #1077-Z No. 1035-IV of June 8, 2012On Amending and Supplementing the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic.).
- Государственное Собрание (Ил Тумэн) Республики Саха (Якутия). Закон №174-З №355-III от 30 ноября 2004 г. «Об установлении границ территорий и о наделении статусом городского округа муниципальных образований Республики Саха (Якутия)», в ред. Закона №641-З №177-IV от 29 декабря 2008 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Саха (Якутия) "Об установлении границ территорий и о наделении статусом городского округа муниципальных образований Республики Саха (Якутия)" ». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Якутия", №243, 29 декабря 2004 г.(State Assembly (Il Tumen) of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic.Law #174-Z No. 355-III of November 30, 2004On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and on Granting the Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formations of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic,as amended by the Law #641-Z No. 177-IV of December 29, 2008On Amending the Law of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic "On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and on Granting the Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formations of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic".Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
External links
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- Official website of Yakutsk(in Russian)
- Sakha Life Information Agency(in Russian)
- Lena PillarsatNatural Heritage Protection Fund