1582

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	15th century; 16th century; 17th century;
Decades:	1560s; 1570s; 1580s; 1590s; 1600s;
Years:	1579; 1580; 1581; 1582; 1583; 1584; 1585;

June 21:Japanese warlordOda Nobunagaassassinated in "incident at Honnō-ji"

1582(MDLXXXII) was acommon year starting on Monday(link will display the full calendar) in theJulian calendar,and acommon year starting on Friday(link will display full calendar) of theProleptic Gregorian calendar.This year saw the beginning of theGregorian calendarswitch,when thepapal bullInter gravissimasintroduced the Gregorian calendar, adopted by Spain, Portugal, thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealthand most of present-day Italy from the start. In these countries, the year continued as normal through Thursday,October 4;the next day became Friday,October 15,like acommon year starting on Friday.France followed two months later, letting Sunday,December 9be followed by Monday,December 20.Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years, and the complete conversion to the Gregorian calendar was not entirely done until 1923.

Events

January–March

January 2–University of Würzburgis refounded.^[1]
January 15–Russiacedes its conquered areas inLivonia(NorthernLatviaand SouthernEstonia), to thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
February 10–François, Duke of Anjou,arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed byWilliam the Silent.
February 24(Julian) (March 6 Gregorian) –Pope Gregory XIIIproclaims theGregorian Calendar,to come into effect in October. Under the order, the date on the Julian calendar will be advanced by 10 days in order to synchronize the calendar date back to the equinoxes and solstices, since the gap has been increasing by one day every 100 years since the6th centuryand is 10 days off schedule.^[2]
March 9–Scryer Edward Kelleyarrives atJohn Dee's house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops theEnochianlanguage.^[3]
March– TheNew Testamentof theDouai Bible,the translation intoEnglishbyFather Gregory MartinfromLatinof the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578.^[4]

April–June

April 1582 Ancuancu earthquake there is no one would alive all dieAncuancu (in modern-dayLa Paz Department,Bolivia) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak.^[5]^[6]On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake.^[7]

April 3–Battle of Temmokuzan:Unable to reverse the collapse ofTakeda clan,Takeda Katsuyoriand his household commit suicide.
April 14– KingJames VIofScotlandsigns a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes theUniversity of Edinburgh.
April 16–SpanishconquistadorHernando de Lermafounds the settlement ofSalta,Argentina.
April 17–Siege of Takamatsu:In Japan,Toyotomi Hideyoshideparts from theHimeji Castlein the modern-dayHyōgo Prefectureand begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to theBitchū Provincein the modern-dayOkayama Prefecture.Along the way, he stops at theKameyama Castlewhere he makes a rendezvous with theUkita clanand 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle.^[8]
May 17– TheSiege of Takamatsubegins as Hideyoshi attacks the forces ofShimizu Muneharu,who has twice as many soldiers. Hideyhoshi orders an engineering project to block the Ashimori River and divert its waters to flood Takamatsu Castle.^[8]
June 8–Siege of Takamatsu:Heavy rains and the dikes built by Hideyoshi's forces turn the area around Takamatsu Castle into a lake.^[8]
June 21– (2nd day of the sixth month,Tenshō10) TheHonnō-ji Incidentoccurs inKyotoinJapan,as Japanese warlordOda Nobunaga,on the verge of unifying Japan under his rule, is assassinated following a betrayal by a rebel subject,Akechi Mitsuhide.^[9]
June 23– After learning of the assassination of his commander, Oda Nobunaga,Shimizu Muneharusurrenders Takamatsu Castle to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and, in return for the pledge that the castle's defenders will be spared, commits the ritual suicide ofseppuku.^[10]

July–September

July 2–Battle of Yamazaki:Counterattacking forces led byToyotomi Hideyoshidecisively defeatAkechi Mitsuhide's smaller army; Akechi is killed while retreating to his domain.
July 26–Battle of Ponta Delgada(War of the Portuguese Succession): Spanish admiralSanta Cruzdecisively defeats a larger mercenary fleet fromFrance,England,supporters of thePortugueseclaimantAntónio, Prior of Crato,and theDutch Republic,underFilippo di Piero Strozzi(who is killed) off theAzores,the first engagement between large fleets ofgalleons,operating at any great distance from the mainland.^[11]

August 23–Raid of RuthveninScotland:Presbyteriannobles led byWilliam Ruthven, 1st Earl of GowriekidnapKing James VI of Scotland,the kingdom's 16-year-old ruler, while he is hunting inPerthshire.The Earl of Gowrie imprisons the King at Ruthven Castle as part of a coup d'etat to reform the Scottish government.^[12]
September 28– Ruthven and his co-conspirators arrange forJohn Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell,heir to former regentJames Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton,to be installed asScotland's regent. Douglas had been executed in 1581 for the 1567 murder ofHenry Stuart, Lord Darnley,husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and father of King James VI, who is imprisoned at Ruthven's castle.

