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Iraq

sovereign state in western Asia

Iraqis a country on the continent of Eurasia and in theMiddle East.Previously part of theOttoman Empire,it became a separate entity underBritish supervisionfollowingWorld War Iand gained formalsovereigntyin 1932 under aHashemite monarchy.Anationalist republican movementoverthrew the monarchy in 1958 and was in turn overthrown in 2003 by theAmerican invasion,which oversaw the creation of the presentfederal republic.Its current head of state is PresidentAbdul Latif Rashid,and its current head of government isMohammed Shia' Al Sudani.

Iraq’s prospects are looking brighter... Iraq’s improbable political experiment has endured... [D]espite their country’s many travails, it still has something to teach the rest of the Middle East. ~Yaroslav Trofimov

Arranged alphabetically by author or source:
A·B·C·D·E·F·G·H·I·J·K·L·M·N·O·P·Q·R·S·T·U·V·W·X·Y·Z·See also·External links

Quotes

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Iraq is getting stronger, getting unified. I think others, or the interference of others in the affairs of Iraq, will become less and less. This is a new-built confidence among Iraqis, the Iraqi national feeling, which our aim is to increase people’s attachment to their own country. ~Haider al-Abadi
The bane of Iraq has been sectarianism... There are three components to Iraq... We vastly prefer a multi-sectarian Iraqi state to any form of disintegration because we know where that leads. ~ Ashton Carter
WHAT is Iraq, anyhow? Well, it's a lot of things, old and new. It is one of the oldest countries in the world–and one of the yougnest under its present government. ~A Short Guide to Iraq(1942)
I talked about my desire to promote institutional change in parts of the world, like Iraq where there's a free press and free religion... ~George W. Bush
Iraq continues to flaunt its hostility... The Iraqi regime has plotted to developanthrax,and nerve gas, and nuclear weapons for over a decade. This is a regime that has already used poison gas to murder thousands of its own citizens - leaving the bodies of mothers huddled over their dead children. ~George W. Bush

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  • Iraq is getting stronger, getting unified. I think others, or the interference of others in the affairs of Iraq, will become less and less. This is a new-built confidence among Iraqis, the Iraqi national feeling, which our aim is to increase people’s attachment to their own country.
  • I want to prove that the Iraqiwomanhas her own existence in society, she has her rights like men. I am afraid of nothing, because I am confident that what I am doing is not wrong.
    • Shaima Qassem Abdulrahman, as quoted inNBC News(December 2015).
  • We came to power on aCIAtrain.
    • Ba'ath Party official Ali Saleh Sa'adi, quoted inSaddam Hussein: The Politics of Revenge(2000), by Said K. Aburish.
  • If it isSyria’s shelter for the Iraqi resistance to the east that has made it the target for an American siege, it is with good reason. For in Iraq itself, the war has gone from bad to worse forWashington.Confronted with a dauntlessinsurgency,theOccupationis still—after three years and an outlay of over $200 billion—unable to assure regular supplies ofwaterandelectricityto the people it has subjugated.Factoriesremain idle.Hospitalsandschoolsbarely function.Oilrevenues have been looted wholesale by America’s local minions, not to speak of a horde of U.S. contractors on the take. Wretched as living conditions were for the majority of the population underU.N.sanctions,under the Americans they have deteriorated yet further, as sectarian killings multiply and minimal security disappears.

