Thisgenitival adjectivecan be used to express the indirect genitive. In this case, it indicates that the noun preceding it, with which it agrees in gender and number, is possessed by the noun which follows it.
In Late Egyptian the functional contrasts of characterization versus specification that distinguished the indirect and direct genitive disappeared, and outside a restricted set of particular words the indirect genitive withnjlargely supplanted the direct genitive without it.
From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural. In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.
In Late Egyptiannjis usually not inflected by gender and number but invariably appears asn.Sometimes the writings of the former feminine and plural forms are used interchangeably with the masculine singular without distinction. The exception is in more formal texts, where the old distinctions and inflections are sometimes still used.
Oréal hypothesizes thatnjoriginated as a verb expressing nonexistence or absence in a stative construction, drawing a speculative connection with the attested verbnj(“to rebuff, to drive away”).[1]
A cognate relation toProto-Semitic*lā(“no, not”)has also been suggested.
(Middle Egyptian)not;negates a nominal sentence, an adjectival sentence of possession, or therhemeof an emphatic clause(used withjs;see Usage Notes below)
(Middle Egyptian)not;negates most verbal predicates besides infinitival, imperative, and subjunctive forms; forms the negation of the perfect, perfect passive, terminative, perfective, imperfective, prospective, and prospective passive.
When used alone,njnegates the individual word or verbal predicate following it.
When negating (nonverbal) nominal sentences, adjectival sentences of possession (which start with the genitival adjectiven(j)
), and rhemes of emphatic clauses, this particle is typically followed by the first element of the negated clause and then the negative particlejs.In Middle Egyptian it cannot negate adjectival sentences which do not indicate possession, nor adverbial sentences, which are instead negated bynn.It also cannot negate verbal sentences that are not emphatic, so the presence of a verb betweennjandjsalways indicates an emphatic clause.
njcombines with a number of other words to form negative particles with more specialised meanings, for which see the next section.
“n.j (lemma ID 850787)”,“n (lemma ID 850806)”,and “n.y (lemma ID 79970)”,inThesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1],Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig,2004–26 July 2023
^Oréal, Elsa (2022) “The negative existential cycle in Ancient Egyptian” in Ljuba Veselinova & Arja Hamari (eds.),The Negative Existential Cycle,Berlin: Language Science Press, pages 197–230
