Yazd(Persian:یزد;[jæzd]ⓘ)[3][a]is a city in theCentral DistrictofYazd County,Yazdprovince, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[6]At the 2016 census, its population was 529,673.[2]Since 2017, the historical city of Yazd is recognized as aWorld Heritage SitebyUNESCO.[7]
Yazd
یزد Kath, Isatis | |
|---|---|
 Seal | |
  Yazd | |
| Coordinates:31°52′56″N54°20′23″E/ 31.88222°N 54.33972°E[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Yazd |
| County | Yazd |
| District | Central |
| Government | |
| •Mayor | Abolghasem Mohiodini Anari |
| • City Council Chairman | Gholam Hossein Dashti |
| Elevation | 1,216 m (3,990 ft) |
| Population (2016)[2] | |
• Total | 529,673 |
| • Population Rank in Iran | 15th |
| Demonym | Yazdi (en) |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30(IRST) |
| Area code | 035 |
| Climate | BWh |
| Website | yazd |
| Official name | Historic City of Yazd |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iii, v |
| Designated | 2017(41stsession) |
| Reference no. | 1544 |
| Region | Asia and the Pacific |
Because of generations of adaptations to its desert surroundings, Yazd is known for itsPersian architecture.It is nicknamed the "City ofWindcatchers"(شهر بادگیرهاShahr-e Badgirha) from its many examples. It is also very well known for itsZoroastrianfire temples,ab anbars(cisterns),qanats(underground channels),yakhchals(coolers),Persian handicrafts,handwoven cloth(Persian termeh),silkweaving,Persian cotton candy,and its time-honored confectioneries. Yazd is also known as City of Bicycles, because of its old history of bike riders, and the highest number of bicycles per capita in Iran. It is reported thatbicycle culturein Iran originated in Yazd as a result of contact with European visitors and tourists in the last[which?]century.[8]
Etymology
editYazdmeans "pure" and "holy"; Yazd City means "City of the Holy [One,i. e.,God] ".[9]Former names of this city: Kath, Isatis.
History
editArcheological evidence 12 kilometers north of Yazd suggests that the area has been populated since the period of theAchaemenid Empire(550 BC–330 BC).[10]In hisNatural History,Pliny the Elder(died 79 AD) mentions a town in theParthian Empire(247 BC–224 AD) named "Issatis", which is seemingly connected to the name of theAsagarta/Istachae/Sagartians.[11]As a result, some scholars have suggested that the name of Yazd was derived from Issatis (also transliterated as Isatichae, Ysatis, Yasatis), and that the latter name started to be used in theMedianor Achaemenid eras.[12]
The area encompassing Yazd first started to gain prominence in theLate antiquity,namely under theSasanian Empire(224–651). UnderYazdegerd I(r. 399–420), a mint was established in Yazd (under the mint abbreviation of "YZ" ), which demonstrates its increasing importance.[13]According to theNew PersianchronicleTarikh-i Yazd( "History of Yazd" ) of 1441, Yazd was re-founded by "Yazdegerd, son of Bahram", i.e.Yazdegerd II(r. 438–457).[14]The wordyazdmeans God.[15]After theMuslim conquest,many Zoroastrians migrated to Yazd from neighboring provinces. By paying a levy, Yazd was allowed to remain Zoroastrian even after its conquest, andIslamonly gradually became the dominant religion in the city.
Due to its secluded desert setting and challenging access, Yazd was mostly spared from major conflicts and the devastation and havoc of warfare. For instance, it was a haven for those fleeing from destruction in other parts of theKhwarazmian Empireduring theMongol invasion.In 1272 it was visited byMarco Polo,who remarked on the city's finesilk-weavingindustry. In the bookThe Travels of Marco Polo,he described Yazd in the following way:
It is a good and noble city, and has a great amount of trade. They weave there quantities of a certain silk tissue known as Yasdi, which merchants carry into many quarters to dispose of. When you leave this city to travel further, you ride for seven days over great plains, finding harbour to receive you at three places only. There are many fine woods producing dates upon the way, such as one can easily ride through; and in them there is great sport to be had in hunting and hawking, there being partridges and quails and abundance of other game, so that the merchants who pass that way have plenty of diversion. There are also wild asses, handsome creatures. At the end of those seven marches over the plain, you come to a fine kingdom which is calledKerman.
