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Working class

social class

Theworking class(alsolabouring classandproletariat) are the people employed forwages,especially inmanual-labouroccupations and in skilled, industrial work.

Capitalismis an exploitative system, asMarxhas argued so cogently, and as anyone who studies the inequalitieswithinandbetweenthe countries of the world today must see. It is thereforea priorilikely that itsideologyconceals realities that if known would make the exploited militant. ~Andrew Collier
The worker is theslaveof capitalist society, thefemale workeris the slave of that slave. ~James Connolly
There have always been poor and working classes; and the working class have mostly beenpoor.But there have not always been workers and poor people living under conditions as they are today. ~Friedrich Engels
A redistribution ofworking hoursamong currently unemployed workers (includingundocumentedandprecarious workers) so that no one is denied the essentialright to employment.~James Dennis Hoff
Notwithstanding all the differences in the aims and tasks of theRussian revolution,compared with the French revolution of 1871, the Russian proletariat had to resort to the same method of struggle as that first used by theParis Commune— civil war. ~Vladimir Lenin
The property-owning class and the class of the proletariat represent the same human self-alienation. But the former feels at home in this self-alienation and feels itself confirmed by it; it recognises alienation as its own instrument and in it it possesses the semblance of a human existence. The latter feels itself destroyed by this alienation and sees in it its own impotence and the reality of an inhuman existence. ~Karl Marx
The results were impoverishment of the masses,alienationof land, and the development of a proletariat. ~Eric Roll, Baron Roll of Ipsden
If the White Terror can only retard the historical rise of the proletariat, the Red Terror hastens the destruction of the bourgeoisie. ~Leon Trotsky
Aworker-coopbased economy—where workers democratically run enterprises, deciding what, how and where to produce, and what to do with any profits—could, and likely would, put social needs and goals (like proper preparation for pandemics) ahead of profits. ~Richard D. Wolff

Arranged alphabetically by author or source:
A·B·C·D·E·F·G·H·I·J·K·L·M·N·O·P·Q·R·S·T·U·V·W·X·Y·Z·See also·External links

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  • Workers every day face their ownpersonal crises– lack of money to pay the rent or the possibility of defaulting on their mortgage because the boss didn’t call them in for work this week, overdue utility bills that must be paid or risk being cut off,expenses for children’s education that fall due, the fear of redundancy. These are crises that are experienced personally but are really a collective crisis of everyday life for working class people. But when we ask for governments to respond, we are told that addressing these things collectively is not possible, and that this is just the way things are. But when the capitalist system goes into crisis, governments act promptly. It turns out that political decisions about the economy are possible and it is wholly possible for governments to tell the markets to go jump.
  • ¡Obrero que alzas el mundo!/¡Obrero que todo entintas!/¡Mano que empuja el futuro
    • Worker who lifts the world!/Worker who colors everything!/Hand that pushes the future
    • Canción de la verdad sencilla/Song of the Simple Truth: The Complete Poems ofJulia de Burgostranslated byJack Agüeros(1997)

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  • Capitalismis an exploitative system, asMarxhas argued so cogently, and as anyone who studies the inequalitieswithinandbetweenthe countries of the world today must see. It is thereforea priorilikely that itsideologyconceals realities that if known would make the exploited militant.
  • The working class is the victim of aconspiracyaimed at crushing them, and when there is a conspiracy to crush the working class, it’s theChurch’s duty to intervene. We value people more thancapital.
  • In the status game, then, the working-class child starts out with a handicap and, to the extent that he cares what themiddle-classpersons think of him or has internalised the dominant middle-class attitudes towardsocial class position,he may be expected to feel some 'shame'.
    • Albert K. Cohen.Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang,New York: The Free Press, 1955. p. 110

