Wikipedia

ZU-23-2

TheZU-23-2,also known asZU-23,is aSoviettowed23×152mmanti-aircrafttwin-barreled autocannon.ZU stands forZenitnaya Ustanovka(Russian: Зенитная Установка) – anti-aircraft mount. TheGRAUindex is2A13.[6]

ZU-23-2
A ZU-23-2
TypeTowed 23 mm anti-aircraft twin autocannon
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1960–present
Used bySeeOperators section
WarsAngolan Civil War
South African Border War
United States invasion of Grenada
Lebanese Civil War
Soviet–Afghan War
Western Sahara War[1]
Somali Civil War
Iran–Iraq War
Operation Praying Mantis
Gulf War
First Chechen War
Second Chechen War
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Georgian Civil War
South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
2006 Lebanon Conflict
Russo-Georgian War
First Libyan Civil War
Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile[2]
Syrian Civil War[3]
Northern Mali conflict[4]
Russo-Ukrainian War
War in Donbas
Second Libyan Civil War
Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)[3]
Tigray War
Russian invasion of Ukraine
War in Amhara
Production history
DesignerKBP Instrument Design Bureau
DesignedLate 1950s
Produced1960–present[1]
VariantsSeeVariants and upgrades
Specifications (ZU-23-2)
Mass0.95 tonnes (2,094 lbs)
Length4.57 m (10 ft)
Barrellength2.008 m (79.1 in) (87.3 calibers)
Width2.88 m (9 ft 5 in)
Height1.22 m (4 ft)
Crew2 (gunner and commander)
Shell23x152B
Caliber23 mm
Barrels2
ActionGas operated
Elevation−10° to +90°[5]
Traverse360°
Rate of fire2000 rpm cyclic, 400 rpm practical (per cannon)
Effective firing range2.5 km (2 miles) effective range
Feed system2x 50 round belt

Development history

edit

The ZU-23-2 was developed in the late 1950s. It was designed to engage low-flying targets at a range of 2.5 km as well as armoured vehicles at a range of two kilometres and for direct defence of troops and strategic locations against air assault usually conducted by helicopters and low-flying airplanes.[7]In 1955, KBP presented the single-barrel ZU-1 and the twin-barrelZU-14.While the former was eventually dropped, the ZU-14 was selected and, after some modifications, entered series production.

In the Soviet Union, some 140,000 units were produced. The ZU-23 has also been produced under licence by Bulgaria,[8]Poland, Egypt[9]and the People's Republic of China.[10]

Development of this weapon into a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun led to theZSU-23-4 Shilka.

Description

edit

The ZU-23-2 (2A13) mounts two 23 mmautocannonson a small trailer which can be converted into a stationary mount for firing the guns. While in this position the wheels are moved aside. The autocannon can be prepared for firing from the march position in 30 seconds and in emergency can be fired from the traveling position. The weapon is aimed and fired manually, with the help of the ZAP-23 optical-mechanical sight which uses manually entered target data to provide limited automatic aiming. It also has a straight-tube telescope T-3 for use against ground targets such as infantry as well as unarmored or lightly armoured vehicles. The ammo is fed by a conveyor belt from two ammunition boxes. Each of the ammunition boxes is located on the side of the twin autocannon and each carries 50 rounds. The fumes created by firing the weapon are partially removed through the side openings in the barrels.[7]

Normally, once each barrel has fired 100 rounds it becomes too hot and is therefore replaced with a spare barrel. Each weapon is normally provided with two replacement barrels as part of its standard equipment.TulamashzavodJoint Stock Company is offering[when?]to upgrade the 2A14 guns to the 2A14M standard with a barrel life of 10,000 rounds instead of 8,000 rounds.[citation needed]

The cannon carriage is based on the earlierZPU-2anti-aircraft twin heavy machine gun, which mounted twoKPV14.5×114mmheavy machine guns.ZU-23-2 can be identified by different placement of the ammunition boxes (at right angles to the gun carriage) and by muzzle flash suppressors. In another similarity to the ZPU series, single-barrel and four-barrel versions of the ZU-23 were also developed. However, these versions never entered service.

