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William Jennings Bryan

American politician (1860–1925)

William Jennings Bryan(19 March1860–26 July1925) was an American lawyer, statesman, and politician. He was a three-timeDemocratic Partynominee forPresident of the United States,and famously supportedTennessee'sButler Actagainst the teaching ofevolutionat theScopes Trialof 1925.

The humblestcitizenin all the land, when clad in the armor of arighteouscause, isstrongerthan all the hosts oferror.

Quotes

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Patriotismcalls for thefaithfulandconscientiousperformance of all of thedutiesofcitizenship,in small matters as well as great, at home as well as upon the tented field.
You cannotjudgea man'slifeby thesuccessof amoment,by thevictoryof an hour, or even by the results of a year. You must view his life as awhole.
Destinyis not a matter ofchance;it is a matter ofchoice.It is not a thing to be waited for; it is a thing to beachieved.
Plutocracyis abhorrent to a republic; it is more despotic thanmonarchy,more heartless than aristocracy, moreselfishthan bureaucracy. It preys upon the nation in time ofpeaceand conspires against it in the hour of its calamity.
  • Successis brought by continued labor and continued watchfulness. We must struggle on, not for one moment hesitate, nor take one backward step.
  • A man who murders another shortens by a few brief years the life of a human being; but he who votes to increase the burden of debts upon the people of the United States assumes a graver responsibility.
  • Next to the ministry I know of no more noble profession than the law. The object aimed at isjustice,equal and exact, and if it does not reach that end at once it is because the stream is diverted by selfishness or checked by ignorance. Its principles ennoble and its practice elevates.
  • You cannot judge a man's life by the success of a moment, by the victory of an hour, or even by the results of a year. You must view his life as a whole.You must stand where you can see the man as he treads the entire path that leads from the cradle to the grave — now crossing the plain, now climbing the steeps, now passing through pleasant fields, now wending his way with difficulty between rugged rocks — tempted, tried, tested, triumphant.
    • "The Law and the Gospel" (1896)
  • Destiny is not a matter of chance; it is a matter of choice. It is not a thing to be waited for; it is a thing to be achieved.
    • "America's Mission", speech delivered by the leader of the Democratic Party at the Washington Day banquet given by the Virginia Democratic Association at Washington, D.C., (22 February 1899), as published inThe Book of Public Speaking(Vol. 2)
  • And who can suffer injury by justtaxation,impartial laws and the application of theJeffersoniandoctrine of equal rights to all and special privileges to none? Only those whose accumulations are stained with dishonesty and whose immoral methods have given them a distorted view of business, society and government. Accumulating by conscious frauds more money than they can use upon themselves, wisely distribute or safely leave to their children,these denounce as public enemies all who question their methods or throw a light upon their crimes.
    Plutocracyis abhorrent to arepublic;it is more despotic thanmonarchy,more heartless thanaristocracy,more selfish thanbureaucracy.It preys upon the nation in time of peace and conspires against it in the hour of its calamity.Conscienceless, compassionless and devoid of wisdom, it enervates its votaries while it impoverishes its victims. It is already sapping the strength of the nation, vulgarizing social life and making a mockery of morals. The time is ripe for the overthrow of this giant wrong. In the name of the counting-rooms which it has denied; in the name of business honor which it has polluted; in the name of the home which it has despoiled; in the name of religion which it has disgraced; in the name of the people whom it has opprest, let us make our appeal to the awakened conscience of the nation.
  • Why, these men would destroythe Bibleon evidence that would not convict a habitual criminal of a misdemeanor. They found a tooth in a sand pit inNebraskawith no otherbonesabout it, and from that one tooth decided that it was the remains of the missing link. They have queer ideas about age too. They find afossiland when they are asked how old it is they say they can't tell without knowing what rock it was in, and when they are asked how old the rock is they say they can't tell unless they know how old the fossil is.
    • As quoted in "Osborn States the Case For Evolution", inThe New York Times(12 Jul 1925), p. XX1; the tooth was misidentified as anthropoid by Osborn, who over-zealously proposed Nebraska Man in 1922; the tooth was shortly thereafter found to be that of a peccary (a Pliocene pig) when further bones were found. A retraction was made in 1927, correcting the scientific blunder.