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  • Was ist der Kommunismus? Der Kommunismus ist die Lehre von den Bedingungen der Befreiung des Proletariats. Was ist das Proletariat? Das Proletariat ist diejenige Klasse der Gesellschaft, welche ihren Lebensunterhalt einzig und allein aus dem Verkauf ihrer Arbeit und nicht aus dem Profit irgendeines Kapitals zieht; deren Wohl und Wehe, deren Leben und Tod, deren ganze Existenz von der Nachfrage nach Arbeit, also von dem Wechsel der guten und schlechten Geschäftszeiten, von den Schwankungen einer zügellosen Konkurrenz abhängt.
    • What isCommunism?Communism is the doctrine of the conditions of the liberation of the proletariat. What is the proletariat? The proletariat is that class insocietywhich lives entirely from the sale of its labor and does not draw profit from any kind of capital; whose weal and woe, whose life and death, whose sole existence depends on the demand for labor – hence, on the changing state of business, on the vagaries of unbridledcompetition.
    • Friedrich Engels,Principles of Communism(1847)
  • There have always been poor and working classes; and the working class have mostly beenpoor.But there have not always been workers and poor people living under conditions as they are today.
  • The class of the wholly propertyless, who are obliged to sell their labor to thebourgeoisiein order to get, in exchange, the means of subsistence for their support. This is called the class of proletarians, or the proletariat.
  • The costs of production of labor consist ofpreciselythequantityof means of subsistence necessary to enable the worker to continue working, and to prevent the working class from dying out. The worker will therefore get no more for his labor than is necessary for this purpose; the price of labor, or thewage,will, in other words, be the lowest, the minimum, required for the maintenance of life.
  • Theslaveis sold once and for all; the proletarian must sell himself daily and hourly. The individual slave, property of one master, is assured an existence, howevermiserableit may be, because of the master’s interest. The individual proletarian, property as it were of the entire bourgeois class which buys his labor only when someone has need of it, has no secure existence. This existence is assured only to the class as a whole.... The slave is outside competition; the proletarian is in it and experiences all its vagaries.... The slave frees himself when, of all the relations ofprivate property,he abolishes only the relation of slavery and thereby becomes a proletarian; the proletarian can free himself only by abolishing private property in general.... The proletarian works with the instruments ofproductionof another, for the account of this other, in exchange for a part of the product.... The proletarianliberateshimself by abolishing competition, private property, and all class differences.
  • Themanufacturingworker almost always lives in the countryside and in a more or lesspatriarchalrelation to his landlord or employer; the proletarian lives, for the most part, in the city and his relation to his employer is purely a cash relation. The manufacturing worker is torn out of his patriarchal relation by big industry, loses whatever property he still has, and in this way becomes a proletarian.
  • Big industry has brought all the people of the Earth into contact with each other, has merged all localmarketsinto one world market, has spread civilization and progress everywhere and has thus ensured that whatever happens in civilized countries will haverepercussionsin all other countries. It follows that if the workers inEnglandorFrancenow liberate themselves, this must set offrevolutionin all other countries – revolutions which, sooner or later, must accomplish the liberation of their respective working class.
  • Everywhere the proletariat develops in step with the bourgeoisie. In proportion, as the bourgeoisie grows in wealth, the proletariat grows in numbers. For, since the proletarians can be employed only by capital, and since capital extends only through employing labor, it follows that the growth of the proletariat proceeds at precisely the same pace as the growth of capital. Simultaneously, this process draws members of the bourgeoisie and proletarians together into the great cities where industry can be carried on most profitably, and by thus throwing great masses in one spot it gives to the proletarians a consciousness of their own strength. Moreover, the further this process advances, the more new labor-saving machines are invented, the greater is the pressure exercised by big industry on wages, which, as we have seen, sink to their minimum and therewith render the condition of the proletariat increasingly unbearable. The growing dissatisfaction of the proletariat thus joins with its rising power to prepare aproletarian social revolution.
  • In all probability, the proletarian revolution will transform existing society gradually and will be able to abolish private property only when the means of production are available in sufficient quantity. What will be the course of this revolution? Above all, it will establish a democratic constitution, and through this, the direct or indirect dominance of the proletariat.
  • Democracywould be wholly valueless to the proletariat if it were not immediately used as a means for putting through measures directed against private property and ensuring the livelihood of the proletariat.
  • Once the first radical attack on private property has been launched, the proletariat will find itself forced to go ever further, to concentrate increasingly in the hands of the state all capital, all agriculture, all transport, all trade. All the foregoing measures are directed to this end; and they will become practicable and feasible, capable of producing their centralizing effects to precisely the degree that the proletariat, through its labor, multiplies the country’sproductive forces.
  • How do you think the transition from the present situation to community of Property is to be effected?
    The first, fundamental condition for the introduction of community of property is the political liberation of the proletariat through a democratic constitution.
  • The continual subjugation of the masses depends on competition and internal disunity. As long asdiscriminationexists, and racial or ethnicminoritiesareoppressed,the entire working class is oppressed and weakened. This is so because theCapitalist classis able to useracismto drive down thewagesof individual segments of the working class by inciting racial antagonism and forcing a fight for jobs and services. This division is a development that ultimately undercuts the living standards of all workers. Moreover, by pittingwhitesagainstBlacksand other oppressed nationalities, the Capitalist class is able to prevent workers from uniting against their common class enemy. As long as workers are fighting each other, Capitalist class rule is secure.