The ZU-23-2 can be towed by a number of different vehicles. In USSR and later Russia the most frequently used towing vehicles for it wereGAZ-664x4trucks andGAZ-694x4 light trucks.[7]

The weapon is known in the Finnish forces colloquially asSergei.[11]

Ammunition

edit

The 23 mm AA gun utilizes the same 23x152B case as the wartimeVYaaircraft autocannon. Due to different loadings and primers the ammunition is not interchangeable, however: ammunition of the anti-aircraft cannon can be identified from its steel casings, ammunition for the aircraft cannon having brass cases instead.[12]The following table lists the main characteristics of some of the available 23x152B ammunition used in 23 mm AA guns:

Designation Type Projectile Weight [g] Bursting charge [g] Muzzle Velocity [m/s] Description
BZT API 190[13] ? 970 Blunt AP steel core, with incendiary charge inside windshield cap.[13]Penetration 15 mm RHA at 1000 m range and 30 degree impact angle (from perpendicular), tracer burn time 5 seconds.
OFZ HE 184[13] 19[14] 980[13] HE fragmentation round with nose fuzes incorporating self-destruct mechanism.[13]
OFZT HE-T 188[13] 13[14] 980[13] HE fragmentation round with a reduced HE charge due to the space taken by the tracer; tracer burn time 5 seconds.
APDS-T APDS-T 103 none 1220 A Polish sub-caliber armour-piercing round with tracer, introduced in 2008.[15]Penetration 30 mm RHA at 1000 m range and 30 degree impact angle (from perpendicular), tracer burn time >2.5 s.

Not only the gun itself but also the ammunition is produced in several countries. In Bulgaria, the company ARCUS Co. produces rounds and fuses for the 2A7 and 2A14 guns.[16]

Service history

edit
ZU-23-2 firing. Vitebsk, Belarus

The ZU-23-2 first entered service with the Soviet Army in 1960. The gun is often mounted on trucks for use in both anti-aircraft and direct fire support roles. It can also be mounted on the roof of theMT-LBmulti-purpose tracked APCs. A specially modified three-legged ZU-23-2 autocannon is used as the base for theBTR-DGairborne SPAAG. Cheap, easy to operate and still effective, the ZU-23-2 is still used by theRussian Armyand by more than 20 other armies.

From 1965 onwards, the Soviet Union began supplying theDemocratic Republic of Vietnamwith large shipments of weapons.[17]The 23 mm ZU-23-2 was, along with the37 mm M1939,the most frequently encountered anti-aircraft gun in Vietnam. Given that 83% of the USAF losses came from ground fire, the ZU-23 was probably responsible for shooting down hundreds of aircraft.[18]

During theSoviet–Afghan War,the Soviet forces placed ZU-23-2 sets in the occupied areas to secure their positions, employing them in both the static defense and direct fire support roles. In the laterAfghan Civil War,the main belligerents, theTalibanand theNorthern Allianceforces also employed ZU-23-2 autocannons mounted onBMP-1andBTR-70APCs orGAZ-66andZIL-131trucks, along withSA-7 GrailorStinger Missiles,as their primary air-defense and direct fire support weapons.