Address at Illinois College (1881)

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Characteris theentity,theindividualityof theperson,shining from every window of thesoul,either as a beam ofpurity,or as a clouded ray that betrays the impurity within.
Illinois College Graduating Oration(1881)
  • Appearancetoo often takes the place ofreality— the stamp of the coin is there, and the glitter of thegold,but, after all, it is but a worthless wash.Sham is carried into every department of life, and we are being corrupted by show and surface. We are too apt to judge people by what they have, rather than by what they are; we have too fewHamletswho are bold enough to proclaim, "I know not seem!"
  • If we delight in gossip, and are not content unless each neighbor is laid upon the dissecting table, we form a character unenviable indeed, and must be willing to bear the contempt of all the truly good, while we roll our bit of scandal as a sweet morsel under the tongue.
  • But if each day we gather some new truths, plant ourselves more firmly upon principles which are eternal, guard every thought and action, that it may be pure, and conform our lives more nearly to that Perfect Model, we shall form a character that will be a fit background on which to paint the noblest deeds and the grandest intellectual and moral achievements; a character that cannot be concealed, but which will bring success in this life and form the best preparation for that which is beyond.
  • Characteris theentity,theindividualityof theperson,shining from every window of thesoul,either as a beam ofpurity,or as a clouded ray that betrays the impurity within.The contest betweenlightanddarkness,rightandwrong,goes on; day by day, hour by hour,momentby moment, our characters are being formed, and this is the all-important question which comes to us in accents ever growing fainter as we journey from the cradle to the grave, "Shall those characters be good or bad?"

Cross of Gold Speech(1896)

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You shall not press down upon the brow oflaborthis crown of thorns, you shall not crucifymankindupon a cross ofgold.
Speech at the Democratic National Convention, Chicago, Illinois (9 July 1896)
  • This is not a contest between persons. The humblest citizen in all the land, when clad in the armor of a righteous cause, is stronger than all the hosts of error.I come to speak to you in defence of a cause as holy as the cause of liberty—the cause of humanity.
  • We object to bringing this question down to the level of persons. The individual is but an atom; he is born, he acts, he dies; but principles are eternal; and this has been a contest over a principle.
  • There are two ideas of government.There are those who believe that, if you will only legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea, however, has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find its way up through every class which rests up on them.
  • You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard; we reply that the great cities rest upon our broad and fertile prairies. Burn down your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic; but destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country.
  • If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them:You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.

The Old World and its Ways (1904)

