Wikipedia

ZSU-23-4 Shilka

TheZSU-23-4"Shilka"is a lightly armored Soviet self-propelled,radar-guidedanti-aircraftweapon system (SPAAG). It was superseded by the2K22 Tunguska(SA-19 Grison).

ZSU-23-4 "Shilka"
A ZSU-23-4 on display at the Museum of Russian Military History
TypeSelf-propelled anti-aircraft gun
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1960–present
Used bySeeOperators
WarsSeeCombat history
Production history
Designed1957–1960
ManufacturerUlyanovsk Mechanical Plant(UMZ),Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant(MMZ)
Unit costUS$357,000 (export price toLibya,1972/73)[1]
Produced1964–1982
No.builtAbout 6,500[2]
Specifications
Mass19tonnes[3][4]
Length6.535 m (21 ft 5.3 in)[3]
Width3.125 m (10 ft 3.0 in)[3]
Height2.576 m (8 ft 5.4 in)
3.572 m (11 ft 8.6 in) with radar elevated[4][5]
Crew4 (commander, driver, gunner, radar operator)
ArmorWelded steel, 9.2 mm (0.36 in) turret, up to 15 mm hull
Main
armament
4 × 23 mm 2A7 autocannons (AZP-23 "Amur" quad automatic anti-aircraft gun), ammunition 2,000 rounds
EngineV-6R, 6-cylinder 4-stroke airless-injection water-cooled 20-litre diesel
280 hp (209 kW) at 2,000 rpm[6]
Power/weight14.7 hp/tonne (11.0 kW/tonne)
SuspensionIndividual torsion bar
Ground clearance375 mm (14.8 in)[3]
Fuel capacity515L[7]
Operational
range
450 km (road), 300 km (off-road)[8]
Maximum speed50 km/h (31 mph) road
30 km/h (19 mph) off-road[8]

Etymology

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The acronym "ZSU" stands forZenitnaya Samokhodnaya Ustanovka(Russian:Зенитная Самоходная Установка), meaning "anti-aircraft self-propelled system"; the "23" signifies the bore diameter in millimetres; the "4" signifies the number of gun barrels. It is named after theShilka Riverin Russia. Afghan soldiers nicknamed it the "sewing machine"due to the sound of its cannons firing. It is also referred to by its nickname of"Zeus",derived from the Russian acronym.

History

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ZSU-23-4 at Yad la-Shiryon Museum, Israel

The previous Soviet self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG), theZSU-57-2,was armed with two 57 mmautocannons;it was aimed optically using a basic tracking and lead calculating system. The ZSU-57-2 was not particularly successful despite its very powerful autocannons; given their large caliber, it could only carry 300 rounds, was inaccurate as it lacked radar and could not fire while on the move.

TheZPUseries armed with 14.5 mmheavy machine gunscarried on a towed mount for stationary, point air defence had a much higher rate of fire. The 23 mm version of this weapon system was known as theZU-23-2,a towed mount carrying two 23 mm cannons. However, these towed or improvised truck-mounted weapons had similar disadvantages.

The development of the ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" began in 1957 along withZSU-37-2 "Yenisei"[9]and the vehicle was brought into service in 1965, replacing all ZSU-57-2s in air defense units toward the beginning of the 1970s. The ZSU-23-4 was intended for AA defense of military facilities, troops, and mechanized columns on the march; originally, the more powerful guns of "Yenisei" were judged to be effective at covering the inner dead-zone of Sovietsurface-to-air missilesystems despite the increased weight of the vehicle, but commonality prevailed. Initially, tank regiments should have had the anti-aircraft artillery battalion of "Shilka" (consisting of two batteries, four ZSU-23-4s in each). At the end of the 1960s, one battery was equipped with ZSU-23-4s and the other with ZSU-57-2s. Motorized rifle and tank regiment standard anti-aircraft batteries consisted of two platoons later (one platoon was equipped with four ZSU-23-4s and another with four mobile surface-to-air missile systems9K31 Strela-1or9K35 Strela-10). The ZSU-23-4 combined a proven radar system, the non-amphibious chassis based on GM-575 tracked vehicle, and four 23 mm autocannons. This delivered a highly effective combination of mobility with heavy firepower and considerable accuracy. The ZSU-23-4 outclassed allNATOanti-aircraft guns at the time, and it is still regarded as posing a major threat for low-flying fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters.