The ZU-23-2 was extensively employed during theLebanese Civil War,mounted on a variety of civilian and military vehicles, includingM113andBTR-152APCs,Dodge Ram (1st generation) pickup trucks,AIL M325 Command Cars,Toyota Dyna U10-series trucks,Dodge W600 medium-duty trucksandM35A1/A2 trucks.[19]They proved very useful inurban combat,being employed in the direct fire support role by theSyrian Army,thePalestine Liberation Organization(PLO) guerrilla factions and thevarious Christian and Muslim Lebanese militias.[20]In late 1983, the ZU-23-2 was used on attacks against dug-in positions held byU.S. Marineground units serving with theMultinational Force in Lebanon(MNF II). At the time, a Marine spokesman described such antipersonnel use of the weapon as a violation of thelaws of war;however, writing for theMarine Corps Gazettein 1988, Maj. W. Hays Parks dismissed this allegation as incorrect.[21]

During theGulf Warof 1991, it was a favorite weapon of theIraqi Army,albeit used more often against ground targets such as infantry and light enemy vehicles. They tended to use it more against ground targets as the ZU-23-2 is ineffective against fast-moving jet aircraft, though later on it was proven to be relatively ineffective as it inflicted few casualties throughout the war.

The ZU-23-2 also saw usage during theGeorgian Civil Warand at least one kill was claimed by a ZU-23-2, when Georgian forces shot down aSukhoi Su-25fighter-bomber jet on 4 June 1993.[22]

The ZU-23-2 has seen widespread use by both sides in theLibyan Civil War,being often mounted ontechnicalpickup trucks.[23][24]The weapon has also been heavily used in theSyrian Civil War,being installed on pickup trucks and is credited for bringing down severalSyrian Air Forcehelicopters.[3]Technicals equipped with ZU-23-2 autocannons have also been frequently employed against moving ground targets. During theYemeni Civil War,ZU-23-2 autocannons are said to have engagedSauditanks.[3]

On 4 May 2020 ZU-23 was used byEthiopiantroops stationed inSomaliaas part of theAfrican Union Mission to Somalia(AMISOM) to mistakenly shoot down anEmbraer EMB 120RT Brasiliatransporting medical supplies and mosquito nets while on approach toBardalee, Somalia,killing all six people onboard. The confusion arose from the fact the airplane was approaching from the west, instead of the usual easterly landing direction, and overflew the airfield at a low altitude due to animals on or in the vicinity of the runway. Ethiopian soldiers interpreted these facts as indicative of asuicide planelooking to strike targets within the base camp, and responded with fire.[25]

Variants and upgrades

edit

Soviet Union/Russian Federation

edit
Modified ZU-23/30M1-3
  • ZU-23M– Upgraded variant, designed by theNudelman Precision Engineering Design Bureau(KB Tochmash). Has new targeting system (which includes laser rangefinder, television channel, optical mechanic device, can be reinforced with thermo location channel and a television system for usage at night) and electromechanic turn system. Optionally, the mount can be fitted with two short-range air-defence missiles, such as the9M32M "Strela-2M"or the9M39 "Igla".[26][27]
  • ZU-23M1– This is the current model, developed by Open Joint Stock Company Podolsky Electromechanical Plant of Special Engineering "PEMZ Spetsmash" and Closed Joint Stock Company "NTC Elins" and offered byRosoboronexport.Like the ZU-23M, it has an upgraded fire control system and can optionally be fitted with two launchers for the "Igla" series missile, usually the9M342 "Igla-S".[28]
    • The complete air-defence gun/missile system is calledZU-23/ZOM1(often erroneously called "ZU-23/30M1" ). It consists of the "missile-gun firing module" (strel'bovoj modul)ZU-23/ZOM1-SM;the "missile-launching module" (puskovoj modul) ZU-23/ZOM1-PM armed with four9M333 "Strela-10"missiles; a remote control module (modul distantsionnogo upravleniya) ZU-23/ZOM1-MU and a portable generator AB-1. Depending on the wishes of the client, the system can be delivered without the -SM module (ZU-23/ZOM1-1), without the -PM module (ZU-23/ZOM1-2), without the remote control (ZU-23/ZOM1-3), or without -PM and -MU modules (ZU-23/ZOM1-4).[29]The latter can be carried by the Samum 4x4 wheeled chassis vehicle and the first export contract has been signed as of early 2019.[30]