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  • “Great Britain has recently experienced one of the greatest political revolutions she has ever known. The conservative party, with Mr. Balfour, one of the ablest of modern scholars, at its head, and with Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, a powerful orator and a forceful political leader, as its most conspicuous champion, had won a sweeping victory after the Boer war, and this victory, following a long lease of power, led the Conservatives to believe themselves invincible. They assumed, as parties made confident by success often do, that they are indispensable to the nation and paid but little attention to the warnings and threats of the Liberals. One mistake after another, however, alienated the voters and the special elections two years ago began to show a falling off in the Conservative strength, and when the general election was held last fall the Liberals rolled up a majority of something like two hundred in the House of Commons. A new ministry was formed from among the ablest men of the party — a ministry of radical and progressive men seldom equaled in moral purpose and intellectual strength."
    • The Old World and its Ways By Bryan, William Jennings (1904), P.435: This excerpt from the aforementioned study is Bryan's reflection on the coming to power of theLiberal government, 1905–1915in the United Kingdom following the UK General Election of 1904.
  • "Industrial questions are being given consideration in Sweden; laws concerning child labor have been enacted, accident insurance has been provided, and an old age pension is being discussed. Attention is also being given to the housing problem in the cities, to farm allotments and to the establishment of labor bureaus and boards of arbitration. The Gothenburg license system is in operation in Sweden, under which the sale of liquor, where the sale is not entirely prohibited, is in the hands of semi-official corporations. Whether this system is responsible for it or not may be open to question, but statistics show that there has been a large decrease in the sale of beverages containing a high percentage of alcohol."
    • The Old World and its Ways By Bryan, William Jennings (1904), P.424: This excerpt from the aforementioned study is Bryan's reflection on social developments in Sweden at that time.
  • "Those who believe that the right is sure of ultimate triumph will watch the struggle in Germany and profit by the lessons taught. I am inclined to believe that political considerations are so mingled with economic theories that it is difficult as yet to know just what proportion of the three million socialist voters believe in" the government ownership and operation of all the means of production and distribution. "The old age pension act was given as a sop to the socialists, but it strengthened rather than weakened their contentions and their party. It remains to be seen whether the new concessions which they seem likely to secure will still further augment their strength. The Germans are a studious and a thoughtful people and just now they are absorbed in the consideration of the aims and methods of the socialist movement (mingled with a greater or less amount of governmental reform), and the world awaits their verdict with deep interest."
    • The Old World and its Ways By Bryan, William Jennings (1904), P.541: This excerpt from the aforementioned study is Bryan's reflection on socialism in Germany at that time.

God and Evolution (1922)

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Sciencehas made war sohellishthatcivilizationwas about to commitsuicide;and now we are told that newly discovered instruments ofdestructionwill make thecrueltiesofthe late warseem trivial in comparison with the cruelties of wars that may come in thefuture.
"God and Evolution", inThe New York Times(26 Feb 1922), p, 84; rebuttals byHenry Fairfield Osbornand Edwin Grant Conklin were printed a few days later.
  • The first objection toDarwinismis that it is only a guess and was never anything more. It is called a “hypothesis,” but the word “hypothesis,” though euphonioous, dignified and high-sounding, is merely a scientific synonym for the old-fashioned word “guess.” If Darwin had advanced his views as a guess they would not have survived for a year, but they have floated for half a century, buoyed up by the inflated word “hypothesis.” When it is understood that “hypothesis” means “guess,” people will inspect it more carefully before accepting it.
  • The only part of evolution in which any considerable interest is felt is evolution applied to man. A hypothesis in regard to the rocks and plant life does not affect the philosophy upon which one's life is built. Evolution applied to fish, birds and beasts would not materially affect man's view of his own responsibilities except as the acceptance of an unsupported hypothesis as to these would be used to support a similar hypothesis as to man. The evolution that is harmful— distinctly so — is the evolution that destroys man’s family tree as taught by the Bible and makes him a descendant of the lower forms of life. This… is a very vital matter.
  • The real question is, Did God useevolutionas His plan? If it could be shown that man, instead of being made in the image of God, is a development of beasts we would have to accept it, regardless of its effort, for truth is truth and must prevail. But when there is no proof we have a right to consider the effect of the acceptance of an unsupported hypothesis.

Scopes Trial (1925)

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Statements of Bryan from theScopes Trial(10 - 21 July 1925)
  • I have been so satisfied with theChristianreligion that I have spent no time trying to find arguments against it.… I am not afraid now that you will show me any. I feel that I have enough information to live and die by.
  • If they believe it, they go back to scoff at the religion of their parents.
    • Onevolution,in transcript of the fifth day's proceedings (16 Jul 1925) inThe World's Most Famous Court Trial: Tennessee Evolution Case: a Complete Stenographic Report of the Famous Court Test of the Tennessee Anti-Evolution Act, at Dayton, July 10 to 21, 1925, Including Speeches and Arguments of Attorneys(1925), by John Thomas Scopes, p. 175