The system was widely fielded throughout theWarsaw Pactand among other pro-Soviet states. Around 2,500 ZSU-23-4s, of the total 6,500 produced, were exported to 23 countries. The Warsaw Pact's successor states continue to manufacture and supply variants of the ZSU-23-4, notably theUkrainian"Donets" and Polish "Biala" variants.

ZSU-23-4 units saw active service in theYom Kippur War(1973) and other Arab-Israeli conflicts, theIran–Iraq War(1980–1988), and theFirst Gulf War(1990). During the Yom Kippur War, the system was particularly effective against theIsraeli Air Force.Israeli pilots attempting to fly low in order to avoidSA-6missiles were often shot down by ZSU-23-4s as inOperation Doogman 5.During theSoviet–Afghan WarZSU-23-4 units were used widely and to great effect againstmujahideenpositions in the mountains, the ZSU-23-4's guns being able to elevate much higher than the weapons onBMPs,BTRs,T-55s,orT-62s.[10]They were also used to suppress defensive positions around the presidential palace during the initialcoup in Kabulat the start of the Soviet-Afghan war. The Russian Army used the ZSU-23-4 for mountain combat inChechnya.

Description

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ZSU-23-4 graphic

The radar-guided ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" SPAAG, with its four 23 mm (0.90 ") autocannons, was a revolutionary SPAAG, proving to be an extremely effective weapon against enemy attack aircraft and helicopters under every weather and light condition. The ZSU-23-4 has a very high density, rate and accuracy of fire, as well as the capability for each of the four autocannons to fire its own type of projectile from separate belts. While it is technically possible that each cannon shoots different type of ammunition, there were two types commonly used in late 1970s: OFZT incendiary fragmentation and BZT armour-piercing tracer, which were to be loaded in 3:1 ratio—three OFZT, then one BZT, every 10th BZT round equipped with so-called" copper remover "and marked. Operators were strongly discouraged from shooting from a single barrel.

The appearance of the "Shilka" caused significant changes in NATO tactics in aircraft use at low altitude over the battlefield. Despite its present obsolescence as a modern short-range anti-aircraft weapon, the ZSU-23-4 is still deadly for enemy light armoured vehicles, infantry and firing points as an infantry-support vehicle. With its high rate of accurate fire, the ZSU-23-4 can even neutralize tanks by destroying their gun sights, radio antennas, or other vulnerable parts.[4]ZSU-23-4s, especially late models, have excellent performance and good systems reliability.

Based on theGM-575tracked vehicle chassis, which used components from thePT-76light amphibious tank, the ZSU-23-4 mounts an armored turret holding four liquid-cooled 23 mm (0.9 ") 2A7 autocannons linked to an RPK-2" Tobol "radar (NATO designator:" Gun Dish "). The vehicle weighs 19 tonnes (late modifications up to 21 tonnes), has a movement range of 450 km (280 mi) and a top speed of 50 km/h (31 mph). Additional firepower of late modifications can be supplied by a roof-mounted pod of six short-rangeSA-18SAMs, or side-mounted SA-16s.

The crew numbers four: driver, commander, gunner and radar operator. The driver's compartment is located in the nose part of the vehicle. The fighting compartment is in the center, and the engine compartment is in the rear part of the vehicle.

The transmission consists of a multi-plate metal-contact main clutch, a manual gearbox with five forward gears, two planetary two-step steering gears with locking frictions and two final drive groups. The vehicle chassis has six single rubber tired road wheels, a rear drive sprocket with detachable sprocket rings (lantern-wheel gear) and one idler wheel per side. The first and fifth left, and sixth right road wheels have hydraulic shock absorbers. The track is 11.904 m long, 382 mm (15 ") wide and has 93 links.

