TheZakatalokrug[a]was a special administrative district (okrug) of theCaucasus Viceroyaltyof theRussian Empire,part of theTiflis Governoratefrom 1893 to 1905. The administrative centre of the district was Zakataly (present-dayZaqatala), and it corresponded to most of the contemporary districts ofBalakan,ZaqatalaandQaxofAzerbaijan.The Zakatalokrugwas established from the territories of the erstwhileFree Jamaats of Jar-Balakan,bordering the Tiflis Governorate to the west, theElizavetpol Governorateto the south and theDagestan Oblastto the north. The district was the smallest independent (not part of any province or region) administrative unit of the Russian Empire, similarly to theSukhumi okrug.
Zakatalokrug
Закатальский округ | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms | |
 Location in the Caucasus Viceroyalty | |
| Country | Russian Empire |
| Viceroyalty | Caucasus |
| Established | 1859 |
| Abolished | 1918 |
| Capital | Zakataly (present-dayZaqatala) |
| Area | |
• Total | 3,985.77 km2(1,538.91 sq mi) |
| Population (1916) | |
• Total | 92,608 |
| • Density | 23/km2(60/sq mi) |
| •Urban | 4.86% |
| •Rural | 95.14% |
History
editThe district was originally established under the name Belokan in 1842, within theGeorgia-Imeretia Governorate,two years after it was renamed to Jaro-Belokan. The autonomous status of the district was confirmed in 1846, leading to its renaming to Zakataly in 1860 and its placement into the temporary administration ofDagestanduring which its administration was organised into a military council, of which the chief was the head of the district, concurrently with Dagestan.[1]In 1881, an independent administration was introduced. The Zakatal okrug was incorporated into the 'civilian' administration of the Tiflis Governorate from 1893 until 1905 when was removed and placed directly under the Viceroy of the Caucasus.[2]
The social structure of the Zakatal okrug was multi-layered in its patriarchal-clans which were involved in "mountain feudalism", which became muddled by growingethno-nationalismand the social differences they bore. The Free Jamaats (Society) peoples were the collective owners of the lands in which theIngiloysand Tatars (laterAzerbaijanis) lived, for which the latter paid tax to them. In 1863, a rumor circulated that the administration of Zakataly was planning to emancipate the Georgians and Tatars from their financial obligations to the Free Jamaats peoples, leading to an anti-Russian uprising of itsDagestani inhabitants.The uprising became elevated by the declaration ofjihad(holy war) until its suppression by local troops assisted by Tatar volunteers.[3]
Following theRussian Revolution,most of the district was incorporated into theAzerbaijan Democratic Republic[1][4][5][6]and transformed into theZaqatala Governorate,despite also being claimed by the neighboringDemocratic Republic of Georgia.On account of the dispute, the authorities of both states agreed to resolve the territorial dispute over Zakatal strictly by peaceful means.[5]A few hundred Armenians remained in the district by 1919 and were harassed by outlaws.[7]
Despite theRussian SFSRinitially recognising the Zakatalokrugas part of Georgia in theTreaty of Moscow,[8][9]a mixed commission consisting of Georgians and Azerbaijanis was formed to arbitrate the dispute following the region'ssovietisation.[10]During the administrative-territorial reforms of the 1920s, the Zakataly district was separated into theraionsofBalakan,Zagatala,andGakh.
Economy
editThe main occupations of the predominantlySunnipopulation included cattle breeding, agriculture, viticulture, picking fruits (mainly walnuts), handicrafts and silkworm breeding.[3]
Administrative divisions
editThe prefectures (участки,uchastki) of the Zakatalokrugwere:[11][12]
| Name | Administrative centre | 1912 population | Area |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aliabadskiyprefecture (Алиабадский участок) | Aliabad | 14,254 | 430.45square versts(489.88km2;189.14sq mi) |
| Dzharo-Mukhakhskiyprefecture (Джаро-Мухахский участок) | Zakataly (Zaqatala) | 38,879 | 1,737.01square versts(1,976.83km2;763.26sq mi) |
| Kakhskiyprefecture (Кахский участок) | Kakh (Qax) | 17,595 | 1,334.78square versts(1,519.06km2;586.51sq mi) |
| Almalinskiyrayon(Алмалинский район) | Almalo (Almalı) | – | – |
| Belokanskiy rayon(Белоканский район) | Belokany (Balakən) | – | – |
| Mukhakhskiy rayon(Мухахский район) | Mukhakh (Muxax) | – | – |
There once existed aGornye magaly(lit. 'mountain quarters') district "along the headwaters of theSamur",however, it was dissolved in 1860.[13]There was also aBelokanskiyprefecture (Белоканский участок) prior to 1912.[14]
Demographics
editRussian Empire Census
editAccording to theRussian Empire Census,the Zakatalokrug—then part of the Tiflis Governorate—had a population of 84,224 on 28 January [O.S.15 January] 1897, including 45,418 men and 38,806 women. The plurality of the population indicatedAvar-Andeanto be their mother tongue, with significant Tatar,[b]Georgian,andDarginspeaking minorities.[17]
| Language | Native speakers | % |
|---|---|---|
| Avar-Andean | 31,670 | 37.60 |
| Tatar[b] | 28,950 | 34.37 |
| Georgian | 12,389 | 14.71 |