Day 7

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Quotes of Bryan fromDay 7of the trial
  • I can make affirmation; I can say "So help me God, I will tell the truth."
  • I have studied the Bible for about 50 years, or sometime more than that, but, of course, I have studied it more as I have become older than when I was but a boy.… I believe everything in the Bible should be accepted as it is given there: some of the Bible is given illustratively. For instance: "Ye are the salt of the earth." I would not insist that man was actually salt, or that he had flesh of salt, but it is used in the sense of salt as saving God's people.
  • When I read that a "big fish" swallowed Jonah — it does not say whale. That is my recollection of it. A big fish, and I believe it, and I believe in a God who can make a whale and can make a man and make both what He pleases.… One miracle is just as easy to believe as another.… It is hard to believe for you, but easy for me. A miracle is a thing performed beyond what man can perform. When you get within the realm of miracles; and it is just as easy to believe the miracle of Jonah as any other miracle in the Bible.
  • These gentlemen have not had much chance — they did not come here to try this case. They came here to try revealed religion. I am here to defend it and they can ask me any question they please.
  • The reason I am answering is not for the benefit of the superior court. It is to keep these gentlemen from saying I was afraid to meet them and let them question me, and I want the Christian world to know that any atheist, agnostic, unbeliever, can question me anytime as to my belief in God, and I will answer him.… Your honor, they have not asked a question legally and the only reason they have asked any question is for the purpose, as the question about Jonah was asked, for a chance to give this agnostic an opportunity to criticize a believer in the world of God; and I answered the question in order to shut his mouth so that he cannot go out and tell his atheistic friends that I would not answer his questions. That is the only reason, no more reason in the world.
  • If you will take the second chapter — let me have the book. [Reaches for a Bible.] The fourth verse of the second chapter says: "These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth, when they were created in the day that the Lord God made the earth and the heavens," the word day there in the very next chapter is used to describe a period. I do not see that there is any necessity for construing the words, "the evening and the morning," as meaning necessarily a 24-hour day, "in the day when the Lord made the heaven and the earth."… I think it would be just as easy for the kind of God we believe in to make the earth in six days as in six years or in 6 million years or in 600 million years. I do not think it important whether we believe one or the other.… My impression is they were periods, but I would not attempt to argue against anybody who wanted to believe in literal days.
  • Your Honor, I think I can shorten this testimony. The only purpose Mr. Darrow has is to slur at the Bible, but I will answer his question. I will answer it all at once, and I have no objection in the world. I want the world to know that this man, who does not believe in a God, is trying to use a court in Tennessee to slur at it, and while it will require time, I am willing to take it.

Summations

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  • Science is a magnificent force, but it is not a teacher of morals. It can perfect machinery, but it adds no moral restraints to protect society from the misuse of the machine. It can also build gigantic intellectual ships, but it constructs no moral rudders for the control of storm tossed human vessel. It not only fails to supply the spiritual element needed but some of its unproven hypotheses rob the ship of its compass and thus endangers its cargo.
  • In war, science has proven itself an evil genius; it has made war more terrible than it ever was before. Man used to be content to slaughter his fellowmen on a single plane — the earth's surface. Science has taught him to go down into the water and shoot up from below and to go up into the clouds and shoot down from above, thus making the battlefield three times a bloody as it was before; but science does not teach brotherly love. Science has made war so hellish that civilization was about to commit suicide; and now we are told that newly discovered instruments of destruction will make the cruelties of the late war seem trivial in comparison with the cruelties of wars that may come in the future.
    • Summation