Yazd briefly served as the capital of theMuzaffarid Dynastyin the fourteenth century, and was unsuccessfully besieged in 1350–1351 by theInjuidsunder Shaikh Abu Ishaq. The Friday (or Congregation) mosque, arguably the city's greatest architectural landmark, as well as other important buildings, date to this period. During theQajar Empire(18th century AD) it was ruled by theBakhtiariKhans.
Under the rule of theSafavid Empire(16th century), some people migrated from Yazd and settled in an area that is today on the Iran-Afghanistan border. The settlement, which was named Yazdi, was located in what is nowFarah Cityin theprovinceof the same name inAfghanistan.Even today, people from this area speak with an accent very similar to that of the people of Yazd.
One of the notable things about Yazd is its family-centered culture. According to official statistics from Iran's National Organization for Civil Registration, Yazd is among the three cities with the lowest divorce rates in Iran.[citation needed]
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1986 | 230,483 | — |
| 1991 | 275,298 | +3.62% |
| 1996 | 326,776 | +3.49% |
| 2006 | 432,194 | +2.84% |
| 2011 | 486,152 | +2.38% |
| 2016 | 529,673 | +1.73% |
| source:[16] | ||
Language and ethnicity
editThe majority of the people of Yazd arePersians.They speakPersianwith a Yazdi accent, which is different from the Persian accent ofTehran.
During the Pahlavi era, a large group of Kurds from the Gulbaghi tribe were moved from the north ofKurdistan provinceto the city of Yazd and the cities of Isfahan, Kashan, and Nayin. Today, the Gulbaghi tribe are mostly assimilated elements in the population of these cities.[17][18]
Religion
editThe majority of people in Yazd areShia Muslims.Yazd is a strongly religious, traditionalist and conservative city.[19]Several city traditions are the Muslim parades and gatherings, which are mainly processions calledazadariheld to commemorate the events experienced by the main Islamic martyrs and other important figures. These huge public gatherings created a series of spaces which, since most are near important urban monuments, are used at other times as hubs from which visitors can tour the main spots in the city.[20]
There is also a sizable population ofZoroastriansin the city. In 2013,Sepanta Niknamwas elected to the city council of Yazd and became the first Zoroastrian councillor in Iran.[21]The Pir-e-Naraki[22]sanctuary is one of the important pilgrimage destinations for Zoroastrians, where an annual congregation is held and frequent visits are made during the year; it is now also a famous tourist spot. The story of the last Persian prince to come to Yazd before the arrival ofIslamadds to its importance. Such a transformation has occurred several times.[clarification needed][23]
There was once a relatively large Jewish-Yazdi community, however, after the creation ofIsrael,many have moved there for varying reasons. Former president of IsraelMoshe Katsavis an example.
Population
editAt the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 423,006 in 114,716 households.[24]The following census in 2011 counted 486,152 people in 141,572 households.[25]The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 529,673 people in 158,368 households.[2]
Geography
editClimate
editYazd has ahot desert climate(Köppen climate classificationBWh). It is the driest major city in Iran, with a yearly precipitation amount that is less than 60 millimetres (2.4 in), and has only 11.5 days of precipitation. Summer temperatures are frequently above 40 °C (104 °F) in blazing sunshine with low humidity, on 35.3 days per year the maximum daily temperature reaches or exceeds 40 °C (104 °F).[26]Even at night the temperatures in summer are rather uncomfortable. In the winter, the days remain mild and sunny, but in the morning the thin air and low cloudiness cause cold temperatures, with 24.3 days per year in which the minimum temperature falls below 0 °C (32 °F).[26]
Dustevents are not uncommon in Yazd, as they happen 52 days per year.Thick hazeis much more common (135.8 days annually) and is more frequent in winter.[26]
| Climate data for Yazd (normals 1991-2020, records 1952-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
35.2 (95.4) |
38.0 (100.4) |
41.0 (105.8) |
44.5 (112.1) |
46.1 (115.0) |
45.6 (114.1) |
42.0 (107.6) |
36.4 (97.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
28.5 (83.3) |
46.1 (115.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.3 (55.9) |
16.8 (62.2) |
21.5 (70.7) |
27.4 (81.3) |
32.9 (91.2) |
38.3 (100.9) |
40.1 (104.2) |
38.5 (101.3) |
34.9 (94.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
20.2 (68.4) |