Poland

edit
ZUR-23-2KG
Star 266 mounted ZUR-23-2KG gun (Hibneryt)
  • ZU-23-2– Polish designation for basic gun variant. Manufactured under license inZakłady Mechaniczne "Tarnów" S.A.(ZMT Tarnów) since 1972.[31]
  • ZUR-23-2S Jod– Polish variant with electro-optical sight GP-1R and twin launcher forStrela-2Mmissiles, used from 1988.[31]
    • ZUR 23-2KG Jodek-G– Development of ZUR-23-2S with more advancedreflex sightCKE-2 (later CP-1 night-and-day sight with laser rangefinder), electromechanic gun turn system and twin launcher forGrommissiles, produced from 2002.[31]
      • ZUR-23-2KG-I– Improved export version for Indonesia with CKE-2I sight.
      • TR-23-2– Training simulator version of the ZUR-23-2KG-I. The set consists of an instructor's station and a gunner's station (a modified "artillery-missile unit" with the sight replaced by a computer station). Both stations are linked by a wireless network.[32]
    • ZUR 23-2SP Jodek-SP– Version used in PSRA Pilica VSHORAD system.[33]
    • Kobra– Polish export short-range modular air-defense system. A typical battery consists of up to 6 guns (for example ZUR-23-2 kg), up to 6 Poprad systems, a WD-95 command post and a Radwar MMSR radar.[34]
    • Hibneryt– A ZU-23-2 family gun mounted on specially modifiedStar 266truck, truck is fitted with additional ammunition for the gun and modified electrical installation to power guns electromechanic turn system (gun can also work from batteries).
    • ZU-23-2M Wróbel– Polish naval version of ZU-23-2, hydraulically powered, produced from 1979.[31]
    • ZU-23-2MR Wróbel-II– Polish naval version of ZUR-23-2S, withStrela-2Mmissiles and water-cooled barrels, produced from 1986[31][35]

Czech Republic

edit
  • ZU-23-2M2 Vlara– Field upgrade modernization kit.

Slovak Republic

edit
  • ZU-23M– Upgraded version with automatic fire control system, developed by the EVPU company.[36]This version is offered by EVPU and the Punj Lloyd Ltd of India to the Indian army.[37]

Egypt

edit
  • ZU 23-M– Licence version of the ZU-23. It is also known asSH-23Mand is produced by Abu Zaabal Engineering Industries (Factory 100).[9]
    • Nile 23– Self-propelled version on the trackedM113.A system consists of the combat vehicle with ZU 23-M guns and surface-to-air missilesSaqr Eye,and a tracker vehicle, also based on the M113.[38][39]
    • Sinai 23– Similar to the Nile 23, with two Zu-23 guns and six Saqr-Eye missiles mounted on a TA-23E turret and fitted with a RA-20S E-band radar. Developed by Dassault and selected by Egypt in preference to Nile 23, entering service by 1992.[40]Instead of the Saqr Eye,FIM-92 Stingermissiles can be used.[41]

Finland

edit
  • 23 ItK 95– Finnish upgrade of the original 23 ItK 61, designed by Instrumentointi Oy and Vammas Oy. The upgrade adds gyro-stabilization to the gun, along with an APU and a laser rangefinder.[26]
  • SAKO 23 mm/87– a navalized modernization used by theFinnish Navy.Variants are the23 M74,the23 M77,the23 M80and the23 M85.The guns can be removed from M85 carriage and replaced with sixMistralsurface-to-air missiles.[42]