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  • The sex life of the working class is nasty, brutish and short. Every survey of behaviour, whether it's sexual offences or marital behaviour or premarital behaviour shows that. I had a dear friend who used to say 'tell me how a man makes love and I'll tell you how he votes', and that is absolutely justified in terms of what we know about class attitude and conduct in sexual matters.
    • Beatrice Faust,in Olle, Andrew 1992, "Interview with Richard Walsh and Beatrice Faust",Radio

2BL,14 May; as quoted inSexual Offenders and Pornography: A Causal Connection?,by Marlene Goldsmith: Chairman Legislative Council Standing Committee on Social Issues Parliament of New South Wales.

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  • Globalcapitalistshave turned back the clock to the early days of theIndustrial Revolution.The working class is increasingly bereft of rights, blocked from formingunions,paid starvation wages, subject to wage theft, under constantsurveillance,fired for minor infractions, exposed to dangerous carcinogens, forced to work overtime, given punishing quotas and abandoned when they are sick and old. Workers have become, here and abroad, disposable cogs to corporate oligarchs, who wallow in obscene personal wealth that dwarfs the worst excesses of theRobber Barons.
  • Amazonworkers, like many American workers, endure appalling work conditions. They are forced to work compulsory 12-hour shifts. They are denied bathroom breaks, often urinating into bottles. They endure stifling temperatures inside the warehouse in the summer. They must scan a new item every 11 seconds to hit their quota. The company knows immediately when they fall behind. Fail to meet the quota and you are fired.
  • But the rise of capitalism also depended on something else.It needed labour. Lots of it, and cheap.Enclosuresolved this problem too. With subsistence economies destroyed and commons fenced off, people had no choice but to sell their labour for wages - not to earn a bit of extra income, as under the previous regime, nor to satisfy the demands of a lord, as under serfdom, butsimply in order to survive.They became, in a word, proletarians.
    • Jason Hickel,Less is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World(2021), p. 47
  • When times are good, capital can extract huge profits from labor with little risk. For instance, after the last economic crisis, theS&P 500(thanks in large part togovernment bailouts) not only managed to recover all of its losses by 2013, it then proceeded to almost double its value in the seven years that followed — an average rate of growth equal to about 14 percent per year. By contrast, average hourly wages for working people,which roseless than three percent per year for most of that same period, recovered much more slowly, and many workers actually saw theirwagesfall or remain flat when adjusted forinflation.When times are bad, however, in moments of crisis, whenprofitsare low, or when there is little or nodemand— such as we are seeing in many industries today — corporations and companies can protect themselves and theirmarket valueby simply letting workers go. Workers, on the other hand usually must continue to pay for food, rent,healthcare,and basic utilities in order to survive. As a consequence, while capital can often weather the storm of such economic crises, they can severely weaken the power of the working class by creating whatMarxcalled a vastreserve army of labor.And sinceunemployment insurancecompensations are rarely available to all and always only for a short period of time, workers — whether laid off or only threatened with the prospect of layoffs—will eventually be pressured to work much harder for less wages. And this is precisely why the future of worker’s power depends on how we respond to this crisis now.

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  • The working class and the employing class have nothing in common. There can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of the working people and the few, who make up the employing class, have all the good things of life. Between these two classes a struggle must go on until the workers of the world organize as a class, take possession of the means of production, abolish thewagesystem, and live in harmony with the Earth.