October–December

October 4(Julian) (October 14 Gregorian) – TheJulian calendaris discarded at the end of the day in Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain asPope Gregory XIIIimplements theGregorian calendar.In the nations where the calendar is accepted, Thursday, October 4 is followed the next day by Friday,October 15.^[2]
October 26(Julian) (November 5 Gregorian) – GeneralYermak Timofeyevichcompletes theRussian conquest of Siberiain theBattle of Chuvash CapeasKuchum KhanabandonsQashliq,the capital of theKhanate of Sibir.^[13]The Qashliq fortress will be torn down and a new town,Tobolskwill be built 11 miles (18 km) further up theIrtyshriver.
November 29– Ten years before he begins writing his first known plays,William Shakespeare,18 years old, marries pregnant 26-year-oldAnne Hathawayin England.^[14]
December 9(Julian) (December 19 Gregorian) –Francediscards the Julian Calendar at the end of the day and adopts theGregorian Calendarat midnight. Sunday, December 9 is followed the next day in France by Monday,December 20.^[2]

Date unknown

The temple complex ofKumbumis founded inTibet.
InMing dynastyChina:
- Jesuit Matteo Ricciis allowed to enter the country.
- The earliest reference is made to the publishing of privatenewspapersinBeijing.
The sultanate ofMoroccobegins to press southward, in search of a greater share of the trans-Saharan trade.
TheCagayan battlesin the Philippines, the only recorded clashes between European regular soldiers andsamuraiwarriors.

Births

January 6
- Alonso de Contreras,Spanish privateer and writer (d.1641)
- Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice,Bohemian noble (d.1649)
January 7–Magdalene of Brandenburg,Landgravine consort of Hesse-Darmstadt (1598–1616) (d.1616)
January 26–Giovanni Lanfranco,Italian painter (d.1647)
January 28–John Barclay,Scottish satirist and Latin poet (d.1621)^[15]
January 30–George II, Duke of Pomerania(d.1617)
February 8–Matthias Bernegger,German philologist (d.1640)
February 17–George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg(d.1641)
February 22–John Ratcliffe,English politician and soldier (d.1627)
March 15
- Daniel Featley,English theologian and controversialist (d.1645)
- Deodat del Monte,Flemish painter, architect (d.1644)
March 22–John Williams,Welsh clergyman and political advisor to King James I (d.1650)
March 31–Duchess Sophie of Prussia,Duchess consort of Courland (1609–1610) (d.1610)
April 8–(bapt.)Phineas Fletcher,English poet (d.1650)
April 11–Justus de Harduwijn,Dutch Catholic priest and poet (d.1636)
May 1–Marco da Gagliano,Italian composer of the early Baroque era (d.1643)
May 5–John Frederick, Duke of Württemberg(1608–1628) (d.1628)
June 26–Johannes Schultz,German composer (d.1653)
June 28–William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele,English nobleman and politician (d.1662)
July 27–Sir John Isham, 1st Baronet,English Member of Parliament (d.1651)
August 11–Sabina Catharina of East Frisia,Countess of Rietberg (1586–1618) (d.1618)
August 17–John Matthew Rispoli,major Maltese philosopher of great erudition (d.1639)
August 26–Humilis of Bisignano,Italian Franciscan friar and saint (d.1637)
August 27–Maria Amalia of Nassau-Dillenburg,German noble (d.1635)
August 28
- Taichang Emperor,of the Ming Dynasty of China (d.1620)
- Hans Meinhard von Schönberg,German military commander (d.1616)
September 25–Archduchess Eleanor of Austria(d.1620)
September 26–Eitel Frederick von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen,German Catholic cardinal (d.1625)
October 2–Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach,Count Palatine of Neuburg (1614–1632) (d.1632)
October 17–Johann Gerhard,Lutheran church leader (d.1637)
October 19–Dmitri Ivanovich,Russian Tsarevich (d.1591)
October 21–John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen,German general (d.1617)
October 22–Francesco Piccolomini,Italian Jesuit (d.1651)
November 2–Elizabeth Jane Weston,English Czech poet (d.1612)
November 21–François Maynard,French poet (d.1646)
November 27–Pierre Dupuy,French historian (d.1651)
November 30–Anselm Casimir Wambold von Umstadt,Archbishop of Mainz (d.1647)
December 10–William Chappell,Irish bishop (d.1649)
December 16–Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey,English adventurer and soldier (d.1642)
December 23–Severo Bonini,Italian composer (d.1663)^[16]
date unknown
- Giovanni Francesco Abela,Maltese writer (d.1655)
- Giulio Alenio,Italian Jesuit missionary (d.1649)
- Gregorio Allegri,Italian composer (d.1652)
- John Bainbridge,English astronomer (d.1648)
- Richard Corbet,English poet and bishop (d.1635)
- William Juxon,Archbishop of Canterbury(d.1663)
- Thomas Moulson,Lord Mayor of London (d.1638)
- David Teniers the Elder,Flemish painter (d.1649)
- Francis Windebank,English politician (d.1646)
- Jacomina de Witte,politically influential Dutch woman (d.1661)
- Jakub Zadzik,Polish nobleman and diplomat (d.1642)
probable–Sigismondo d'India,Italian composer (d.1629)