Quotes about Bryan

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Bryan was anything but the bumpkin he is made out to be in common accounts of theScopes trial.~James Robert Brown
Unfortunately for the Republicans, William Jennings Bryan was a great orator and took the early lead in the public's eye. ~ Peter Krass
The whole of hispoliticalphilosophymay be reduced to two propositions, neither of which istrue.The first is the proposition that the commonpeoplearewiseandhonest,and the second is the proposition that all persons who refuse tobelieveit arescoundrels.~H.L. Mencken
Sorted Alpha betically by author or source
  • The nomination of Mr. Bryan by the Democrats and his endorsement by the majority of thePopulistsmade a strong appeal to the labor vote. In that campaign the Democrats vigorously denounced "capitalism and the money power," and arrayed the masses against the classes. They proposed income taxes on the rich, free silver or an abundance of money in circulation, limitation of injunctions, and other measures which proved attractive to trade unionists in their struggle against powerful employers of labor, and especially against the great trusts with which they had found themselves unable to cope on equal terms.
  • History had been unkind to William Jennings Bryan, characterizing him as a Bible-thumping buffoon. Bryan was anything but the bumpkin he is made out to be in common accounts of the Scopes trial.…William Jennings Bryan was a great American hero, someone in whom people on theLeftcan take a sympathetic interest. A century ago, he was a leading populistpolitician…He was a strong opponent of the runawaycapitalismof his day and fought hard and effectively for progressive social change, including votes for women, progressive income tax, and for getting the United States off thegold standard,which was a terrible burden on theAmerican working class.
  • The impassioned plea of Bryan in 1896 that labor be not "crucified upon a cross of gold" could not be wholly ridiculed to silence. The Populist movement which swept over the West andSouth,I began now to believe, was a third party movement of deep significance and it was kept from political power on the one hand by the establishedelection fraudsof the South, of which I knew, and by the fabulous election fund which madeMcKinleyPresident of the United States.
    • The Autobiography ofW.E.B. Du Bois:A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last Decade of Its First Century(1968)
  • The free-silver campaign was at its height. The proposition for the free coinage of silver at the ratio with gold of sixteen to one had become a national issue almost overnight. It gained in strength by the sudden ascendancy of William Jennings Bryan, who had stampeded the Democratic Convention by an eloquent speech and the catch phrase: "You shall not press down upon the brow of labour the crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon the cross of gold." [...] I could not share the enthusiasm for Bryan, partly because I did not believe in the political machine as a means of bringing about fundamental changes, and also because there was something weak and superficial about Bryan. I had a feeling that his main aim was to get into the White House rather than "strike off the chains" from the people. I resolved to steer clear of him. I sensed his lack of sincerity and I did not trust him.
  • Democrats, strong in thecottonregion, generally agreed ona low-tariff policybut on little else. Hard-money‘‘Bourbon’’ Democratsin theGrover Clevelandmold clashed withinflationistswhose perennial champion was William Jennings Bryan, ‘‘Boy Orator of the Platte,’’ the ‘‘Great Commoner’’ whose affected rusticity symbolized the economic and cultural gulf that separatedMain StreetfromWall Street.Self-made men likeJames Michael CurleyofBostonorAl SmithandRobert WagnerofNew York,champions of labor who had scrambled up out of immigrant ghettoes like Roxbury or Hell’s Kitchen, sat uneasily in party councils with cotton-South barons likeMississippi’s SenatorPat Harrisonor ruralTexanslikeJohn Nance Garner,men who saw in cheap, nonunion labor their region’s major economic resource. Cerebral reformers likeHarvardlaw professorFelix Frankfurterbarely coexisted in the same party with antic populistdemagogueslikeLouisiana’sHuey Long.Cultural differences, too, cleaved the party along the lines that separatedCatholicsandJewsfrom old-stockProtestants,divided anti-Prohibition‘‘wets’’ fromfundamentalist‘‘drys,’’ and distanced urban immigrants from ruralKlansmen.These conflicting forces had locked in such irreconcilable conflict at the Democrats’ presidential nominating convention of 1924 in New York that only after 103 ballots did the weary and sweltering delegates settle on a compromise ticket. It had corporation lawyerJohn W. Davisat its head and Nebraska governorCharles W. Bryan,brother of the Great Commoner, in the vice-presidential slot. Davis’s crushing defeat byCalvin Coolidgeseemed to confirm the suspicions of many pundits that the roiling, fractionated mob known as the Democratic Party could never be fashioned into a coherent instrument of governance. ‘‘I don’t belong to an organized political party,’’ quipped America’s favorite humorist,Will Rogers.‘‘I’m a Democrat.’’