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  • March 19 (2018) marks 15 years since theU.S.-UK invasion of Iraqin 2003, and the American people have no idea of the enormity of the calamity the invasion unleashed. TheU.S. militaryhas refused to keep a tally of Iraqi deaths. GeneralTommy Franks,the man in charge of the initial invasion, bluntly told reporters, “We don’t do body counts.” One survey found that most Americans thought Iraqi deaths were in the tens of thousands. But our calculations, using the best information available, show a catastrophic estimate of 2.4 million Iraqi deaths since the 2003 invasion.
    The number of Iraqi casualties is not just a historical dispute, because the killing is still going on today. Since several major cities in Iraq andSyriafell toIslamic Statein 2014, the U.S. has led the heaviest bombing campaign since theAmerican War in Vietnam,dropping 105,000 bombs and missiles and reducing most of Mosul and other contested Iraqi and Syrian cities to rubble.
  • I accept fully that those opposed to this course of action share my detestation ofSaddam.Who could not? Iraq is a wealthy country that in 1978, the year before Saddam seized power, was richer thanPortugalorMalaysia.Today it isimpoverished,sixty per cent of its population dependent onfood aid.Thousands ofchildrendie needlessly every year from lack offoodandmedicine.Four million people out of a population of just over twenty million are inexile.The brutality of the repression – thedeath and torture camps,the barbaricprisonsfor political opponents, the routine beatings for anyone or their families suspected of disloyalty are well documented. Just last week, someone slandering Saddam was tied to a lamp post in a street in Baghdad, his tongue cut out, mutilated and left to bleed to death, as a warning to others. I recall a few weeks ago talking to an Iraqi exile and saying to her that I understood how grim it must be under the lash of Saddam. ‘But you don’t,’ she replied. ‘You cannot. You do not know what it is like to live in perpetual fear.’ And she is right. We take our freedom for granted. But imagine not to be able to speak or discuss or debate or even question the society you live in. To see friends and family taken away and never daring to complain. To suffer the humility of failing courage in face of pitiless terror. That is how the Iraqi people live. Leave Saddam in place and that is how they will continue to be forced to live.
  • Iraq continues to flaunt itshostility toward Americaand to support terror. The Iraqi regime has plotted to developanthrax,and nerve gas, and nuclear weapons for over a decade. This is a regime that has already usedpoison gasto murder thousands of its own citizens -- leaving the bodies of mothers huddled over their dead children. This is a regime that agreed to international inspections -- then kicked out the inspectors. This is a regime that has something to hide from the civilized world. States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world. By seekingweapons of mass destruction,these regimes pose a grave and growing danger. They could provide these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred. They could attack our allies or attempt to blackmail the United States. In any of these cases, the price of indifference would be catastrophic.
  • Iraq's talented people, rich culture, and tremendous potential have been hijacked bySaddam Hussein.His brutal regime has reduced a country with a long and proud history to an international pariah that oppresses itscitizens,started twowars of aggressionagainst its neighbors, and still poses a grave threat to the security of its region and the world.
  • We come toIraqwith respect for its citizens, for their greatcivilizationand for the religious faiths they practice. We have no ambition in Iraq, except to remove a threat and restore control of that country to its own people.
  • Trying to eliminate Saddam, extending the ground war into an occupation of Iraq, would have violated our guideline about not changing objectives in midstream,engaging in “mission creep,” and would have incurred incalculable human and political costs.Apprehending him was probably impossible. We had been unable to findNoriegainPanama,which we knew intimately. We would have been forced to occupy Baghdad and, in effect, rule Iraq. The coalition would instantly have collapsed, theArabsdeserting it in anger and other allies pulling out as well. Under those circumstances,there was no viable “exit strategy” we could see,violating another of our principles. Furthermore, we had been self-consciously trying to set a pattern for handling aggression in thepost–Cold War world.Going in and occupying Iraq, thus unilaterally exceeding theUnited Nations’ mandate, would have destroyed the precedent of international response to aggression that we hoped to establish. Had we gone the invasion route, the United States could conceivably still be an occupying power in a bitterly hostile land. It would have been a dramatically different—and perhaps barren—outcome.