Because of a large number of different pipes and tubes to detach during maintenance, the repair procedure for some of the vehicle's mechanisms is hard (for example, replacement or repair of a starter). The electric drive of an air outlet hatch of a gas turbine engine (part of the vehicle's electric power supply system) has an inconvenient location (at the bottom of the hull) which causes overheating and sometimes, jamming of the electric drive. On the other hand, the construction of the electric power supply system is very reliable. Changing the main engine oil and coolant is easy, as is replacement of fuel and oil filters, and sections of the air filter.[11]

The ZSU-23-4 can cross vertical obstacles 0.7 m (2.3') high, trenches 2.5 m (8.2') wide, has a 1.0 m (3.3') fording depth and can climb 30° gradients.[12]The ZSU-23-4 has good maneuverability and cross-country ability, but its diesel engine's power is insufficient for a vehicle of its weight. As a result, off-road acceleration capabilities are sub-par, and the vehicle lags behind MBTs and IFVs on up-hill terrain.[11][13]

The ZSU-23-4 is equipped with anNBCsystem with an air filtration unit, fire-fighting equipment, TNA-2 navigational system, infrared vision device, R-123 radio set, R-124 intercom and electric power supply system consisting of aDG4M-1single-shaft gas turbine engine (70 hp at 6,000 rpm) and a direct-current generator (which provides 27 V and 54 V direct current or 220 V 400 Hz alternating current).[14]

Weapons and fire control

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Turret and guns

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Side view of aUS Marine CorpsZSU atCamp Pendleton,1997

Each water-cooled 23 mm 2A7 autocannon has a cyclic rate of 850–1,000 rounds per minute for a combined rate of fire of 3,400–4,000 rounds per minute, which gives a continuous fire time of 30–35 seconds before running out of ammunition (not considering the constraints that limit the practical rate of fire, such as barrel overheating). The welded turret has a race ring transplanted from aT-54medium tank with a 1,840 mm (6 ft 0 in) diameter. The 360° rotating turret is fully stabilised and capable of firing on the move. The turret rotation and autocannon elevation mechanisms provide very good speed and guidance accuracy. The hydraulically driven aiming mechanisms have been proven to be very reliable. Manual aim is used against ground targets. The quad automatic anti-aircraft gun AZP-23 "Amur" has a range of elevation from −4° to +85°. TheGRAUdesignation for ZSU-23-4 turret with 23 mm (0.9 ") AZP-23" Amur "quad automatic gun is 2A10. An armoured plate inside the turret protects crew members from fire and explosive gas during intense firing.

Ammunition

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23mm ammunition

Ammunition capacity is 2,000 rounds stowed aboard (520 rounds per each upper autocannon and 480 rounds per each lower autocannon) loaded in 50-round or shorter belts.

The water-cooled 2A7 23mm guns of ZSU-23-4 fire the same23×152B mmcaliber ammunition as the 2A14 guns of the twin-barrel ZU-23-2 towed gun. While the 23mmVolkov-Yartsev VYa-23aircraft gun used in the Second World War eraIl-2 Sturmovikalso fired ammunition of the same cartridge case dimensions, the rounds differed in loading and primer, and are thus not interchangeable with the post-war AA gun ammunition.[15]Compared to the VYa and its ammunition, the air defence guns have slightly higher muzzle velocity, and explosive rounds also have slightly larger HE fillings.[16]The VYa ammunition has brass cases, while 2A7/2A14 ammunition has steel cases.[15]

Three main types of 23mm anti-aircraft ammunition were manufactured post-war: API-T, HEI and HEI-T. In addition to the original Soviet rounds, a number of ammunition manufacturers have since begun to produce ammunition for what is still a widely used caliber; these include new ammunition types such as sub-caliber armor-piercing rounds and frangible ammunition. The following table lists the main characteristics of some of the available 23×152B mm ammunition used in 23mm AA guns:

Designation Type Projectile Weight [g] Bursting charge [g] Muzzle Velocity [m/s] Description
BZT API 190[16] none 970 Blunt AP steel core, with incendiary charge inside windshield cap.[16]Penetration 15 mm RHA at 1000 m range and 30-degree impact angle, or 25mm at 400m and 0-degree impact. Tracer burn time 5 seconds.
OFZ HE 184[16] 19[17] 980[16] HE fragmentation round with nose fuzes incorporating self-destruct mechanism.[16]
OFZT HE-T 188[16] 13[17] 980[16] HE fragmentation round with a reduced HE charge due to the space taken by the tracer; tracer burn time 5 seconds.
APDS-T APDS-T 103 none 1220 A Polish sub-caliber armour-piercing round with tracer. Penetration 30 mm RHA at 100 m range and 30-degree impact angle (from perpendicular), tracer burn time >2.5 s.

A typical loading of each ammunition belt contains 40 OFZT and 10 BZT rounds.[11]They can be fired to a maximum horizontal range of 7 km (4.3 mi), and a vertical range of 5.1 km (3.2 mi). The effective vertical range is 1.5 km (0.93 mi) at a direct range to target of 2.5 km (1.6 mi) and target speed of 250 m/s (up to 500 m/s if a modern fire control system is used). The usual autocannon burst consists of 3–10 projectiles and target lead angle is calculated for each burst (fire without adjustment) by computer.[14]In attacking targets on the ground, its effective range is around 2.5 km (1.6 mi). The short range of its 23 mm autocannons and relatively low explosive effect of its small-calibre projectiles mean it is less able to engage threats such as jet attack aircraft and cruise missiles than modern systems like the2K22 Tunguskaarmed with more powerful 30 mm autocannons and integrated missile armaments. A special 23 mm round with composite projectiles was developed for a modern variant of SPAAG (ZSU-23-4M4) to be used against cruise missiles.

Radar

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The RPK-2 "Tobol" a.k.a. 1RL33 radar operates in theKu bandand can detect aircraft up to 20 km (12 mi) away. It has excellent target tracking capability and is relatively hard to detect by the enemy. However, the radar picks up many false returns (ground clutter) under 60 m (200 ft) of altitude. The radar antenna is mounted on collapsible supports in the top rear of the turret. There is an optical alignment sight. The RPK-2 radar proved to have good protection against enemy passive electronic radar counter-measures. Nevertheless, the radar system of the ZSU-23-4 has a short detection range during target search, depending on weather conditions (mainly dependent on rain and snow conditions). It is hard to automatically track the target at ranges less than 7–8 km (4.3–5.0 mi) because of the high angular speed of the target at close distances. The radar needs to be reset quite often because of the unstable parameters of electroniccathode-ray tubesof the target selection system. The absence of an automatic laser range finder requires a skilful commander and gunner.[18][11]

Limitations and problems

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Early versions of the ZSU-23-4 sometimes had problems with "runaway guns": after prolonged periods of firing, the guns would get so hot that chambered rounds would "cook off"even if the operator was not pulling the trigger – discharging the weapon and chambering a new round, which would then also cook off, and continue to do so. This would sometimes continue until the entire belt of ammunition had been expended. Overheating barrels could jam and even break away from the vehicle. The problem resulted from a deficient cooling system and made the early ZSU-23-4s dangerous even to friendly troops standing nearby if this happened. Despite the fact that this seldom happened, Soviet operators learned to give these machines a wide berth.(Perrett 1987:100)[12]It was not recommended to perform continuous fire (bursts longer than 15 seconds without pause) on earlier models until the problem with autocannon reliability and overheating during intense fire was solved on ZSU-23-4M (welded tubes of coolant outlet were replaced with flexible pipes). After the autocannon cooling system was improved, the autocannons became extremely reliable.[11]

The ZSU-23-4 has an1A7 SRPelectro-mechanical fire solution calculator, weighing 180 kg, that occupies all of the space before the Commander. It contains 60 electric motors driving 110 axles over differentpotentiometers,shafts, rods,cams,gears andlinkagesto mechanically calculate ammunition flight time until impact,elevation lead angle,andazimuth lead angleusing the target parameters received from the1RL33 RPK-2(gun dish) radar, and the correction angle received from theGAG(gyroscope) unit.