China

edit
  • Type 85/YW 306– Reverse-engineered copy of the ZU-23-2, made byNORINCO.[10]Initially it was offered for export as theG-AA-01.[43]It is referred to as Type 85 gun by some sources.
    • Giant Bow– Also known asShengong(Deity Bow, cung thần ). This is the name of an air-defense system, which consists of up to eight Type 85 guns and a battery command vehicle (BCV).[10]
    • Giant Bow IIa.k.a.Shengong-II– This is a more modern version of the Giant Bow and is offered for export since 2005. Apart from the 23 mm guns, it also comprisesTY-90missile launchers and a 3D radar.[10]
  • Type 87– Upgraded version with twin 25 mm guns for 25x183B ammunition such as the PG87. After a failed initial design, an improved design was developed in 1979 and ready for evaluation in 1984. The Type 87 gun was accepted for service in 1987. It has the same layout as the original model and consists of two automatic, recoil-operated cannons, a two-wheel cartridge, a Type 86 infrared tracking sight and two 40-round ammunition magazines. The Type 87 fires in either single shot or burst mode, with a cyclic rate of fire of 600~700 rounds/min and has a muzzle velocity of 1,050 m/s.[44]
    • PGZ95– self-propelled version of the Type 87.

Iran

edit
One Mesbah-1 in 2019.
  • Mesbah-1– Iranian-made air-defence and anti cruise missile system with four ZU-23 mounts. For the first time presented in 2010.
  • ZU-23-6(unofficial designator) – Similar to the Mesbah-1 but with only 6 instead of 8 barrels. This was probably the pre-series model of the Mesbah-1.[45]

Vietnam

edit

General characteristics

edit
A salvo from the ZU-23 anti-aircraft gun
  • Overall dimensions in firing position
    • Length: 4.57 m (15 ft)
    • Width: 2.88 m (9.44 ft)
    • Height: 1.22 m (4 ft)
  • Weight: 0.95 tonnes (2,094 lbs)
  • Armament: two 2A14 Afanasyev-Yakushev23x152mm(.90 in) autocannons
  • Barrel length: 2 m (6.5 ft)/ 87.3 calibers
  • Muzzle velocity: 970 m/s (3,182 ft/s)
  • Projectile weight: 186 g (6.27 oz)
  • Rate of fire
    • Cyclic: 2,000 rounds per minute
    • Practical: 400 rounds per minute
  • Effective range: 2-2.5 km (1.24-1.55 mi)
  • Effective altitude: 1,500-2,000 m (4,921-6,562 ft)
  • Crew: 6

