Zakynthos(also spelledZakinthos;Greek:Ζάκυνθος,romanized:Zákynthos[ˈzacinθos];Italian:Zacinto[dzaˈtʃinto]) orZante(/ˈzænti/,USalso/ˈzɑːnteɪ/,[3][4]Italian:[ˈdzante];Greek:Τζάντε,romanized:Tzánte[ˈdza(n)de];from theVenetianform, traditionally Latinized asZacynthus) is aGreekisland in theIonian Sea.It is the third largest of theIonian Islands,with an area of 405.55 km2(156.6 sq mi),[5]and a coastline 123 km (76 mi) in length. The name, like all similar names ending in-nthos,is pre-MycenaeanorPelasgianin origin. InGreek mythology,the island was said to be named afterZacynthus,the son of the legendaryArcadianchiefDardanus.
Zakynthos
Ζάκυνθος | |
|---|---|
 View of Zakynthos city | |
  Zakynthos Zakynthos within Ionian Islands  | |
| Coordinates:37°48′N20°45′E/ 37.800°N 20.750°E | |
| Country | Greece |
| Administrative region | Ionian Islands |
| Seat | Zakynthos (city) |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Georgios Stasinopoulos[1](since 2023) |
| Area | |
• Municipality | 405.55 km2(156.58 sq mi) |
| Population (2021)[2] | |
• Municipality | 41,180 |
| • Density | 100/km2(260/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2(EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3(EEST) |
| Postal code | 29x xx |
| Area code(s) | 2695 |
| Vehicle registration | ΖΑ |
| Website | www |
Zakynthos is a tourist destination, especially amongst British tourists,[6]with aninternational airportserved by charter flights from northern Europe. The island's nickname is "the Flower of the Levant", bestowed upon it by theVenetians,who ruled Zakynthos from 1484 to 1797.[citation needed]
History
edit
Ancient history
editThe ancient Greek poetHomermentioned Zakynthos in theIliadand theOdyssey,stating that its first inhabitants were the son of King Dardanos of Arcadia, called Zakynthos, and his men.[citation needed]Before being renamed Zakynthos, the island was said to have been called Hyrie. Zakynthos was then conquered by KingArkesiosofKefalonia,and then byOdysseusfromIthaca.Zakynthos participated in the Trojan War and is listed in the HomericCatalogue of Shipswhich, if accurate, describes the geopolitical situation in early Greece at some time between theLate Bronze Ageand the eighth century BC. In theOdyssey,Homer mentions 20 nobles from Zakynthos among a total of 108 of Penelope's suitors.[7]
TheAthenianmilitary commanderTolmidesconcluded an alliance with Zakynthos during theFirst Peloponnesian War,sometime between 459 and 446 BC. In 430 BC, the Lacedaemonians led a force of about 1,000 heavy infantry, led by the Spartan admiralCnemus,in an attack upon Zakynthos. Although the attackers managed to burn much of the surrounding countryside, the city itself refused to surrender and the attack ultimately failed.[8]The Zakynthians are then enumerated among the autonomous allies of Athens in the disastrousSicilian expedition.After thePeloponnesian War,Zakynthos seems to have passed under the supremacy of Sparta because in 374 BC, Timotheus, an Athenian commander, on his return from Kerkyra, landed some Zakynthian exiles on the island and assisted them in establishing a fortified post. These exiles must have belonged to the anti-Spartan party as the Zakynthian rulers applied for help to the Spartans who sent a fleet of 25 to the island.[7][9][10]
The importance of this alliance for Athens was that it provided them with a source oftar.Tar is a more effective protector of ship planking thanpitch(which is made frompine trees). The Atheniantriremefleet needed protection from rot, decay and theteredo,so this new source of tar was valuable to them. The tar was dredged up from the bottom of a lake (now known asLake Keri) using leafymyrtlebranches tied to the ends of poles. It was then collected in pots and could be carried to the beach and swabbed directly ontoship hulls.[11]Alternatively, the tar could be shipped to the Athenian naval yard atPiraeusfor storage.[12]