Deployment

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ZSU-23-4 at theMuseum of The History of Ukraine in World War II
ZSU-23-4

Soviet doctrine supplied the vehicle since 1965 in an anti-aircraft artillery battery of two, four-vehicle platoons for anti-aircraft defence of motor rifle and tank regiments. At the end of the 1960s one platoon was equipped with ZSU-23-4 SPAAGs while another one was still equipped with ZSU-57-2 SPAAGs. ZSU-57-2 was completely replaced with ZSU-23-4 by the beginning of the 1970s. In the 1970s, Soviet motor rifle and tank regiments were equipped with an anti-aircraft missile artillery battery consisting of two platoons, one equipped with four ZSU-23-4 SPAAGs and the other with four 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin) or later with four 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher) short-range surface-to-air missile systems which cover the dead zones of 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful) surface-to-air missile systems belonging to the divisional level. Since the 1980s Soviet motor rifle and tank regiments were equipped with an anti-aircraft artillery battalion of three batteries (one was equipped with ZSU-23-4 or9K22 TunguskaSPAAGs, the second one was equipped with 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher) short-range surface-to-air missile systems and the third battery with 9K38 Igla man-portable surface-to-air missiles on IFVs or APCs.[14]

The ZSU-23-4 is very vulnerable to enemy anti-tank missiles, cannons and heavy machine guns; the armour is thin (not exceeding 15 mm) and the exposed wheels, tracks, radar, and gun barrels can easily be damaged in combat. Firing positions of ZSU-23-4 SPAAGs are typically placed near the forward edge of the battle area (FEBA) but behind the main forces, usually 600–1000 m behind objectives when on the defensive or 400–600 m behind the leading tanks on the offensive. ZSU-23-4 SPAAGs are divided evenly along the troop columns on the march.

At first each ZSU-23-4 operated in combat autonomously, without target marking from regimental or divisional air defence. In 1978, the PPRU-1 (mobile reconnaissance and control post) was passed into service of the Soviet Army. The PPRU-1 ( "Ovod-M-SV" ) vehicle is based onMT-LBuarmoured tracked chassis and it was intended for control of motor rifle or tank regimental anti-aircraft unit equipped with ZSU-23-4 SPAAGs and 9K31 "Strela-1M" mobile surface-to-air missile systems. The PPRU-1 is equipped with the "Luk-23" radar and an automatic fire control system associated with the divisional air defence system.

The guns are useful against low-flying aircraft and lightly protected ground targets. Due to its effectiveness against ground targets, ZSU-23-4s have been used in urban environments (e.g.,Afghanistan,Abkhazia,Chechnya,SyriaandLebanon). This is primarily because the guns can elevate much higher than a tank or APC cannon, enabling armored units equipped with ZSU-23-4s to return fire against ambushes from above.

A small number of ZSU-23-4 SPAAGs are still in use by the Russian Naval Infantry (specifically the61st Brigadeof theNorthern Fleet,the336th Brigadeof theBaltic Fleet,and the155th Brigadeof thePacific Fleet).[19]

Variants

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Soviet Union

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  • ZSU-23-4 "Shilka"(1964): pre-production and then initial production models.
  • ZSU-23-4V "Shilka"(1968): modernized variant with enhanced reliability of some details, ventilation system case located on the hull. Commander vision device was added.
  • ZSU-23-4V1 "Shilka"(1970): modernized variant with enhanced reliability of radar system and other details, ventilation system cases located on front bilges of the turret. Guidance-system computer was improved (as well as accuracy and efficiency of anti-aircraft fire on the move at 40 km/h). It is fitted with a slightly improved diesel engine V-6R-1.
  • ZSU-23-4M1(1973): armed with modernizedautocannons2A7M. The pneumatic loading was replaced with pyrotechnic loading (unreliable compressor was removed), welded tubes of coolant outlet were replaced with flexible pipes which increased autocannon barrel life from 3500 rounds to 4500 rounds.
  • ZSU-23-4M3 "Biryusa"(1977): equipped with the "Luk"IFFsystem. All ZSU-23-4M were upgraded to ZSU-23-4M3 level during scheduled repairs. Army unofficially continued to use the name "Shilka" for all variants of ZSU-23-4.
  • ZSU-23-4M2(1978): so-called "Afghan" variant. Reequipment performed during theSoviet–Afghan Warfor mountain combat. The radar system was removed and a night-sight was added. Ammunition increased from 2,000 to 4,000 rounds.

