Averroes

ʾAbū l-Walīd Muḥammad bin ʾAḥmad bin Rušd(14 April1126–10 December1198), known asIbn Rushd,LatinizedAverroës,was an Andalusian Muslimpolymath,a great master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence,logic,psychology,politicsand Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine,astronomy,geography,mathematics,physicsand celestial mechanics.

Philosophersdo not claim thatGoddoes notknowparticulars; they rather claim that He does not know them the wayhumansdo. God knows particulars as their Creator whereas humans know them as a privileged creations of God might know them.

Quotes

Knowledgeis the conformity of the object and the intellect.

Thenecessaryconnexion of movement andtimeisrealand time is something thesoul(dhihn) constructs in movement.

• There is nocitythat is truly one other than this city that we [anahnti] are involved in bringing forth.
  • Averroes, Ralph Lerner (1974)Averroes On Plato's Republic.p. xxiv

• [In the introduction to his Middle Commentary onAristotle's Topics, Averroes said] This art has three parts. The first part sets forth the speeches from which dialectical conversation is composed — i.e., its parts, and the parts of its parts on to its simplest components. This part is found in the first treatise on Aristotle's book.
  The second part sets forth the topics from which syllogisms are drawn — syllogisms for affirming something or denying it with respect to every kind of problem occurring in this art. This is the next six treatises of Aristotle's book
  The third part set forth how The third part sets forth how the questioner ought to question and the answerer answer. It also sets forth how many kinds of questions and answers there are. This is in the eighth treatise of Aristotle's book. "
  • Averroës, Charles Edwin Butterworth (1977)Averroës' Three Short Commentaries on Aristotle's "Topics,".p. 92

• Knowledgeis the conformity of the object and the intellect.
  • Attributed to Averroes, in: John Bartlett (1968)Familiar Quotations.p. 155

• Thenecessaryconnexion of movement and time is real and time is something the soul (dhihn) constructs in movement.
  • As cited in "Being and Language in Averroes' “Tahafut At-Tahafut”(2003) by Massimo Campanini

• Philosophersdo not claim thatGoddoes not knowparticulars;they rather claim that He does not know them the way humans do. God knows particulars as their Creator whereas humans know them as a privileged creations of God might know them.
  • Attributed to Averroes inVoices of Islam: Voices of change(2007) by Vincent J. Cornell, p. 35

On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy

On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophyby Ibn Rushd, translated by Mohammed Jamil-al-Rahman (1921)

• The Law teaches that theuniversewas invented and created byGod,and that it did not come into being bychanceor by itself.
  • Part 1: The Creation of the Universe; Opening sentence

• On the whole, a man who denies the existence of the effects arranged according to the causes in the question ofarts,or whosewisdomcannot understand it, then he has no knowledge of the art of its Maker.

• It is quite clear to you that all the people see that lower kinds of creation could have been made in a different way from that in which they really are, and as they see this lower degree in many things they think that they must have been made bychance.

• If we admit the existence of thepropheticmission, by putting theideaof possibility, which is in factignorance,in place ofcertainty,and make miracles aproofof thetruthof man who claims to be a prophet it becomesnecessarythat they should not be used by a person, who says that they can be performed by others than prophets, as theMutakallimundo.
  • Part 2: The Advent of the Prophets; Opening sentence

• This is one of the most intricate problems ofreligion.For if you look into the traditional arguments (Hadith) about this problem you will find them contradictory; such also being the case with arguments ofreason.The contradiction in the arguments of the first kind is found in theQur'anand the Hadith.
  • Part 3: Of Fate And Predestination; Opening sentence

• TheAshariteshave expressed a very peculiar opinion, both with regard to reason and religion; about this problem they have explained it in a way in which religion has not, but have adopted quite an opposite method.
  • Part 4: Divine Justice and Injustice; Opening sentence

• Come theDay of Judgment,some believe that the body will be different from our present body. This is only transient, that will beeternal.For this also there are religious arguments.
  • Pat 5: The Day of Judgment; Opening sentence

The Decisive Treatise

Source:The Decisive Treatise, Determining the Nature of the Connection between Religion and Philosophyby Averroes (Ibn Rushd) Ibn Rushd (1126–98) (online).

• Praise be to God with all due praise, and a prayer for Muhammad His chosen servant and apostle. The purpose of this treatise is to examine, from the standpoint of the study of the Law, whether the study of philosophy and logic is allowed by the Law, or prohibited, or commanded either by way of recommendation or as obligatory.
  • Introduction

• Ifteleological studyof the world isphilosophy,and if the Law commands such a study, then the Law commands philosophy.
  • FM 44 as cited in: Oliver Leaman (2002)An Introduction to Classical Islamic Philosophy,p. 179

• To master this instrument the religious thinker must make a preliminary study of logic, just as the lawyer must study legal reasoning. This is no more heretical in the one case than in the other. And logic must be learned from the ancient masters, regardless of the fact that they were not Muslims.
  • In: Jon McGinnis, David C. Reisman (2007)Classical Arabic Philosophy: An Anthology of Sources.p. 310

• Afterlogicwe must proceed tophilosophyproper. Here too we have to learn from our predecessors, just as in mathematics and law. Thus it is wrong to forbid the study of ancient philosophy. Harm from it is accidental, like harm from taking medicine, drinking water, or studying law.
  • Ch 1.9

• The double meaning has been given to suit people's diverse intelligence. The apparent contradictions are meant to stimulate the learned to deeper study.
  • Ch 2

• The texts about the future life fall into, since demonstrative scholars do not agree whether to take them in their apparent meaning or interpret them allegorically. Either is permissible. But it is inexcusable to deny the fact of a future life altogether.
  • Ch 2. 44

Quotes about Averroes

• We speak of the matter [of this science] in the sense of its being what the science is about. This is called by some the subject of the science, but more properly it should be called its object, just as we say of a virtue that what it is about is its object, not its subject. As for the object of the science in this sense, we have indicated above that this science is about the transcendentals. And it was shown to be about the highest causes. But there are various opinions about which of these ought to be considered its proper object or subject. Therefore, we inquire about the first. Is the proper subject of metaphysics being as being, asAvicennaclaims, or God and the Intelligences, as the Commentator, Averroes, assumes.
  • Duns Scotus(1266–1308)Quaestiones subtilissimae de metaphysicam Aristotelis,as translated in: William A. Frank, Allan Bernard Wolter (1995)Duns Scotus, metaphysician.p. 20-21

External links

• DARE,the Digital Averroes Research Environment, an ongoing effort to collect digital images of all Averroes manuscripts and full texts of all three language traditions.
• Averroes,Islamic Philosophy Online (links to works by and about Averroes in several languages)