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  • Iraq — the country identified in American minds withchaosand endlesswarfare— is ademocracy.Citizens vote, and leaders must respond to their demands; otherwise, they won’t be reelected. It’s a deeply flawed democracy, to be sure, as Salih is the first to note. Yet its institutions, created after the U.S.-led invasion in 2003, have endured. Iraqis routinely take to the streets to demonstrate. The country’s top religious leader, Grand AyatollahAli Sistani,who acts as an unofficial political arbiter, has persistently supported democratic institutions, as well as serving as a locus ofIraqi nationalism... We can let Iraq succumb entirely to Iranian influence — or we can reengage with the country, showing Iraqis that we stand with them and take their democratic aspirations seriously. There is an opportunity here that we shouldn’t miss.
  • We know from long experience in Iraq andAfghanistanto take territory, hold territory, and govern territory and prevent a reemergence of a terrorist group... The bane of Iraq has been sectarianism... There are three components to Iraq...Wevastly prefer a multi-sectarian Iraqistateto any form of disintegration because we know where that leads... But, for that to work in Iraq? The Sunnis have to be represented, and they have to be part of the fight to take back their own territory. So,weare working with them a lot.
I said, “We’re going to war with Iraq? Why?” He said, “I don’t know.” He said, “I guess they don’t know what else to do.” ~Wesley Clark
Trying to eliminate Saddam, extending the ground war into an occupation of Iraq, would have violated our guideline about not changing objectives in midstream, engaging in “mission creep,” and would have incurred incalculable human and political costs. ~George H. W. Bush
  • Before there were any suicide bombers, it was also reported by the same sources thatSaddam Husseinwas giving $10,000 to the families of anyone who was killed byIsraeliatrocities, and there were plenty of them. Well, should he've been doing that? So let's take the first month of thecurrent intifada.I'm just relying now onIDFsources. What they say is, that in the first few days of the intifada, the Israeli army fired a million bullets. One of the high military officers said 'that means one bullet for every child'. Within the first month of the intifada, they killed about 70 people. Using U.S. helicopters, and in factClintonshipped new helicopters to Israel as soon as they started using them against civilians. That's just the first month. And it goes on, no suicide bombers. At the time, it was reported that Saddam Hussein was giving $10,000 to every family. Well, is that supporting terror? It seems to me, sending helicopters to Israel when they're using them to attack apartment complexes, that's supporting terror.
  • I've been throughthe Pentagon,right after 9/11. About 10 days after9/11,I went through the Pentagon, and I sawSecretary RumsfeldandDeputy Secretary Wolfowitz.I went downstairs just to say hello to some of the people on the Joint Staff who used to work for me, and one of the generals called me in. He said, “Sir, you’ve got to come in and talk to me a second.” I said, “Well, you’re too busy.” He said, “No, no.” He says, “We’ve made the decision we’re going to war with Iraq.” This was on or about the 20th of September. I said, “We’re going to war with Iraq? Why?” He said, “I don’t know.” He said, “I guess they don’t know what else to do.” So I said, “Well, did they find some information connecting Saddam toal-Qaeda?”He said, “No, no.” He says, “There’s nothing new that way. They just made the decision to go to war with Iraq.” He said, “I guess it’s like we don’t know what to do about terrorists, but we’ve got a good military, and we can take down governments.” And he said, “I guess if the only tool you have is a hammer, every problem has to look like a nail.” So I came back to see him a few weeks later, and by that time we were bombing in Afghanistan. I said, “Are we still going to war with Iraq?” And he said, “Oh, it’s worse than that.” He reached over on his desk. He picked up a piece of paper. And he said, “I just got this down from upstairs” — meaning the secretary of defense’s office — “today.” And he said, “This is a memo that describes how we’re going to take out seven countries in five years, starting with Iraq, and thenSyria,Lebanon,Libya,Somalia,Sudanand, finishing off,Iran.”I said, “Is it classified?” He said, “Yes, sir.” I said, “Well, don’t show it to me.” and I saw him a year or so ago and I said: "Remember that?" he said: "Sir, I didn't show you that memo! I didn't show it to ya!"
    • Wesley Clark,Democracy Now — Gen. Wesley Clark Weighs Presidential Bid: “I Think About It Every Day”,(2 March 2007)

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  • The future of Iraq after Saddam Hussein is also an open question. Some of my colleagues and some American analysts now speak authoritatively of Sunnis, Shiites, and Kurds in Iraq, and how Iraq can be a test case fordemocracyin the Arab world. How many of us really know and understand much about Iraq, the country, the history, the people, the role in the Arab world? I approach the issue of post-Saddam Iraq and the future of democracy and stability in the Middle East with more caution, realism, and a bit more humility. While the people of the Arab world need no education from America about Saddam's record of deceit, aggression, and brutality, and while many of them may respect and desire the freedoms the American model offers, imposing democracy through force in Iraq is a roll of the dice. A democratic effort cannot be maintained without building durable Iraqi political institutions and developing a regional and international commitment to Iraq's reconstruction. No small task.
    • Chuck Hagel(2002), Stathis, S. W., 2009.Landmark Debates in Congress: From the Declaration of Independence to the War in Iraq.Washington, DC: CQ Press.
  • Actually, who is the terrorist, who is againsthuman rights?The answer is the United States because they attacked Iraq. Moreover, it is the terrorist king, waging war.
  • We hope that war will not take place, but if war is forced upon us then Iraq will continue to be here and this country with history of over 8000 years, this country, the cradle of the first civilization of humanity will not finish just like that even though a huge power may want to be like that. Nobody! Nobody should accept that Iraq should finish in such a way!
  • Iraq is a great nation now, as it has been at times throughouthistory.Nations generally "go to the top" only once. Iraq, however, has been there many times, before and after Islam. Iraq is the only nation like this in the world. This "gift" was given to the Iraqi people byGod.When Iraqi people fall, they rise again.
    • Saddam Husseinin an interview with FBI Senior Special Agent George L. Piro (7 February 2004); National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 279.