  • Unfortunately for the Republicans, William Jennings Bryan was a great orator and took the early lead in the public's eye. Bryan, flashing steel-blue eyes and well-kept teeth, vowed to fight the money kings of Wall Street and wholly supported unlimited coinage of silver.
    • Peter Krass, inCarnegie(2011), Ch. 24: Illegal Rebates and a Fight with Rockefeller
  • Bryan's contribution to his age was primarily his belief in the inherent dignity of the common man. Brought up in the tradition of Jefferson and Jackson, The Peerless Leader opposed the trespassing upon individual freedom either by socialism or by corporate aggrandizement. The modern equivalent of The Commoner's jousts would lie in the saving to the individual of a degree of control in his own destiny and personality amid the complications of a machine era. There is no paint box of present day colors to create again that figure of purple and silver. His principles are everlasting, and to that extent an- other may come to be called a Great Commoner. But as a human being, as an individual, he was alone of his kind. The label that his early followers gave him suggests this. What a wealth of adoration, of personality, and of the singular timbre of his times is wrapped up in his title "The Peerless Leader." In millions of homes throughout the nation he was a hope, a defender, and a personal godfather. The backlog of his strength in the myriad battles which he engaged upon was his devotion to his people and theirs to him.
    • J.C. Long inBryan, the Great Commoner(1928), p. 403
  • As for William Jennings Bryan, of whom so much piffle, pro and con, has been written, the whole of his political philosophy may be reduced to two propositions, neither of which is true. The first is the proposition that the common people are wise and honest, and the second is the proposition that all persons who refuse to believe it are scoundrels. Take away the two, and all that would remain of Jennings would be a somewhat greasy bald-headed man with his mouth open.
  • Bryan was a vulgar and common man, a cad undiluted. He was ignorant, bigoted, self-seeking, blatant and dishonest. His career brought him into contact with the first men of his time; he preferred the company of rustic ignoramuses.… Imagine a gentleman, and you have imagined everything that he was not.
    • H. L. Mencken,in a memorial in the BaltimoreEvening Sun(27 July 1925)
  • He leads a new crusade, his bald head glistening... One somehow pities him, despite his so palpable imbecilities... But let no one, laughing at him, underestimate the magic that lies in his black, malignant eye, his frayed but still eloquent voice. He can shake and inflame these poor ignoramuses as no other man among us...
    • H. L. Mencken,inH.L. Mencken on Religion(2002) edited by S.T. Joshi, p. 18
  • Called by his admirers theGreat Commoner,William Jennings Bryan was a tireless defender of the poor against the rich and a prophet of reform and humanitarianism.Without a doubt he was the voice of the Democratic party at the turn of the century, and his style and dedication kept him at center stage for thirty-five years of turbulent American politics.
    • Steven O'Brien, Paula McGuire, James M. McPherson and Gary Gerstle inAmerican Political Leaders: From Colonial Times to the Present(1991), p. 49
  • The Earth Speaks, clearly, distinctly, and, in many of the realms of Nature, loudly, to William Jennings Bryan, but he fails to hear a single sound. The earth speaks from the remotest periods in its wonderful life history in the Archaeozoic Age, when it reveals only a few tissues of its primitive plants. Fifty million years ago it begins to speak as “the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creatures that hath life.” In successive eons of time the various kinds of animals leave their remains in the rocks which compose the deeper layers of the earth, and when the rocks are laid bare by wind, frost, and storm we find wondrous lines of ascent invariably following the principles of creative evolution, whereby the simpler and more lowly forms always precede the higher and more specialized forms.
    The earth speaks not of a succession of distinct creations but of a continuous ascent, in which, as the millions of years roll by, increasing perfection of structure and beauty of form are found; out of the water-breathing fish arises the air-breathing amphibian; out of the land-living amphibian arises the land-living, air-breathing reptile, these two kinds of creeping things resembling each other closely. The earth speaks loudly and clearly of the ascent of the bird from one kind of reptile and of the mammal from another kind of reptile.