Philip V of Macedonseized Zakynthos in the early 3rd century BC, when it was a member of the Aetolian League. In 211 BC, the Roman praetorMarcus Valerius Laevinustook the city of Zakynthos with the exception of the citadel. It was afterwards restored to Philip V of Macedon. The Roman generalMarcus Fulvius Nobiliorfinally conquered Zakynthos in 191 BC for Rome. In theMithridatic War,it was attacked by Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, but he was repulsed.[7]
Medieval period
editIn 459, the island was plundered by theVandalsunderGeiseric,who carried off 500 local aristocrats.[13]Zakynthos appears to have been spared from theSlavic invasionsof the 6th–7th centuries, as no Slavic names are attested on the island.[13]
During the middle Byzantine period (7th–12th centuries), Zakynthos belonged to theTheme of Cephallenia,and the local bishopric was likewise asuffraganof Cephallenia (and later of theMetropolis of Corinth).[13]In 880, theAghlabidsraided Zakynthos, but weredefeatedby theByzantine navyunderNasar.[13]Plundered by thePisansin 1099, it was captured byMargaritus of Brindisiin 1185, and thereafter formed part of theCounty Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos.[13]ALatinbishopricwas installed on the island, alongside the Orthodox one.[13]
Venetian period and modern era
editBy 1460, and during the reign ofMehmed II,the Ottoman Turks eventually controlled most of thePeloponnesewith the exception of the remaining Venetian-controlled towns ofArgos,Nafplio,Monemvassia,Methoni,andKoroni.After the collapse of theHexamilion,which was supposed to act as a defense across theIsthmus of Corinth,and hence, protect the Peloponnese, Leonardo III Tocco made an agreement withVeniceto accept 10,000 refugees from this region. Leonardo III Tocco and his realm were increasingly vulnerable to Ottoman Turkish attacks. These refugees consisted of Greeks,Arvanites,and some Venetian officials.[14] Zakynthos was captured by theOttoman Empirein 1478 but conquered by theRepublic of Venicein 1482.[13]It remained in Venetian hands, as part of theVenetian Ionian Islands,until theFall of the Republic of Venicein 1797. It then passed successively underFrench rule,became part of the autonomousSeptinsular Republicin 1800, andreturned to the Frenchin 1807. Seized by the British in 1809, it formed part of theUnited States of the Ionian Islandsuntil theUnion of the Ionian Islands with Greecein 1864.
World War II
editDuring theAxis occupation of Greece,MayorLoukas Karrerand BishopChrysostomos Dimitriourefused German orders to turn in a list of the members of the town's Jewish community for deportation to the death camps. Instead they hid all (or most) of the town's Jewish people in rural villages. According to some sources, all 275 Jews of Zakynthos survived the war.[15][16]Both were later recognized asRighteous among the NationsbyYad Vashem.In contrast, over 80% of Greek Jews were deported todeath campsand murdered inthe Holocaust.[17]
Earthquakes
editZakynthos was hit by a 7.3-magnitudeearthquake on 12 August 1953,destroying most of the buildings on the island. Subsequently, all buildings have been strengthened to protect against further tremors. On 26 October 2018, a 6.4-magnitude earthquake south of the island caused no injuries, but damaged the local pier and a 13th-century monastery.[18]
Geography
edit
Zakynthos lies in the eastern part of the Ionian sea, around 20 kilometres (12 miles) west of the Greek (Peloponnese) mainland. The island ofKefalonialies 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the north. It is the southernmost of the main group of the Ionian islands (not counting distantKythira). Zakynthos is about 40 kilometres (25 miles) long and 20 kilometres (12 miles) wide, and covers an area of 405.55 km2(156.58 sq mi).[5]Its coastline is approximately 123 km (76 mi) long. According to the 2011 census, the island has a population of 40,759.[19]The highest point isVrachionas,at 758 metres (2,487 feet).