Operators

edit
A map with users of the ZU-23-2 in blue and former users in red

Former operators

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^abFrancesco Palmas (2012)."Il contenzioso del sahara occidentale fra passato e presente"(PDF).Informazioni della Difesa(in Italian). No. 4. pp. 50–59.
  2. ^ab"SPLA-N weapons and equipment, South Kordofan, December 2012"(PDF).HSBA Arms and Ammunition Tracing Desk.Small Arms Survey: 8. February 2013. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 22 March 2016.Retrieved2 January2019.
  3. ^abcdNeville, Leigh (19 April 2018).Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces.New Vanguard 257.Osprey Publishing.p. 10.ISBN9781472822512.
  4. ^Rebel Forces in Northern Mali: Documented weapons, ammunition and related materiel, April 2012-March 2013(PDF)(Report).Conflict Armament ResearchandSmall Arms Survey.April 2013.
  5. ^Foss, Christopher (1977).Jane's Pocket Book of Towed Artillery.New York: Collier. p. 221.ISBN0-02-080600-0.OCLC911907988.
  6. ^"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS".articles.janes.Retrieved6 May2018.
  7. ^abc"Militarium.net".militarium.net.Archived fromthe originalon 12 June 2010.Retrieved6 May2018.
  8. ^"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS".articles.janes.Archived fromthe originalon 26 January 2013.Retrieved6 May2018.
  9. ^ab"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS".articles.janes.Retrieved6 May2018.
  10. ^abcd"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS".articles.janes.Retrieved6 May2018.
  11. ^Arttu Laaksokari (16 April 2017)."Toimintavarma vanhus".Ruotuväki.Puolustusvoimat.Retrieved2 June2021.
  12. ^"From Tony Williams".quarryhs.co.uk.Retrieved28 January2022.
  13. ^abcdefg"The Russian Ammunition Page - Home".russianammo.org.Retrieved28 January2022.
  14. ^abCISR-JMU."Center for International Stabilization and Recovery".jmu.edu.Retrieved28 January2022.
  15. ^23 mm amunicja podlaibrowa produkcji ZM Mesko S.A.(2007), "Nowa Technika Wojskowa" Nr 11/2007, p. 14 (in Polish)
  16. ^"ARCUS Co".arcus-bg.Retrieved6 May2018.
  17. ^Tucker, Spencer C (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 52.ISBN9781851099603
  18. ^"The Crucible of Vietnam".
  19. ^Neville 2018,p. 14.
  20. ^Zaloga, Steven J. (2003).Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present.Hong Kong: Concord Publications. p. 7.ISBN962-361-613-9.
  21. ^Parks, Maj W. Hays (January 1988)."Killing A Myth".Marine Corps Gazette.Archived fromthe originalon 28 February 2014.Retrieved23 February2014.
  22. ^"CIS region - Авиация в локальных конфликтах - skywar.ru".skywar.ru.Retrieved6 May2018.
  23. ^"Rebels down Libyan aircraft as world leaders discuss next move".Arabian Business.28 February 2011.Retrieved6 May2018.
  24. ^Neville 2018,p. 34.
  25. ^Ranter, Harro."ASN Aircraft accident Embraer EMB-120RT Brasilia 5Y-AXO Bardale Airstrip".aviation-safety.net.Retrieved16 October2022.
  26. ^ab"Modernization of Zu-23".Archived fromthe originalon 14 June 2010.Retrieved6 June2012.
  27. ^http://test janes /articles/International-Defence-Review-98/RUSSIA--AUTOMATIC-AIMING-FOR-ZU-23-2-LAAG.html[permanent dead link‍]
  28. ^"Defendory International 2008 034".flickr.11 October 2008.Retrieved6 May2018.
  29. ^"Defendory International 2008 033".flickr.11 October 2008.Retrieved6 May2018.
  30. ^"PEMZ from Russia first export contract for Samum 23mm anti-aircraft vehicle | January 2019 Global Defense Security army news industry | Defense Security global news industry army 2019 | Archive News year".armyrecognition.2 January 2019.
  31. ^abcde(in Polish)"Dwudziestkitrójki" z Tarnowa[ "Twentythrees" from Tarnów] in: Nowa Technika Wojskowa Nr. 9/2010, p. 76-78
  32. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 13 April 2014.Retrieved8 June2012.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ^"PSRA Pilica VSHORAD Very SHOrt-Range Air Defense system data | Poland Polish Army artillery vehicle and system UK | Poland Polish army military equipment UK".armyrecognition.
  34. ^"AfterMarket.pl:: domain bumar".bumar.
  35. ^"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS".articles.janes.Retrieved6 May2018.
  36. ^"Industry Directory".epicos.Retrieved6 May2018.
  37. ^Serious about defence
  38. ^"JED".jedsite.info.Archived fromthe originalon 2 December 2013.Retrieved6 May2018.
  39. ^"JED".jedsite.info.Archived fromthe originalon 2 December 2013.Retrieved6 May2018.
  40. ^Cullen & Foss 1992,pp. 62–63
  41. ^"JED".jedsite.info.Retrieved6 May2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  42. ^Kiiskinen, Pekka; Wahlman, Pasi (2003).Itsenäisen Suomen laivaston laivatykit 1918–2004[The naval guns of Finland 1918–2004] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Typomic Oy. pp. 121–133.ISBN952-91-6807-1.
  43. ^International Defence Equipment Catalogue 1988–89, page II/27
  44. ^"Archived copy".Archived fromthe originalon 12 December 2007.Retrieved12 December2007.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  45. ^Administrator."ZU-23-6 six cannons 23 mm anti-aircraft gun technical data sheet specifications pictures video".armyrecognition.Archived fromthe originalon 16 September 2021.Retrieved6 May2018.
  46. ^"Israel hỗ trợ Hải quân Việt Nam".Infonet News(in Vietnamese).Retrieved13 February2023.
  47. ^"Tàu Cảnh sát biển sẽ được trang bị pháo phòng không".Báo giao thông(in Vietnamese). 28 May 2014.Retrieved13 February2023.