Russian Federation and Belarus

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Ukraine

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  • Donets(1999): This is a Ukrainian modernization developed byMalyshev Tank FactoryinKharkov.It has the modified turret from the ZSU-23-4, armed with two additional paired man-portable air-defense systems "Strela-10" installed on the hull of theT-80UDmain battle tank. Ammunition capacity for its 23 mm autocannons is doubled.
  • ZSU-23-4M-A1 "Rokach"(2017): A modernization package developed by the Arsenal Factory in Kyiv, this system features a new Rokach-AS radar, laser rangefinder, and four automatic Igla missiles.[23]

Poland

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Iran

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  • ZSU-23-4 Soheil:Iranian upgrade with 4Misagh-2surface-to-air missiles.Not much is known about it outside of its name and armament. An additional box of unknown use is visible on the rear of the turret.

India

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  • ZSU-23-4 upgrade:This version was developed byBharat Electronics Ltd(BEL) ofIndiain cooperation withIsrael Aircraft Industries(IAI). The upgraded systems will feature an advanced 3D activephased array radar[26]and computers, electro-optical fire control systems, a new Caterpillar 359 BHP diesel engine and a new APU. The upgraded systems are able to operate despite enemy jamming, are able to pick up targets from more than 15 km away, and functions in temperatures between 55 °C and minus 40 °C. The gun is able to shoot down targets flying at 450 miles per hour up to 1,500 metres and out to 2,500 metres. The purpose of the upgrade is to extend the life of the air defence system by 15 years. In December 2004 it was reported that theIndian Armyawarded a US$104 million contract to upgrade its 48 ZSU-23-4 air defence systems.[27][28]

Netherlands

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  • ZSU-23-4 upgrade(1998): As a private venture, Hollandse Signaalapparaten company (nowThales Nederland) of the Netherlands, obtained a number of ex-East German ArmyZSU-23-4V1s and developed an upgrade package. The main part of this upgrade is the modernisation of the radar and fire-control system. The first prototype was completed in mid-1998. The upgraded vehicle is equipped with the ASADS Ka-band target tracking radar and the PAGE I-band surveillance radar.[29]

Vietnam

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Combat history

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Destroyed Shilka during Gulf War (1991)

Operators

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Map of ZSU-23-4 operators
Current
Former