Zakynthos has the shape of anarrowhead,with the "tip" (Cape Skinari) pointing northwest. The western half of the island is a mountainous plateau and the southwest coast consists mostly of steep cliffs. The eastern half is a densely populated fertile plain with long sandy beaches, interrupted with several isolated hills, notablyBochaliwhich overlooks the city and the peninsula ofVasilikosin the northeast. The peninsulas of Vassilikos to the north and Marathia to the south enclose the wide and shallow bay ofLaganason the southeast part of the island.
The capital, which has the same name as the prefecture, is the town ofZakynthos.It lies on the eastern part of the northern coast. Apart from the official name, it is also calledChora(i.e. the Town, a common denomination in Greece when the name of the island itself is the same as the name of the principal town). The port of Zakynthos has a ferry connecting to the port ofKyllinion the mainland. Another ferry connects the village of Agios Nikolaos toArgostolion Kefalonia. Minor uninhabited islands around Zakynthos included in the municipality and regional unit are: Marathonisi, Pelouzo, Agios Sostis in the Laganas bay,Agios Nikolaosnear the eponymous harbor on the northern tip, and Agios Ioannis near Porto Vromi on the western coast.
Flora and fauna
editThe mildMediterranean climateand plentiful winter rainfall endow the island with dense vegetation. The principal agricultural products areolive oil,currants,grapes andcitrusfruit. The Zante currant is a small sweet seedless grape that is native to the island.
The Bay of Laganas is the site of the first NationalMarine Parkand the prime nesting area forloggerhead sea turtles(Caretta caretta) in the Mediterranean.[20]
Climate
editZakynthos has a hot-summerMediterranean climate(Csa) with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, rainy winters. Like most of theIonian Islands,it receives sizeable amounts of precipitation during the winter while the summers are mostly hot and sunny. The average annual temperature stands at around 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) while humidity is fairly high throughout the year, even during the summer months.
| Climate data for Zakynthos 1961–1990 (extremes 1961–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.4) |
22.8 (73.0) |
24.2 (75.6) |
29.8 (85.6) |
35.0 (95.0) |
39.4 (102.9) |
42.2 (108.0) |
40.0 (104.0) |
36.8 (98.2) |
32.0 (89.6) |
26.6 (79.9) |
22.2 (72.0) |
42.2 (108.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
27.8 (82.0) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
27.6 (81.7) |
23.0 (73.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.3 (52.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.5 (59.9) |
19.8 (67.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.6 (79.9) |
23.8 (74.8) |
19.6 (67.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.1 (46.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
11.1 (52.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.9 (69.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
15.7 (60.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.6 (27.3) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.6 (36.7) |
5.0 (41.0) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.0 (53.6) |
13.4 (56.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
5.2 (41.4) |
2.8 (37.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 150.4 (5.92) |
112.8 (4.44) |
89.6 (3.53) |
51.3 (2.02) |
17.0 (0.67) |
7.2 (0.28) |
5.0 (0.20) |
9.1 (0.36) |
25.4 (1.00) |
146.5 (5.77) |
159.1 (6.26) |
169.9 (6.69) |
943.3 (37.14) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.8 | 11.3 | 8.2 | 6.1 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 8.1 | 11.0 | 13.2 | 78.5 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 74.3 | 72.8 | 72.8 | 71.7 | 67.8 | 62.8 | 59.3 | 61.2 | 66.7 | 71.7 | 76.0 | 75.3 | 69.4 |
| Source: NOAA,[21]Info Climat extremes 1991-present[22] | |||||||||||||
Sights
edit
Famous landmarks include theNavagio beach,a cove on the northwest shore isolated by high cliffs and accessible only by boat. Numerous natural "blue caves" are cut into cliffs around Cape Skinari; they are accessible only by small boats, which are popular amongst tourists.[23]Keri,on the south of the island, is a mountain village with a lighthouse. The whole western shore from Keri to Skinari containsrock formationsincluding arches.[24]
Northern and eastern shores feature numerous wide sandy beaches, some of which attract tourists in summer months. The largest resort isLaganas.Marathonissi islet (also known as "Turtle Island" ) near Limni Keriou has tropical vegetation, turquoise waters, beaches, and sea caves.Bochalihill above the Zakynthos town contains a small Venetian castle.