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  • The tension between these conflicting aims is perhaps particularly acute in the latetwentieth centurybecause of the publicity given to the existence of various alternative “models” for emulation. On the one hand, there are the extremely successful “trading states” —chiefly inAsia,likeJapanandHong Kong,but also includingSwitzerland,Sweden,andAustria—which have taken advantage of the greatgrowth in world productionand incommercial interdependencesince 1945, and whose external policy emphasizes peaceful, trading relations with other societies. In consequence, they have all sought to keep defense spending as low as is compatible with the preservation of nationalsovereignty,thereby freeing resources for high domesticconsumptionandcapital investment.On the other hand, there are the various “militarized” economies—VietnaminSoutheast Asia,Iranand Iraq as they engage intheir lengthy war,Israelandits jealous neighborsin theNear East,and theUSSRitself—all of which allocate more (in some cases, much more) than 10 percent of theirGNPto defense expenditures each year and, while firmly believing that such levels ofspendingare necessary to guaranteemilitary security,manifestly suffer from that diversion of resources from productive, peaceful ends. Between the two poles of the merchant and the warrior states, so to speak, there lie most of the rest of thenationsofthis planet,not convinced that the world is a safe enough place to allow them to reduce arms expenditure to Japan’s unusually low level, but also generally uneasy at the high economic and social costs of large-scale spending upon armaments, and aware that there is a certain trade-off between short-term military security and long-term economic security.
    • Paul Kennedy,The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500-2000(1987)

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  • Do not imagine that this problem is solely an Iraqi problem because theterrorist frontrepresents a threat to all free countries and free people of the world. [...] Thousands of lives were tragically lost onSept. 11when these impostors ofIslamreared their ugly head. Thousands more continue to die in Iraq today at the hands of the same terrorists who show complete disregard for human life.
  • Despite what we are suffering through, we haven't heard from our political partners with any support. They are not partners in facing the crisis, but they are partners in spending the wealth of Iraq.
  • The administration has said that Iraq has no right to stockpile chemical or biological weapons, mainly because they have used them in the past. Well, if that's the standard by which these matters are decided, then the U.S. is the nation that set the precedent. The U.S. has stockpiled these same weapons and more for over forty years.
  • Saddam set about transforming Iraq into what one dissident labelled the ‘Republic of Fear’. His notorious secret police, the Mukhabarat, together with the state internal security department (the Amn), established a fierce grip over the entire country. Regular massacres were carried out ofJews,Freemasons,communists,economic saboteurs or merely people who crossed Saddam or his greedy, pitiless family, all of whom served in hisgovernment.Purge followed upon purge, attended by show trials and televised confessions. Over the subsequent two decadesSaddam Husseinkilled at least 400,000 Iraqis — many of whom endured all manner oftorture.Hispsychopathicsons, particularly thesadistic,demented heir apparentUday,conducted their own struggles for power and brutal reigns of terror, personally torturing their enemies. At one point, Saddam's two sons-in-law, fearing murder by Uday, fled toJordanbut were tricked into returning and then slaughtered by Uday.