| Dargin | 7,441 | 8.83 |
| Armenian | 2,100 | 2.49 |
| Kyurin | 975 | 1.16 |
| Russian | 315 | 0.37 |
| Ukrainian | 118 | 0.14 |
| Polish | 115 | 0.14 |
| Kazi-Kumukh | 61 | 0.07 |
| German | 11 | 0.01 |
| Jewish | 11 | 0.01 |
| Persian | 7 | 0.01 |
| Ossetian | 6 | 0.01 |
| Mingrelian | 3 | 0.00 |
| Turkish | 3 | 0.00 |
| Greek | 2 | 0.00 |
| Imeretian | 2 | 0.00 |
| Belarusian | 1 | 0.00 |
| Kist | 1 | 0.00 |
| Other | 43 | 0.05 |
| TOTAL | 84,224 | 100.00 |
Kavkazskiy kalendar
editAccording to the 1917 publication ofKavkazskiy kalendar,the Zakatalokrughad a population of 92,608 on 14 January [O.S.1 January] 1916, including 48,323 men and 44,285 women, 86,128 of whom were the permanent population, and 6,480 were temporary residents:[18]
| Nationality | Urban | Rural | TOTAL | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Sunni Muslims[c] | 288 | 6.39 | 42,491 | 48.23 | 42,779 | 46.19 |
| North Caucasians | 1,068 | 23.71 | 40,712 | 46.21 | 41,780 | 45.11 |
| Georgians | 204 | 4.53 | 4,370 | 4.96 | 4,574 | 4.94 |
| Armenians | 2,165 | 48.06 | 365 | 0.41 | 2,530 | 2.73 |
| Shia Muslims[d] | 486 | 10.79 | 91 | 0.10 | 577 | 0.62 |
| Russians | 270 | 5.99 | 56 | 0.06 | 326 | 0.35 |
| Other Europeans | 21 | 0.47 | 2 | 0.00 | 23 | 0.02 |
| Asiatic Christians | 0 | 0.00 | 16 | 0.02 | 16 | 0.02 |
| Jews | 3 | 0.07 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 | 0.00 |
| TOTAL | 4,505 | 100.00 | 88,103 | 100.00 | 92,608 | 100.00 |
Notes
edit- ^
- Russian:Закатальский округ,pre-reform orthography:Закатальскій округъ,romanized:Zakatalskiy okrug[zəkətəlʲskʲɪjɐkrʊk]
- Azerbaijani:زاقاتالا دائرهسی,romanized:Zāqātālā dā‘irasī
- ^abBefore 1918,Azerbaijaniswere generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred toTurkic-speakingMuslimsof theSouth Caucasus.After 1918, with the establishment of theAzerbaijan Democratic Republicand "especially during theSovietera ", the Tatar group identified itself as" Azerbaijani ".[15][16]
- ^Primarily Turco-Tatars.[19]
- ^Primarily Tatars.[19]
References
edit- ^abJaneliże 2018,pp. 52–53.
- ^Tsutsiev 2014,pp. 172–174.
- ^ab"ЗАКАТАЛЬСКИЙ ОКРУГ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия".bigenc.ru.Retrieved2021-12-16.
- ^Daushvili 2012,p. 41.
- ^abYilmaz 2009.
- ^Javakhishvili 2011,p. 235.
- ^Hovannisian 1982,pp. 186–187.
- ^Wright, Goldenberg & Schofield 1996,p. 136.
- ^Hovannisian 1996a,p. 205.
- ^Kazemzadeh 1951,p. 299.
- ^Кавказский календарь на 1917 год,pp. 134–136.
- ^Кавказский календарь на 1913 год,pp. 156–159.
- ^Tsutsiev 2014.
- ^Кавказский календарь на 1910 год,p. 202.
- ^Bournoutian 2018,p. 35 (note 25).
- ^Tsutsiev 2014,p. 50.
- ^ab"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей".Demoscope.ru.Retrieved2013-10-05.
- ^Кавказский календарь на 1917 год,pp. 357–358.
- ^abHovannisian 1971,p. 67.
Bibliography
edit- Bournoutian, George A.(2018).Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914.Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon:Routledge.ISBN978-1-351-06260-2.OCLC1037283914.
- Daushvili, Aleko (1 January 2012)."The Democratic Republic of Georgia: Struggle for Independence 1918-1921".
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Hovannisian, Richard G.(1971).The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919.Vol. 1. Berkeley:University of California Press.ISBN978-0520019843.
- Hovannisian, Richard G.(1982).The Republic of Armenia: From Versailles to London, 1919–1920.Vol. 2. Berkeley:University of California Press.ISBN978-0520041868.
- Hovannisian, Richard G.(1996a).The Republic of Armenia: From London to Sèvres, February–August 1920.Vol. 3. Berkeley:University of California Press.ISBN978-0520088030.
- Janeliże, Otʻar (2018).The Democratic Republic of Georgia, 1918-1921.Tbilisi.ISBN978-9941-8-0096-2.OCLC1110424382.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Javakhishvili, Ivane (2011).Caucasiologic Papers(PDF).Tbilisi:Tbilisi State University.Archived(PDF)from the original on 16 April 2022.
- Кавказский календарь на 1910 год[Caucasian calendar for 1910] (in Russian) (65th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1910.Archivedfrom the original on 15 March 2022.
- Кавказский календарь на 1913 год[Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913.Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2022.
- Кавказский календарь на 1917 год[Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917.Archivedfrom the original on 4 November 2021.
- Kazemzadeh, Firuz(1951).The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917–1921).New York City:Philosophical Library.ISBN978-0-95-600040-8.
- Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014).Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus(PDF).Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven:Yale University Press.ISBN9780300153088.Archived(PDF)from the original on 17 June 2023.
- Wright, John F. R.; Goldenberg, Suzanne; Schofield, Richard N. (1996).Transcaucasian boundaries.London: UCL Press.ISBN0-203-21447-1.OCLC252906502.
- Yilmaz, Harun (1 June 2009)."An Unexpected Peace: Azerbaijani–Georgian Relations, 1918–20".Revolutionary Russia.22(1): 37–67.doi:10.1080/09546540902900288.ISSN0954-6545.S2CID143471218.