Administration
editZakynthos is a separateregional unitof theIonian Islandsregion, and the onlymunicipalityof the regional unit. The seat of administration isZakynthos,the main town of the island.[citation needed]
Regional unit
editAs a part of the 2011Kallikratis government reform,the regional unit Zakynthos was created out of the formerprefectureZakynthos (Greek:Νομός Ζακύνθου). The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit. In the same reform, the current municipality Zakynthos was created out of the six former municipalities:[25]
Population and demographics
edit
- 1889: 44,070 (island), 18,906 (city)
- 1896: 45,032 (island), 17,478 (city)
- 1900: 42,000
- 1907: 42,502
- 1920: 37.482
- 1940: 42,148
- 1981: 30,011
- 1991: 32,556 (island), 13,000 (city)
- 2001: 38,596
- 2011: 40,759
- 2021: 40,508
In 2006, there were 507 births and 407 deaths.[citation needed]Zakynthos is one of the regions with the highest population growth in Greece. It is also one of the only three prefectures (out of 54) in which the rural population has a positive growth rate. In fact, the rural population's growth rate is higher than that of the urban population in Zakynthos. Out of the 507 births, 141 were in urban areas and 366 were in rural areas. Out of the 407 deaths, 124 were in urban areas and 283 were in rural areas.[citation needed]
Culture
edit
Literature
edit
Since Zakynthos was under the rule of the Venetian Republic, it had closer contact with Western literary trends than other areas inhabited by Greek people.
An early literary work from the island is theRimada,a 16th-century romance in verse aboutAlexander the Great.[26]Notable early writers include Tzanes Koroneos, author ofAndragathemata of Bouas,a work of historical fiction;[27][28]Nikolaos Loukanis,a 16th-century Renaissance humanist;[29]Markos Defaranas (1503–1575), possibly the author of theRimada;[30]Pachomios Roussanos (1508–1553), a scholar and theologian;[31]and Antonio Catiforo (1685–1763), a grammarian and satirist.[32][33][34]
Towards the end of the 18th century, the so-calledHeptanese School of Literaturedeveloped, consisting mainly of lyrical and satirical poetry in the vein of Romanticism prevalent throughout Europe at the time. It also contributed to the development of modern Greek theatre. An important poet of this school was ZakynthianDionysios Solomos;another wasNikolaos Koutouzis,who also figures prominently in the Heptanese School of Painting. Others includeGeorgios Tertsetis(1800–1873), politician, poet, and historian.
The 1998 novel 'Fugitive Pieces' by Canadian author Anne Michaels includes a section set on Zakynthos during the Nazi occupation. The young Jewish narrator, Jakob Beer, is hidden in a rural home. He notes that while he enjoyed the luxury of a room, 'thousands were stuffed into baking stoves, sewers, garbage bins. In the crawlspaces of double ceilings, in stables, pigsties, chicken coops'. The narrative refers to Mayor Karrer and Archbishop Chrysostomos's refusal to collaborate with the Germans.[35]
Transport
edit
The island is covered by a network of roads, particularly the flat eastern part, with main routes linking the capital withVolimesin the north, Keri in the south, and the Vassiliki peninsula in the west. The road between Volimes andLithakiaconnects the western half of the island.
The island has one airport,Zakynthos International Airport,on former GR-35, offering connecting flights with other Greek airports and numerous tourist charters. Opened in 1972, it is located 4.3 km (2.7 mi) fromZakynthos.