  48. ^Ly Vy."Tinh hoa vũ khí Việt: Tàu Cảnh sát biển Việt Nam thế hệ mới được trang bị pháo đầy uy lực - Khác biệt vượt trội".bongda.tintuc.vn.Retrieved13 February2023.
  49. ^Trần, Ngọc Bình; Vũ, Quốc Huy; Nguyễn, Vũ (10 July 2017)."IMPROVING QUALITY ON LIGHT OF SIGHT STABILIZATION AND TARGET TRACKING SYSTEM FOR FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM OF ZU-23-2".ResearchGate.Vietnam:Academy of Military Science and Technology – via Journal of Military Science and Technology.
  50. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 368.
  51. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 495.
  52. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 200.
  53. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 95.
  54. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 97.
  55. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 500.
  56. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 502.
  57. ^Darcourt, Pierre (January 1984)."Tchad: le désert des Tartares".La Gazette des armes(in French). No. 125. pp. 16–19.
  58. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 504.
  59. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 450.
  60. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 509.
  61. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 454.
  62. ^The Military Balance 2017,pp. 373–375.
  63. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 511.
  64. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 512.
  65. ^Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (1 September 2021)."The Tigray Defence Forces - Documenting Its Heavy Weaponry".Oryx Blog.
  66. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 513.
  67. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 121.
  68. ^SPUTNIK (23 July 2004)."South Ossetian a self proclaimed republic in Western Georgia Armed forces and volunteers Jawa region".alamy.Retrieved9 August2017.
  69. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 515.
  70. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 518.
  71. ^abThe Military Balance 2017,p. 210.
  72. ^"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS".articles.janes.Retrieved6 May2018.
  73. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 14 December 2013.Retrieved9 June2012.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  74. ^"RECENT TRENDS IN IRANIAN ARMS PROCUREMENT - Department of State".Foreign Relations of the U.S., 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972. May 1972 – via Office of the Historian.
  75. ^The Military Balance 2017,pp. 377–379.
  76. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 381.
  77. ^abThe Military Balance 2017,p. 564.
  78. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 384.
  79. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 506.
  80. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 304.
  81. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 310.
  82. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 390.
  83. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 392.
  84. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 393.
  85. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 395.
  86. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 315.
  87. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 525.
  88. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 526.
  89. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 464.
  90. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 529.
  91. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 397.
  92. ^Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (29 October 2021)."Kurdish Armour: Inventorising YPG Equipment In Northern Syria".Oryx Blog.
  93. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 468.
  94. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 145.
  95. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 213.
  96. ^Small Arms Survey(2012)."Surveying the Battlefield: Illicit Arms In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Somalia".Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets.Cambridge University Press.p. 339.ISBN978-0-521-19714-4.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 30 August 2012.
  97. ^GAROWEONLINE (17 March 2016)."Puntland clashes enter second day in Somalia: Who's fighting whom?".Garowe Online.Retrieved6 July2017.
  98. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 534.
  99. ^"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS".janes.Retrieved6 May2018.
  100. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 536.
  101. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 537.
  102. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 539.
  103. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 405.
  104. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 541.
  105. ^The Military Balance 2017,pp. 228–230.
  106. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 475.
  107. ^Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (20 September 2015)."The Oryx Handbook of Pre-war Yemeni Fighting Vehicles".Oryx.
  108. ^The Military Balance 2017,p. 546.
  109. ^Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost."Vehicles and equipment captured by the Islamic State inside Syria until November 2014".Oryx Blog.
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related toZU-23-2.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZU-23-2&oldid=1256510927"