Deaths

January 23–Jean Bauhin,French physician (b.1511)
January 26–Thomas Platter,Swiss humanist scholar (b.1499)
February 18–Sakuma Nobumori,Japanese retainer and samurai (b.1528)
March 14–Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatineby marriage (1576-1582) (b.1539)
March 18–Juan Jauregui,attempted assassin ofWilliam I of Orange(b.1562)
March 22–Daniel Brendel von Homburg,Roman Catholic archbishop (b.1522)
March 29–Philip de' Medici,Italian noble, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b.1577)
April 3–Takeda Katsuyori,Japanese daimyō of Takeda Clan (b.1546)
April 16–Oyamada Nobushige,Japanese samurai (b.1545)
April 21–Francisco de Toledo,Spanish soldier and politician (b.1515)
May 3–Giorgio Mainerio,Italian composer (b.1530)
May 5–Charlotte of Bourbon,Princess consort of Orange, married toWilliam I of Orange(b.1547)
June 13–Matteo Tafuri,Italian alchemist (b.1492)
June 21
- Oda Nobunaga,Japanese daimyō of the Oda Clan (b.1534) (forced suicide)^[17]
- Oda Nobutada,Japanese samurai, oldest son of Nobunaga (b.1557) (forced suicide)
- Anayama Nobukimi,Japanese military commander (b.1541)
June 23–Shimizu Muneharu,Japanese military commander (b.1537)
July 2–Akechi Mitsuhide,Japanese samurai and warlord (b.1528)
July 3–James Crichton,Scottish scholar (b.1560)
July 7–Kawajiri Hidetaka,Japanese samurai (b.1527)
July 17–Jacques Peletier du Mans,French mathematician (b.1517)
September 23–Louis, Duke of Montpensier(b.1513)
September 28–George Buchanan,Scottish humanist scholar (b.1506)
October 4–Teresa of Ávila,SpanishCarmelitenun, poet and saint (b.1515)^[18]
October 21–Laurent Joubert,French physician (b.1529)
November 21–Diego, Prince of Asturias,Portuguese prince (b.1575)
December 11–Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba,Spanish general (b.1507)
Date unknown:
- Wu Cheng'en,Chinese novelist and poet of theMing dynasty
- Hans Hendrik van Paesschen,Flemish architect (b.1510)
- Zhang Juzheng,Ming dynasty official (b.1525)
- Takeda Nobukado,Japanese samurai (b.1529)
- Sen Soulintha,Laotian king ofLan Xang(b.1511)