Zakynthos also features two ports, the main port located in the capital, and another in the village ofAgios Nikolaos.From the main port there is a connection to theport of Kyllini,which is the usual place of arrival to the island by sea from the mainland. From the port of Agios Nikolaos there is a connection to the island ofKefalonia.
Science
editIonian University's Department of Environment has been located on Zakynthos since 2003. It has developed laboratory and field station infrastructures in Zakynthos and theStrofades islets.[36]
Freshwater resources on Zakynthos are limited, and as a result a Greek-Norwegian educational collaboration is being established on the island.Science Park Zakynthosis a collaboration between the Technological Educational Institute of the Ionian Islands (TEI), theNorwegian University of Life Sciences(UMB), and theTherianos Villasand Therianos Family Farm on Zakynthos.[citation needed]
Notable people
edit
Among the most famous Zakynthians is the 19th-century poetDionysios Solomos,whose statue adorns the main town square. The Italian poetUgo Foscolowas born in Zakynthos: he wrote thesonnet"A Zacinto"dedicated to the island.[37]The famous Renaissance surgeon and anatomistAndreas Vesaliusdied on Zakynthos after being shipwrecked while making a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. His body is thought to have been buried on the island but the site has been lost. Early 19th-century poet and playwrightElizabeth Moutzan-Martinegouwas also born there.
Tourism
editTheMuseum of Solomos and Eminent Zakynthians,located on St Mark's plaza, includes local art from the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as sculptures, musical instruments contemporary to the eminent Zakynthians, and ceramics. In particular, it features Dionysios Solomos andAndreas Kalvos.[38]
Since the mid-1980s, Zakynthos has become a hub for 18-to-30-year-old tourists, leading toAlykanasandLaganas(formerly quiet villages) becoming hotbeds of clubbing hotels,[39]nightclubs, bars and restaurants.[40]
International relations
editZakynthos istwinnedwith:
Serravalle,San Marino (2014)[41]
See also
editCitations
edit- ^Municipality of Zakynthos, Municipal elections – October 2023,Ministry of Interior
- ^"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό"[Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
- ^"Zante".Collins English Dictionary.HarperCollins.Retrieved5 May2019.
- ^"Zante"(US) and"Zante".LexicoUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon 16 December 2019.
- ^ab"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)"(PDF)(in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 September 2015.
- ^Hiltner, Stephen (7 August 2019)."Shipwrecks and Secluded Beaches: Exploring the Greek Island of Zakynthos".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved7 January2020.
- ^abcSmith, William (1854).Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.John Murray.
- ^Thucydides,History of the Peloponnesian War,2.66
- ^Thucydides.History of the Peloponnesian War.Translated byRichard Crawley.2.8.Retrieved24 July2010.
- ^Diodorus Siculus(1946).Library of History.Vol. 4. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Loeb Classical Library. 11.84.7.ISBN978-0-674-99413-3.Retrieved24 July2010.
- ^Herodotus(1910).History of Herodotus.Translated by George Rawlinson. 4.195.Retrieved24 July2010.
- ^Hale, John (2009).Lords of the Sea: The Epic Story of the Athenian Navy and the Birth of Democracy.New York: Viking. p.107.ISBN978-0-670-02080-5.
- ^abcdefgGregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Zakynthos". InKazhdan, Alexander(ed.).The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2219–2220.ISBN0-19-504652-8.
- ^Κολυβά, Μ. (1989).Η Ζάκυνθος μεταξύ του α' και του γ' βενετο-τουρκικού πολέμου. Συμβολή στην πολιτική ιστορία και στην ιστορία των θεσμώ.Greece: Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών-Φιλοσοφική Σχολή-Τμ. Ιστορίας και Αρχαιολογίας.
- ^"Zakynthos".United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.Retrieved1 August2017.
- ^"The miraculous story of the Jews of Zakynthos".The Jerusalem Post | JPost.Retrieved10 January2018.