    This is not perhaps the way Bryan would have made the animals, but this is the way God made them!
    • Henry Fairfield Osborn,inThe Earth Speaks to Bryan(1925), p. 5; written in response to the Scopes Monkey Trial, where Bryan spoke against the theory of evolution. They had previously been engaged in the controversy about the theory for several years. The title refers to a Biblical verse from the Book of Job (12:8), “Speak to the earth and it shall teach thee.”
  • Today the earth speaks with resonance and clearness and every ear in every civilized country of the world is attuned to its wonderful message of the creative evolution of man, except the ear of William Jennings Bryan; he alone remains stone-deaf, he alone by his own resounding voice drowns the eternal speech of nature.
  • Direct observation of the testimony of the earth... is a matter of the laboratory, of the field naturalist, of indefatigable digging among the ancient archives of the earth's history. If Mr. Bryan, with an open heart and mind, would drop all his books and all the disputations among the doctors and study first hand the simple archives of Nature, all his doubts would disappear; he would not lose his religion; he would become an evolutionist.
    • Henry Fairfield Osborn,in "Evolution and Religion",The New York Times(5 March 1922), p. 91; written in response to an article a few days earlier in which William Jennings Bryan challenged the theory of evolution as lacking proof.
  • The national Democratic Party, having absorbed the Populist Party and rebuffed its own northeastern conservative wing, became the bearer of agrearian demands in national politics. Thus it was that so much of the old populist program could be enacted years after the Populist Party and the Farmers' Alliance had faded away. The politically committed farmer and the extraordinary figure of William Jennings Bryan — at once a national party chief, agrarian social-movement leader, and the country's foremost progressive reformer — made this translation possible.
    • Elizabeth Sanders, inRoots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877-1917,p. 413
  • His clima xing journalistic feat of 1921 was his publication by way of The Commoner Press of the Bryan National Legislative Program. The contents covered most of his frustrated recommendations for the 1920 Democratic party platform and a number of other heretofore undisclosed proposals. Among the latter were appeals for limiting future presidential terms to one term of six years, nationwide primaries open to all voters, a U.S.-sponsored world disarmament conference, federal legislation prohibiting the gambling in futures of essential commodities, and federal ownership of all water power resources. He further urged the individual states to inaugurate “public-good enterprises,” such as cooperative fuel yards (along lines already shaped and proved by his brother in Lincoln), state-owned slaughterhouses, and nonprofit, state-owned filling stations. He pounded away at monopolies, taking as his special target Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company. He reiterated the special role of towns and cities in effecting public-good benefits, citing Mayor John F. Hylan’s plan for New York City’s ownership and operation of its own transit system as an admirable example of municipal progressivism.
  • The Bryan program included minimum wage laws at the state levels, rigorous control of work hours, and state and federal legislation to enforce the proper inspection of food, sanitation, and housing conditions; also a specific plan for ascertaining monthly changes in the price level of staple foods and other necessities for the purpose of adjusting wages to fit the actual cost of living.
  • His stand for labor included the federally assured right to organize and accredit unions, the practice of collective bargaining, and the establishment of federal and state commissions authorized to investigate labor disputes. However, he denied the right of labor to use violence or “concerted force” (which would apparently include militant picket lines), or to strike against public employment essential to public safety. With like zeal he urged the acceptance of railroad workers’ plea for a nationwide minimum wage and urged that Congress establish minimum or “floor” prices for the premier farm crops.
  • Meanwhile, the Commoner resumed his role as unofficial international peace maker.

Notes: The above excerpts from Charles Morrow Wilson’s study highlights Bryan's continued championing of progressive causes in the years following his brief time as a member of Woodrow Wilson’s cabinet.

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