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  • Iran was in war with Iraq for 8 years, andAyatollah Khomeinitried to topple Saddam, but he failed. Then, a few years later, in 2003, the U.S. entered Iraq and got rid of Saddam, but it got tangled in a never-ending conflict that turned Iraq into rubble and killed thousands of innocent Iraqis. Who is the winner of this terrible war? In my humble opinion, it is the Iranian regime, because with Saddam gone, they have tried to encourage an Islamic Republic in Iraq, which is the only other country with a majority Shia population in the region, and if this becomes reality, it could turn Iran into a huge power in the region. Actually, the U.S. invasion of Iraq greatly damaged the opposition inIran,as now anyone who criticizes the Iranian regime is accused of asking for a U.S. invasion of Iran and working for theCIA.So one of the undisputable side effects of this war has been the strengthening of the government of Iran.
  • "It's the cradle of civilization," saysMcGuire Gibson,who teachesMesopotamianarchaeologyat theUniversity of Chicago."It's the place where we get the firstcities,the firstwriting,the firstthoughtsabout what'sman's relationship toGod.It's the first sort of ideas aboutdeath.It's the first recordedliteraturethat we have. "
    Gibson and otherarchaeologistsare quick to say their first concern if war comes to Iraq is the loss of human life. But with nearly 100,000 archaeological sites at stake, they're also concerned about the loss of human history, DeRose reports. Gibson says the 1991Gulf Warliterally chipped away at a priceless past. One example is the massive 4,000-year-oldZiggurat at Ur,in southern Iraq. The temple pyramid was hit by at least 400 shells that took out "big chunks" from the structure, Gibson says.

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  • There's something that I don't understand. I don't understand how we ended up invading a country that had nothing to do with911whileOsama bin LadenandAl-Qaedaare setting up basecamps in safe haven to train terrorists to attack us? That wasSenator McCainjudgement, it's wrong judgement, when Senator McCain was cheerleading thepresidentto going into Iraq, he suggested 'it is going to be quick and easy, we'll be great liberator' and that's the wrong judgement and it's been costly to us.

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  • Rarely do we hear that Iraq has never committed any aggression against the United States. No one in the media questions our aggression against Iraq for the past 12 years by continuousbombingandimposed sanctionsresponsible for the deaths of hundreds of thousands of children. [...] Only tyrants can take a nation to war without the consent of the people. The planned war against Iraq without a Declaration of War is illegal. It is unwise because of many unforeseen consequences that are likely to result. It is immoral and unjust, because it has nothing to do with US security and because Iraq has not initiated aggression against us. We must understand that the American people become less secure when we risk a major conflict driven by commercial interests and not constitutionally authorized byCongress.Victory under these circumstances is always elusive, and unintended consequences are inevitable

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  • I wouldn't presume to present a plan different from that of thePresident.But I believe he was right to take on thewar on terroron an aggressive front rather than a defensive front. We toppled the government... walking away would mean a humanitarian disaster. We're there and we have a responsibility to finish the job.
  • Oh, I don't know. You know, I thought about that last night, and just musing over the words, the phrase, and what constitutes it. If you think of ourCivil War,this is really very different. If you think of civil wars in other countries, this is really quite different. There is -- there is a good deal of violence in Baghdad and two or three other provinces, and yet in 14 other provinces there's very little violence or numbers of incidents. So it's a -- it's a highly concentrated thing. It clearly is being stimulated by people who would like to have what could be characterized as a civil war and win it, but I'm not going to be the one to decide if, when or at all.

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  • Is the Iraqi state succeeding? I think there are some prospects for this country to be moving in the right direction. But the legacies of the past, the problems are really, really monumental... We need to deliver. Otherwise we will not be able to justify what we do in the eyes of our public. And public opinion does matter in Iraq. People speak their minds. People are engaged, are interested... Life is coming back... Every time I go out of the presidential palace in Baghdad — and I do try to go out as often as I can — I do see normalcy coming back, more and more. I do think there is a window of opportunity — it should be cherished. We’ve not had it like this for a long, long time... It’s precious, but precarious.
  • The invasion of Iraq has resulted in the almost complete annihilation of that country’sChristiancommunity, and the attempt to removeBashar Assadfrom power in Syria has seen that country’s Christians mercilessly attacked by the agents of US power, radicalIslamists.To be a Christian in the Middle East is to be in constant fear that the USA will set its sights on your country because wherever it arrives,Mujahideenare never that far away.

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  • Iraq’s prospects are looking brighter. A resurgent central government has defeatedIslamic State,thanks in part to renewed American military involvement, and has taken back lands lost to the country’sKurdistan autonomous regionsince 2003. And Iraq’s improbable political experiment has endured. In an increasingly repressive andauthoritarianpart of the world, this nation of 40 million people stands apart as a rare—though still deeply flawed—democracy. Iraq’s elected leaders insist that, despite their country’s many travails, it still has something to teach the rest of the Middle East.