- ^History of the Jewish Communities of Greece,American Friends of the Jewish Museum of GreeceArchived2007-06-29 at theWayback Machine,afjmg.org. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^"Zakynthos earthquake: Greek island shaken by 6.4 tremor".BBC.Retrieved26 October2018.
- ^Απογραφή Πληθυσμού – Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός(in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
- ^Alberti, Mia (27 July 2021)."Pandemic gives breathing room to endangered sea turtles".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved24 April2023.
- ^"Zakinthos Airport Climate Normals 1961–1990".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Retrieved2 March2015.
- ^"Normales et records climatologiques 1981-2010 à ZAKINTHOS DIONYSIOS - Infoclimat".
- ^"Zakynthos Blue Caves: The Blue Caves of Zakynthos Greece, Ionian".Retrieved18 June2015.
- ^Carole Simm."Beaches in Zakynthos, Greece".USA Today Travel.Retrieved18 June2015.
- ^"ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text"(in Greek).Government Gazette.
- ^Moennig, Ulrich (2016)."A Hero without Borders: 1. Alexander the Great in Ancient, Byzantine and Modern Greek Tradition".In Cupane, Carolina; Krönung, Bettina (eds.).Fictional Storytelling in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond.Leiden: Brill. pp. 159–89.ISBN9789004307728.
- ^"Νέα έκδοση: Roberta Angiolillo: Tzane Koroneos. Le gesta di Mercurio Bua, Edizioni dell'Orso Alessandria 2013 (book review)".early-modern-greek.org.
- ^Angiolillo, Roberta, ed. (2013).Tzane Koroneos. Le gesta di Mercurio Bua.Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso.ISBN978-88-6274-458-4.
- ^Bruce Merry (2004).Encyclopedia of Modern Greek Literature.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 192.ISBN978-0-313-30813-0.
- ^Molly Greene (2010).Catholic Pirates and Greek Merchants: A Maritime History of the Early Modern Mediterranean.Princeton University Press. pp. 37–.ISBN978-0-691-14197-8.
- ^Benisis, Marios (2006). "Ο ΠΑΧΩΜΙΟΣ ΡΟΥΣΑΝΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΣΥΓΓΡΑΦΙΚΟ ΤΟΥ ΕΡΓΟ".
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^"Catiforo, Antonio (1685–1763)".
- ^Margherita Losacco (2003).Antonio Catiforo e Giovanni Veludo: interpreti di Fozio(in Italian). EDIZIONI DEDALO.ISBN978-88-220-5807-2.
- ^Falcetta, Angela (2010)."Diaspora ortodossa e rinnovamento culturale: il caso dell'abate greco-veneto Antonio Catiforo (1685–1763)".Cromohs(15): 1–24.doi:10.13128/Cromohs-15468.
- ^Anne Michaels (1998).Fugitive Pieces.Vintage. p. 194.ISBN978-0-679-77659-8.
- ^culture.teiion.gr Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands,teiion.gr. Retrieved 18 June 2015.(in Greek)
- ^Fóscolo, Ugo(in Italian).Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.Archivedfrom the original on 30 September 2023.Retrieved2 July2024.
- ^"Μουσείο Σολωμού & Επιφανών Ζακυνθίων"[Museum of Solomon and Epiphany Zakynthos].zakynthos-museumsolomos.gr.Archived fromthe originalon 24 November 2020.Retrieved8 May2023.
- ^"Zante Hotel Guide | Zante".22 September 2017.
- ^"Trip to Zakynthos and Navagio - The Shipwreck Beach of Greece".Retrieved20 September2019.
- ^"Serravalle si gemellerà con l'isola di Zante"(in Italian). 28 September 2014.Retrieved14 January2024.
General sources
edit- Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.(1994) [1987].The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest.Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.ISBN0472082604.
- Zečević, Nada (2014).The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th–15th centuries).Belgrade: Makart.ISBN9788691944100.
External links
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