References

^"The foundation of the university in 1582",Universität Würzburg website
^^a ^b ^cHistorical Association Pamphlet.Historical Association. 1933. p. 5.
^"MS. Sloane 3188".The Magickal Review. Archived fromthe originalon April 10, 2012.
^Bertrand L. Conway,Studies in Church History(1916) p. 153
^"El Deber, Noticias de Bolivia y el Mundo"(in Spanish). Archived fromthe originalon November 26, 2011.RetrievedNovember 23,2011.
^"Hay Riesgo de un Megaterremoto en Bolivia".Radio FMBolicia.Ne(in Spanish). Archived fromthe originalon February 22, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 12,2014.
^Bolivia. Dirección General de Estadística y Estudios Geográficos (1909).Boletin.Secretaria de fomento. p.55.
^^a ^b ^cGeorge Sansom,A History of Japan, 1334–1615(Stanford University Press, 196) pp. 306–307
^Yamagishi, Ryoji (May 1, 2017)."Bổn năng tự の変､｢ bổn đương の lí thiết り giả ｣は thùy なのか giáo khoa thư が giáo えない｢ minh trí quang tú ｣ dĩ ngoại の chân phạm nhân"[Honnō-ji Incident, Who is the "real traitor"? The real culprit other than "Akechi Mitsuhide" that textbooks do not teach.].Toyo Keizai Online(in Japanese).Toyo Keizai.RetrievedJuly 10,2023.
^Stephen Turnbull,The Samurai Sourcebook(Cassell & Co., 2000) pp. 231–232
^Walton, Timothy (2002).The Spanish Treasure Fleets.Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press. p. 80.ISBN 1-56164-049-2.
^Steven J. Reid, "Of bairns and bearded men: James VI and the Ruthven Raid", by Miles Kerr-Peterson and Steven J. Reid, inJames VI and Noble Power in Scotland 1578–1603(Routledge, 2017), pp. 32–44
^G. V. Lantzeff and R. A. Pierce,Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier, to 1750(McGill-Queen's University Press, 1973)
^Mabillard, Amanda (August 20, 2000)."Shakespeare's Marriage".Shakespeare-Online.RetrievedMarch 25,2024.
^"John Barclay | Scottish writer".Britannica.RetrievedAugust 14,2022.
^Stanley Sadie; Alison Latham (1988).The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music.Macmillan. p. 94.ISBN 978-0-333-43236-5.
^Jeroen Pieter Lamers (2000).Japonius Tyrannus: The Japanese Warlord, Oda Nobunaga Reconsidered.Hotei Publishing. pp. 216–218.ISBN 978-90-74822-22-0.
^Peter Tyler (April 10, 2014).Teresa of Avila: Doctor of the Soul.A&C Black. p. 11.ISBN 978-1-4411-8784-0.

[1] "The foundation of the university in 1582",Universität Würzburg website

[calendar-2] Historical Association Pamphlet.Historical Association. 1933. p. 5.

[3] "MS. Sloane 3188".The Magickal Review. Archived fromthe originalon April 10, 2012.

[4] Bertrand L. Conway,Studies in Church History(1916) p. 153

[5] "El Deber, Noticias de Bolivia y el Mundo"(in Spanish). Archived fromthe originalon November 26, 2011.RetrievedNovember 23,2011.

[6] "Hay Riesgo de un Megaterremoto en Bolivia".Radio FMBolicia.Ne(in Spanish). Archived fromthe originalon February 22, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 12,2014.

[7] Bolivia. Dirección General de Estadística y Estudios Geográficos (1909).Boletin.Secretaria de fomento. p.55.

[Sansom-8] George Sansom,A History of Japan, 1334–1615(Stanford University Press, 196) pp. 306–307

[toyokeizai167293-9] Yamagishi, Ryoji (May 1, 2017)."Bổn năng tự の変､｢ bổn đương の lí thiết り giả ｣は thùy なのか giáo khoa thư が giáo えない｢ minh trí quang tú ｣ dĩ ngoại の chân phạm nhân"[Honnō-ji Incident, Who is the "real traitor"? The real culprit other than "Akechi Mitsuhide" that textbooks do not teach.].Toyo Keizai Online(in Japanese).Toyo Keizai.RetrievedJuly 10,2023.

[10] Stephen Turnbull,The Samurai Sourcebook(Cassell & Co., 2000) pp. 231–232

[11] Walton, Timothy (2002).The Spanish Treasure Fleets.Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press. p. 80.ISBN 1-56164-049-2.

[12] Steven J. Reid, "Of bairns and bearded men: James VI and the Ruthven Raid", by Miles Kerr-Peterson and Steven J. Reid, inJames VI and Noble Power in Scotland 1578–1603(Routledge, 2017), pp. 32–44

[13] G. V. Lantzeff and R. A. Pierce,Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier, to 1750(McGill-Queen's University Press, 1973)

[14] Mabillard, Amanda (August 20, 2000)."Shakespeare's Marriage".Shakespeare-Online.RetrievedMarch 25,2024.

[15] "John Barclay | Scottish writer".Britannica.RetrievedAugust 14,2022.

[16] Stanley Sadie; Alison Latham (1988).The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music.Macmillan. p. 94.ISBN 978-0-333-43236-5.

[17] Jeroen Pieter Lamers (2000).Japonius Tyrannus: The Japanese Warlord, Oda Nobunaga Reconsidered.Hotei Publishing. pp. 216–218.ISBN 978-90-74822-22-0.

[18] Peter Tyler (April 10, 2014).Teresa of Avila: Doctor of the Soul.A&C Black. p. 11.ISBN 978-1-4411-8784-0.

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