15.2 (59.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
9.8 (49.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
20.6 (69.1) |
26.1 (79.0) |
31.5 (88.7) |
33.5 (92.3) |
31.4 (88.5) |
27.4 (81.3) |
20.8 (69.4) |
12.9 (55.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
20.3 (68.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) |
3.9 (39.0) |
8.4 (47.1) |
14.0 (57.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
23.9 (75.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
19.5 (67.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
2.6 (36.7) |
13.6 (56.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −14 (7) |
−10.1 (13.8) |
−7 (19) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.0 (35.6) |
11.0 (51.8) |
16.0 (60.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−3 (27) |
−10 (14) |
−16 (3) |
−16 (3) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 11.2 (0.44) |
6.2 (0.24) |
10.6 (0.42) |
5.6 (0.22) |
3.6 (0.14) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.9 (0.04) |
4.6 (0.18) |
9.1 (0.36) |
52.2 (2.06) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 3.1 (1.2) |
0.2 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.1 (0.4) |
4.4 (1.7) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 2.5 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1 | 1.8 | 11.5 |
| Average snowy days | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 3.7 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 50 | 39 | 32 | 28 | 21 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 24 | 37 | 47 | 28 |
| Averagedew point°C (°F) | −5.1 (22.8) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−2.5 (27.6) |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 215 | 220 | 246 | 260 | 315 | 353 | 355 | 357 | 320 | 294 | 230 | 216 | 3,381 |
| Source 1:NOAA NCEI[26](snowfall and sleet/snow days 1981-2010[27]) | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: IRIMO(extremes[28] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Yazd (1951-2010, records and temperature normals 1951-2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
35.2 (95.4) |
38.0 (100.4) |
41.0 (105.8) |
44.1 (111.4) |
45.6 (114.1) |
45.6 (114.1) |
42.0 (107.6) |
36.4 (97.5) |
30.8 (87.4) |
28.5 (83.3) |
45.6 (114.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) |
16.0 (60.8) |
21.0 (69.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
32.5 (90.5) |
38.1 (100.6) |
39.6 (103.3) |
38.0 (100.4) |
34.5 (94.1) |
27.8 (82.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.4 (43.5) |
9.3 (48.7) |
14.2 (57.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
25.3 (77.5) |
30.5 (86.9) |
32.3 (90.1) |
30.2 (86.4) |
26.3 (79.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
19.6 (67.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | -0 (32) |
2.6 (36.7) |
7.4 (45.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
22.8 (73.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
5.5 (41.9) |
1.1 (34.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −14 (7) |
−10.1 (13.8) |
−7 (19) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.0 (35.6) |
11.0 (51.8) |
16.0 (60.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−3 (27) |
−10 (14) |
−16 (3) |
−16 (3) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 12.2 (0.48) |
7.6 (0.30) |
12.5 (0.49) |
7.3 (0.29) |
3.6 (0.14) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.1 (0.00) |
1.2 (0.05) |
4.1 (0.16) |
10.0 (0.39) |
59.2 (2.32) |
| Average precipitation days | 4.8 | 3.5 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 3.7 | 27 |
| Average snowy days | 2.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 4 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 54 | 44 | 37 | 32 | 25 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 19 | 27 | 38 | 50 | 32 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 194.1 | 210.3 | 225.4 | 246.2 | 302.7 | 343.1 | 347.2 | 346.1 | 316.4 | 286.9 | 226.2 | 200.3 | 3,244.9 |
| Source 1:[2] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: IRIMO (extremes, sun, humidity, 1952–2010)[29] | |||||||||||||
Historical sites
edit
Yazd is an important centre ofIranian architecture.Because of its climate, it has one of the largest networks ofqanats(underground water supply systems) in the world, and Yazdiqanatmakers are considered the most skilled in Iran.
To deal with the extremely hot summers, many old buildings in Yazd have magnificentwind towersand large underground areas.
The city is also home to prime examples ofyakhchals,which were used to store ice retrieved from glaciers in the nearby mountains. Yazd is also one of the largest cities built almost entirely out ofadobe.