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  • Notwithstanding all the differences in the aims and tasks of theRussian revolution,compared with theFrench revolution of 1871,the Russian proletariat had to resort to the same method of struggle as that first used by theParis Commune— civil war.Mindful of the lessons of the Commune, it knew that the proletariat should not ignore peaceful methods of struggle — they serve its ordinary, day-to-day interests, they are necessary in periods of preparation for revolution — but it must never forget that in certain conditions theclass struggleassumes the form of armed conflict and civil war; there are times when the interests of the proletariat call for ruthless extermination of its enemies in open armed clashes.
  • When we are reproached with having established a dictatorship of one partyand, as you have heard, a united socialist front is proposed, we say, "Yes, it is adictatorshipof one party! This is what we stand for and we shall not shift from that position because it is the party that has won, in the course of decades, the position of vanguard of the entire factory and industrial proletariat. This party had won that position even before therevolution of 1905.It is the party that was at the head of the workers in 1905 and which since then — even at the time of the reaction after 1905 when the working-class movement was rehabilitated with such difficulty under theStolypinDuma— merged with the working class and it alone could lead that class to a profound, fundamental change in the old society.
  • Keep you doped with religion, and sex, and T.V. And you think you're so clever and classless and free. But you're still fucking peasants as far as I can see.

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  • Theacademynow boasts specialists by thousands in Asian studies, GLT studies, Latino/a studies, Native American studies, and multicultural studies, but barely a handful in proletarian studies. It still hasn't found a way to become serious aboutclass.
    • Julian Markels,From Buchenwald to Havana,p. 104
  • The property-owning class and the class of the proletariat represent the same human self-alienation. But the former feels at home in this self-alienation and feels itself confirmed by it; it recognises alienation as its own instrument and in it it possesses the semblance of a human existence. The latter feels itself destroyed by this alienation and sees in it its own impotence and the reality of an inhuman existence.

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  • Marxism is the capitalism of the working class.

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  • The bourgeoisie today is a falling class... by its imperialist methods of appropriation [it] is destroying the economic structure of the world and human culture generally. Nevertheless, the historical persistence of the bourgeoisie is colossal. It holds to power, and does not wish to abandon it. Thereby it threatens to drag after it into the abyss the whole of society. We are forced to tear it off, to chop it away. TheRed Terroris a weapon utilized against a class, doomed to destruction, which does not wish to perish. If the White Terror can only retard the historical rise of the proletariat, the Red Terror hastens the destruction of the bourgeoisie.
    • Leon Trotsky,Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky(1920; 1975), p. 83

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  • For most workers the transition tosocialismheld out considerably fewer rewards. Though everyone appreciated job security and a steadyincome—especially those who had experienced the 1930s—living conditions were still poor and the shortages ofconsumer goodsand sometimes even food clashed with socialist ideals of plenty. Even worse was the lack of working-class autonomy. All overeastern Europeworkers had tasted influence and power of their own in the immediatepostwar years.In some areas factory councils had taken over the running of plants or negotiated deals with the owners. By the late 1940sCommunisttrade unionscame in and took over workers’ organizations, and officials appointed by the authorities were the new bosses. They setproductionquotas after instructions from above, and workers had little influence on their daily existence. Workers protested everywhere, with some condemning the Communists asNazisin disguise. Gradually, in the post-Stalinera the authorities tried to buy off workers’ protests through accepting lower levels ofproductivityand increasing subsidies onfoodandrent.
    • Odd Arne Westad,The Cold War: A World History(2017)
  • Aworker-coopbased economy—where workers democratically run enterprises, deciding what, how and where to produce, and what to do with any profits—could, and likely would, put social needs and goals (like proper preparation for pandemics) ahead of profits. Workers are the majority in all capitalist societies; their interests are those of the majority. Employers are always a small minority; theirs are the "special interests" of that minority. Capitalism gives that minority the position, profits and power to determine how the society as a whole lives or dies. That's why all employees now wonder and worry about how long our jobs, incomes, homes and bank accounts will last—if we still have them. A minority (employers) decides all those questions and excludes the majority (employees) from making those decisions, even though that majority must live with their results.

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