Current

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Non-state

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Former

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See also

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References

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  1. ^Efrat, Moshe (1983)."The Economics of Soviet Arms Transfers to the Third World. A Case Study: Egypt".Soviet Studies.35(4): 437–456.doi:10.1080/09668138308411496.ISSN0038-5859.JSTOR151253.
  2. ^"5. ЗЕНИТНЫЕ САМОХОДНЫЕ УСТАНОВКИ (ЗСУ) – Военный паритет".militaryparitet.Archived from the original on 28 July 2017.Retrieved22 May2017.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. ^abcd"В Боях На «Шилке»".Archived fromthe originalon 25 December 2007.Retrieved4 May2008.В Боях На
  4. ^abchttp:// army.lv/?s=703&id=65&v=1#infoArchived10 December 2008 at theWayback MachineЗСУ-23-4
  5. ^"СВЗРИУ".Archived fromthe originalon 8 December 2008.Retrieved22 May2017.
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  7. ^"ПВЗРККУ: ЗСУ-23-4".Archived fromthe originalon 25 May 2010.Retrieved22 May2017.
  8. ^abZSU-23-4 'Shilka'Archived7 December 2008 at theWayback Machine
  9. ^Cancelled on 20 September 1962
  10. ^Russian General Staff (translated and edited by Lester Grau and Michael Gress) (2002);The Soviet–Afghan War: How a Superpower Fought and Lost;University Press of Kansas,p. 38.ISBN0-7006-1185-1.
  11. ^abcde"Охотники за самолетами".Archivedfrom the original on 7 December 2008.Retrieved22 May2017.
  12. ^abВ Боях На «Шилке»Archived25 December 2007 at theWayback Machine
  13. ^"Морская Пехота Балтики – ЗСУ-23-4МЗ и М2".belostokskaya.ru.Archivedfrom the original on 10 October 2017.Retrieved22 May2017.
  14. ^abc"ЗСУ-23-4" Шилка "".Archivedfrom the original on 23 July 2013.Retrieved11 November2014.
  15. ^abWilliams, Anthony G.:"An introduction to collecting 23-28mm cartridges"Archived12 October 2010 at theWayback Machine.
  16. ^abcdefgh"Russian Ammunition Page".Archivedfrom the original on 19 October 2009.Retrieved11 November2014.
  17. ^abORDATA: Ordnance Identification Tool,"ORDATA Online: International Deminer's Guide to UXO Identification, Recovery, and Disposal".Archivedfrom the original on 28 August 2008.Retrieved25 January2010.
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  23. ^Mikhnenko, Anton (22 December 2017)."New capabilities for the ZSU-23-4 Shilka".defence-ua.Archivedfrom the original on 4 May 2018.Retrieved6 November2022.
  24. ^"Poland is Looking For Technical Support for the ZSU-23-4MP Anti Aircraft Systems - Defence24".29 January 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 28 January 2019.
  25. ^"Tłumacz Google".
  26. ^"Schilka ZSU-23-4 Upgrade".thumkar.blogspot.ro.14 February 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 4 May 2018.Retrieved4 May2018.
  27. ^"Defense News".Archivedfrom the original on 25 February 2011.Retrieved11 November2014.
  28. ^"ZSU-23/4 Upgrade".Archived fromthe originalon 11 November 2014.Retrieved11 November2014.
  29. ^"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS".Archivedfrom the original on 20 March 2013.Retrieved11 November2014.
  30. ^admin (15 December 2022)."Vietnam People's Army Upgrades ZSU-23-4M Shilka Self-propelled Anti-aircraft Guns".MilitaryLeak.Retrieved29 March2023.
  31. ^Viet+ Offensive (10 December 2022)."Descriptions of the Vietnamese Improved ZSU-23-4".Facebook.Retrieved29 March2023.
  32. ^"Evidence of South African airstrike, Jamba electric power plant".National Photographic Interpretation Center - declassified reports. 3 June 1982 – viaCentral Intelligence Agency.The Jamba area is heavily defenced by an extensive array of air defense weaponry which includes two batteries of ZSU-23-4 self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery guns and one probable battery of SA-9.
  33. ^Fiszer, Michal (1 October 2004)."A Soviet look at Eldorado Canyon: Soviet sources say April 1986 US raid on Libya revealed incompetence rather than technical failings".Journal of Electronic Defense.Retrieved12 November2021– via The Free Library.The second "Karma" aircraft was much less lucky. It was hit--by a ZSU-23-4 Shilka, according to Soviet sources (US sources, though, claim it was hit by a SAM)--and crashed in the sea.
  34. ^"EXCLUSIVE: Lt. Col. Abu Ali's Death: Why Boko Haram is killing more Nigerian soldiers – Top Military Officer".Premium Times.7 November 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2018.Retrieved1 October2018.
  35. ^Latest from the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM), based on information received as of 19:30, 15 February 2018Archived29 March 2018 at theWayback Machine,"In government-controlled areas, the SMM saw two anti-aircraft guns (ZU-23) on the western outskirts of Avdiivka, two IFVs (one BMP-2 and one BMP-variant) near Bohdanivka and five IFVs (two BMP-1 and three BMP-variant), two armoured reconnaissance vehicles (BRDM-2) and an anti-aircraft gun (ZSU-23-4 Shilka, 23mm) in Popasna."
  36. ^IISS 2024,p. 343.
  37. ^IISS 2024,p. 471.
  38. ^IISS 2024,p. 179.
  39. ^IISS 2024,p. 180.
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