Yazd's heritage as a center of Zoroastrianism is also important. There is aTower of Silenceon the outskirts, and the city has anateshkadehwhich holds a fire that has been kept alight continuously since 470 AD. Zoroastrians make up a small minority of the population of Yazd, around 1,000 out of 600,000.
The 11th-century brick mausoleum and shrineDavāzdah Imāmis the oldest dated building in the city.[30]
Built in 12th century and still in use,Jame Mosque of Yazdis an example of the finest Persianmosaicsand excellent architecture. Its minarets are the highest in the country.Tomb of Sayyed Rukn ad-Dinis nearby the mosque.
Economy
editAlways known for the quality of its silk and carpets, Yazd today is one of Iran's industrial centers for textiles. There is also a considerable ceramics and construction materials industry and unique confectionery and jewellery industries. A significant portion of the population is also employed in other industries including agriculture, dairy, metal works, and machine manufacturing. There are a number of companies involved in the growing information technology industry, mainly manufacturing primary materials such as cables and connectors. Currently Yazd is the home of the largest manufacturer of fibre optics in Iran.[citation needed]
Yazd's confectioneries have a tremendous following throughout Iran and have been a source of tourism for the city. Confectioners workshops (khalifehs,or experts) keep their recipes a guarded secret, and there are many that have remained a private family business for many generations.Baklava,ghotabandpashmakare the most popular sweets made in the city.
In 2000 the Yazd Water Museum opened;[31]it features exhibits of water storage vessels and historical technologies related to water.
Yazd has expanded its industrial fields since the 1980s. With at least three main industrial areas each containing over 70 different factories, Yazd has become one of the most technologically advanced cities of Iran.
Transportation
editIn addition to its connection with major Iranian cities viaIranian Railways,[32]Yazd is served by theShahid Sadooghi Airport.[33]
Politics
edit- Eskandar Aslani (circa 1979)[34]
- Muhammad-Ali Vahdati[chronology citation needed]
- Ali-Akbar Farshi
- Muhammad-Hassan Khorshidnam
- Hosseyn A'laii
- Muhammad-Mahdi Sherafat
- Ali-Akbar Aramun
- Morteza Shayeq
- Ali-Akbar Mirvakili
- Mohammad Azim Zadeh (circa 2017)[35]
Famous residents
edit
- Mohammad Khatami,former president of Iran; born inArdakan
- Mohammad Ali Jafari,the commander of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution of Iran
- Mohammad Reza Aref,Vice President of Iran from 2001 to 2005
- Mirza Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi,poet and politician
- Vahshi Bafghi,poet
- Habibollah Bitaraf,former Minister of Energy
- Moshe Katsav,former President of Israel
- Mohammad-Ali Eslami Nodooshan,Iranian author
- Mehdi Azar Yazdi,author of children's stories
- Reza Amrollahi,Head of Atomic Energy Organization of Iran 1981–1997
- Iraj Afshar,bibliographer, historian, and an iconic figure in the field of Persian studies
- Ahmad Fardid,prominent Iranian philosopher and an inspiring and dedicated professor
- Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi,15th-century Persian historian.
- Zia'eddin Tabatabaee,Iranian politician and the Prime Minister of Iran
- Reza Ardakanian,Iranian professor, politician and the former Minister of Energy of Iran
- Sems Kesmai,poet
Education
edit
The University of Yazd was established in 1988. It has a college of architecture specializing intraditional Persianart and architecture.[36]Yazd and its nearby towns contain the following institutes of higher education:
- Yazd Science and Research
- Yazd University
- Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
- Payam e Nour University of Yazd
- Yazd Institute of Higher Education (ACECR)
- Islamic Azad University of Bafq
- Islamic Azad University of Maybod
- Islamic Azad University of Yazd
- Yazd Sampad Information Center
- Yazd Science and Technology Park
- Applied Science University of Yazd
- Imam Java University College
- Barazande muqadam High School (Tizhushan)
- Shahid Sadoughi High School (Tizhushan)
- Shahid Sadoughi Middle School (Tizhushan)
- Farzanegan Middle School (Tizhushan)
- Bahadori High School
- Farzanegan High School (Tizhushan)
- Iranshahr High School
Twin towns – sister cities
editYazd istwinnedwith:
Gallery
edit-
Yazd Entrance -
-
Jameh Mosque -
Fire Temple -
Dowlatabad Gardenpavilion with wind tower -
A Zurkhaneh in Yazd -
Lari House in Yazd -
Dad Hotel, Yazd, Iran -
Khoshnevis Garden
See also
edit
Media related toYazdat Wikimedia Commons
Yazdtravel guide from Wikivoyage
Notes
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^OpenStreetMap contributors (14 November 2024)."Yazd, Yazd County"(Map).OpenStreetMap(in Persian).Retrieved14 November2024.