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  • WHAT is Iraq, anyhow? Well, it's a lot of things, old and new. It is one of the oldest countries in the world–and one of the youngest under its present government.
  • Baghdah’s control of Iraq’s provinces is, in part, based on its custodianship of the country’spetrodollars,with theoilsector contributing up to 99 percent ofgovernment revenue.The war againstISIS,however, forced the government to divert huge sums of money to the army, as well as to the salaries of 110,000 fighters from thePopular Mobilization Forcesin November, in a bid to rein in Shia paramilitary groups. This siphoned much-needed revenue from the provinces.

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  • The problem, again, was that there weretoo manyreasons for the war. What conferred a semblance of consistency on this multitude of reasons was, of course,ideology.
  • What then, was the real reason for going to war? Strangely, there were, in effect, three: (1) a sincere ideological belief that the USA was bringing democracy and prosperity to another nation; (2) the urge brutally to assert and demonstrate unconditional US hegemony; (3) control of Iraq's oil reserves. Each of the three levels has a relative autonomy of its own, and should not be dismissed as a mere deceptive semblance.
  • In autumn 2003, when, after hundreds of investigators had searched high and low for WMDs, yet not a single one had been located, the public were posing the elementary question: 'If there are no WMDs, Why did we attack Iraq? Did you lie to us?'
  • The reason why theU.S. Governmentmust be prosecuted for itswar-crimesagainst Iraq is that they are so horrific and there are so many of them, andinternational lawcrumbles until they become prosecuted and severely punished for what they did. We therefore now have internationally a lawless world (or “World Order” ) in which “Might makes right,” and in which there is really no effectiveinternational law,at all. This is merely gangster “law,” ruling on an international level... The seriousness of this international war crime is not as severe as those of theNaziswere, but nonetheless is comparable to it... On 15 March 2018,Medea BenjaminandNicolas J.S. Daviesheadlined atAlternet,“The Staggering Death Toll in Iraq”and wrote that “our calculations, using the best information available, show a catastrophic estimate of 2.4 million Iraqi deaths since the 2003 invasion,” and linked to solid evidence, backing up their estimate.... On 6 February 2020,BusinessInsiderbannered “US taxpayers have reportedly paid an average of $8,000 each and over $2 trillion total for the Iraq war alone”, and linked to the academic analysis that supported this estimate. The U.S. regime’s invasive war, which the Bush gang perpetrated against Iraq, was also a crime against the American people (though Iraqis suffered far more from it than we did).
  • Bush’s successors have become accessories after the fact, by this failure to press for prosecution of him and his henchmen regarding this grave matter. In fact, the “Defense One” site bannered on 26 September 2018, “US Official: We May Cut Support for Iraq If New Government Seats Pro-Iran Politicians”, and opened with “TheTrump administrationmay decrease U.S. military support or other assistance to Iraq if its new government puts Iranian-aligned politicians in any ‘significant positions of responsibility,’ a senior administration official told reporters late last week.” The way that the U.S. regime has brought ‘democracy’ to Iraq is by threatening to withdraw its protection of the stooge-rulers that it had helped to place into power there, unless those stooges do the U.S. dictators’ bidding, against Iraq’s neighbor Iran. This specific American dictator,Trump,is demanding that majority-Shiite Iraq be run by stooges who favor, instead, America’sfundamentalist-Sunniallies, such as theSaud familywho ownSaudi Arabiaand who hate and loathe Shiites and Iran. The U.S. dictatorship insists that Iraq, which the U.S. conquered, serve America’s anti-Shiite and anti-Iranian policy-objectives.

In fiction

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  • Flagee:You see, Ribbon. We have to stop Iraq because they might develop weapons of mass destruction!
Ribbon:Gee whillikers. Flagee, I’m confused!
Ribbon:The Reagan/Bush administration helped Hussein plan and execute chemical weapon attacks against Iran in the '80s!
Flagee:Where did you read that leftist conspiracy madness, Ribbon?
Ribbon:The New York Times.
Flagee:Well, from now on,onlyFox Newsfor you!!

See also

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