- ^abcCensus of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Yazd Province.amar.org.ir(Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original(Excel)on 18 November 2020.Retrieved19 December2022.
- ^Yazd can be found atGEOnet Names Server,atthis link,by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3088569" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- ^EB(1888).
- ^EB(1911).
- ^Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Yazd province centered on Yazd city.lamtakam(Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. c. 2023 [Approved 21 June 1369]. Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 93808-907; Notification 82828/T127K. Archived fromthe originalon 18 December 2023.Retrieved18 December2023– via Lam ta Kam.
- ^"Historical City of Yazd Inscribed as World Heritage Site".9 July 2017.Retrieved1 January2018.
- ^"Bicycle history in Yazd".11 February 2009.Retrieved23 November2018.
- ^JadvalYab.ir."یزد".JadvalYab.ir.Retrieved2021-03-06.
با ایزد و یزدان همریشه است و معنی آن پاک و مقدس و درخور تحسین و آفریننده ٔ خوبیهاست و نام شهر یزداز آن است.
- ^Choksy 2020,p. 222.
- ^Choksy 2020,p. 222–223.
- ^Choksy 2020,p. 223.
- ^Choksy 2020,p. 227.
- ^Choksy 2020,p. 225.
- ^Steingass, Francis Joseph.A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature.London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1892.
- ^Iran: Provinces and Cities population statistics
- ^Ahmadi, Mansur (2022)."سیاست های ایلیاتی پهلوی اول برابر گلباغی ها".The Scientific Journal of Cihan University – Sulaimanyia.6(3):391–404.doi:10.25098/6.3.21.
- ^"کینه رضا شاه از طوایف و عشایر گهلواخی/ نه گلباغی ماند اینجا نه همدانی آنجا".8 May 1402.
- ^Michael M. J. Fischer (2003). University of Wisconsin Press (ed.).Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution.p. XV.ISBN9780299184735.
- ^"همشهری آنلاین: آشنایی با برخی آئینهای عزاداری در استان یزد".Hamshahrionline.ir. 2013-12-04.Retrieved2013-12-09.
- ^"Iran Suspends Zoroastrian Member of Yazd City Council",The Associated Press,The New York Times, 9 October 2017,retrieved9 October2017
- ^Ed Eduljee."Pir-e Seti. Pir-e Naraki. Pilgrimage in Zoroastrianism".Heritageinstitute.Retrieved2013-12-09.
- ^"پیرنارکی مهریز در لیست مهمترین جاذبههای دینی جهان - سایت خبری یزدفردا".Yazdfarda. 2 March 1392.Retrieved2013-12-09.
- ^Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Yazd Province.amar.org.ir(Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original(Excel)on 20 September 2011.Retrieved25 September2022.
- ^Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Yazd Province.irandataportal.syr.edu(Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original(Excel)on 20 January 2023.Retrieved19 December2022– via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
- ^abcd"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Yazd"(CSV).ncei.noaa.gov.NOAA.Retrieved31 January2024.
- ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Yazd"(XLS).ncei.noaa.gov.NOAA.p. 1.Retrieved29 April2024.
- ^"Form 6:TEMPERATURE RECORDS LOWEST IN C. Station: Yazd (40821)".Chaharmahalmet.Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016.Retrieved31 January2024.
- "Form 7: TEMPERATURE RECORDS HIGHEST IN C. Station: Yazd(40821)".Chaharmahalmet.IRIMO. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014.Retrieved31 January2024.
- ^"Yazd Climate Normals 1961–1990".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.RetrievedDecember 29,2012.
- ^Anisi, Alireza (2009). "The Davāzdah Imām Mausoleum at Yazd: A Re-Examination".Iran.47:57–68.doi:10.1080/05786967.2009.11864759.ISSN0578-6967.JSTOR25651464.S2CID193321386.
- ^[1]ArchivedJune 26, 2007, at theWayback Machine
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